[ { "key": "ZKCWTSVW", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 31303, "name": "IHSN", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ihsn", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/31303/items/ZKCWTSVW", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ihsn/items/ZKCWTSVW", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/31303/items/6TDJC6DB", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 420000, "username": "welchmat", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/welchmat", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 403389, "username": "atkahunter", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/atkahunter", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "ZKCWTSVW", "version": 1, "parentItem": "6TDJC6DB", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "3451541", "accessDate": "2010-11-30T21:05:40Z", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/3451541", "note": "", "contentType": "", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-11-30T21:05:40Z", "dateModified": "2010-11-30T21:05:40Z" } }, { "key": "AFAF6QUM", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 31303, "name": "IHSN", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ihsn", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/31303/items/AFAF6QUM", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ihsn/items/AFAF6QUM", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/31303/items/6TDJC6DB", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 420000, "username": "welchmat", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/welchmat", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 403389, "username": "atkahunter", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/atkahunter", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "AFAF6QUM", "version": 1, "parentItem": "6TDJC6DB", "itemType": "note", "note": "With increasing support from the international community, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have played an important role in Bangladesh since the early 1970s in providing emergency assistance to disaster victims. After observing widespread corruption and misuse of relief aid by the Bangladesh government in 1974 and subsequent years, external sources began to channellize emergency assistance to the victims through NGOs. Realizing that NGOs were usurping its authority over external disaster assistance, the government looked for opportunities to demonstrate its ability to deliver services to victims. An opportunity came in July 1998 when Bangladesh experienced a devastating flood. Using data collected from 348 households in 11 villages, this paper compares support received by the respondents from the Bangladesh government and NGOs during and immediately after the flood. Respondent opinions regarding emergency relief distribution suggest that both sources performed satisfactorily and an overwhelming majority of them thought that the government performed better than it had previously in distributing relief assistance to flood victims. Following an analysis of the survey data, this paper discusses the policy implications for future disaster assistance efforts in Bangladesh and elsewhere.", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-11-30T21:05:39Z", "dateModified": "2010-11-30T21:05:39Z" } }, { "key": "6TDJC6DB", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 31303, "name": "IHSN", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ihsn", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/31303/items/6TDJC6DB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ihsn/items/6TDJC6DB", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 420000, "username": "welchmat", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/welchmat", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Paul", "parsedDate": "2003-03", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "6TDJC6DB", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Relief Assistance to 1998 Flood Victims: A Comparison of the Performance of the Government and NGOs", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Bimal Kanti", "lastName": "Paul" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "The Geographical Journal", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Mar., 2003", "volume": "169", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "75-89", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/3451541", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "00167398", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "ArticleType: research-article / Full publication date: Mar., 2003 / Copyright © 2003 The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers)", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-11-30T21:05:38Z", "dateModified": "2010-11-30T21:05:38Z" } }, { "key": "BTRPWWT9", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 31303, "name": "IHSN", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ihsn", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/31303/items/BTRPWWT9", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ihsn/items/BTRPWWT9", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/31303/items/NVSFSGMX", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 420000, "username": "welchmat", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/welchmat", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 403389, "username": "atkahunter", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/atkahunter", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "BTRPWWT9", "version": 1, "parentItem": "NVSFSGMX", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "3596448", "accessDate": "2010-11-30T21:05:36Z", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/3596448", "note": "", "contentType": "", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-11-30T21:05:36Z", "dateModified": "2010-11-30T21:05:36Z" } }, { "key": "QMHVUHZT", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 31303, "name": "IHSN", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ihsn", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/31303/items/QMHVUHZT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ihsn/items/QMHVUHZT", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/31303/items/NVSFSGMX", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 420000, "username": "welchmat", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/welchmat", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 403389, "username": "atkahunter", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/atkahunter", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "QMHVUHZT", "version": 1, "parentItem": "NVSFSGMX", "itemType": "note", "note": "Pregnancy sickness, a suite of \"symptoms\" that frequently co-occur during pregnancy, may be an adaptation providing behavioral prophylaxis against infection. Maternal immunosuppression, necessary for tolerance of the fetus, results in gestational vulnerability to pathogens. Throughout the period of maximal vulnerability, dietary behavior is significantly altered via changes in nausea susceptibility and olfaction and the development of marked aversions and cravings. Of food types, meat is both the most likely to carry pathogens and the principal target of gestational aversions and pregnancy taboos. Because meat was prominent in ancestral human diets but hygienic procedures that effectively eliminate the risk of meat-borne infection are recent, such pathogens likely constituted a source of selective pressure on pregnant females throughout human history. Both the relatively low protein and energy demands of the first trimester and the existence of nonmeat alternatives would have allowed for the evolution of time-limited gestational meat-avoidance mechanisms. Complementing these mechanisms, gestational cravings target substances that may influence immune functioning and affect the availability of iron in the gastro-intestinal tract, thereby limiting the proliferation of iron-dependent pathogens. Clinical and ethnographic findings are examined in light of these proposals, and directions for future research are outlined.", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-11-30T21:05:35Z", "dateModified": "2010-11-30T21:05:35Z" } }, { "key": "NVSFSGMX", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 31303, "name": "IHSN", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ihsn", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/31303/items/NVSFSGMX", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ihsn/items/NVSFSGMX", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 420000, "username": "welchmat", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/welchmat", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Fessler", "parsedDate": "2002-02", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "NVSFSGMX", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Reproductive Immunosuppression and Diet: An Evolutionary Perspective on Pregnancy Sickness and Meat Consumption", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Daniel M. T.", "lastName": "Fessler" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Current Anthropology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Feb., 2002", "volume": "43", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "19-61", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/3596448", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "00113204", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "ArticleType: research-article / Full publication date: Feb., 2002 / Copyright © 2002 The University of Chicago Press", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-11-30T21:05:34Z", "dateModified": "2010-11-30T21:05:34Z" } }, { "key": "4GQFE5WX", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 31303, "name": "IHSN", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ihsn", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/31303/items/4GQFE5WX", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ihsn/items/4GQFE5WX", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/31303/items/Z933WE83", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 420000, "username": "welchmat", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/welchmat", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 403389, "username": "atkahunter", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/atkahunter", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "4GQFE5WX", "version": 1, "parentItem": "Z933WE83", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "30037818", "accessDate": "2010-11-30T21:05:32Z", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/30037818", "note": "", "contentType": "", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-11-30T21:05:32Z", "dateModified": "2010-11-30T21:05:32Z" } }, { "key": "F4K4RBFJ", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 31303, "name": "IHSN", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ihsn", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/31303/items/F4K4RBFJ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ihsn/items/F4K4RBFJ", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/31303/items/Z933WE83", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 420000, "username": "welchmat", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/welchmat", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 403389, "username": "atkahunter", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/atkahunter", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "F4K4RBFJ", "version": 1, "parentItem": "Z933WE83", "itemType": "note", "note": "This article examines the relationship between access to or lack of access to citizenship rights in countries of asylum and the propensity of refugees to return. It hypothesizes that in situations where refugees enjoy civil, social and economic citizenship rights in the context of favorable structural factors - relatively secure employment, self-employment, social services such as housing, schools, health care and social security - the importance of repatriation may diminish as a viable option. In North America, Western Europe, Australia and New Zealand, where refugees are able to enjoy rights of citizenship with definite prospects for becoming citizens (through naturalization) or denizens through acquisition of permanent status, and where favorable structural factors provide for the enjoyment of a decent standard of living, they tend to remain regardless of whether the conditions that prompted displacement are eliminated. The policy environments and the structural factors for refugees sheltering in Less Developed Countries (LDCs) are the antithesis of those refugees in Developed Countries (DCs). As a result, millions of refugees in the South have been Voting with their feet' homewards to recoup citizenship rights which they lost in connection with displacement and which they have been unable to achieve in exile.", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-11-30T21:05:31Z", "dateModified": "2010-11-30T21:05:31Z" } }, { "key": "Z933WE83", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 31303, "name": "IHSN", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ihsn", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/31303/items/Z933WE83", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ihsn/items/Z933WE83", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 420000, "username": "welchmat", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/welchmat", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Kibreab", "parsedDate": "2003", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "Z933WE83", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Citizenship Rights and Repatriation of Refugees", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gaim", "lastName": "Kibreab" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "International Migration Review", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Spring, 2003", "volume": "37", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "24-73", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/30037818", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "01979183", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "ArticleType: research-article / Full publication date: Spring, 2003 / Copyright © 2003 The Center for Migration Studies of New York, Inc.", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-11-30T21:05:30Z", "dateModified": "2010-11-30T21:05:30Z" } }, { "key": "44MTAG3I", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 31303, "name": "IHSN", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ihsn", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/31303/items/44MTAG3I", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ihsn/items/44MTAG3I", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/31303/items/TWQAIZXR", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 420000, "username": "welchmat", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/welchmat", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 403389, "username": "atkahunter", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/atkahunter", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "44MTAG3I", "version": 1, "parentItem": "TWQAIZXR", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "3790406", "accessDate": "2010-11-30T21:05:28Z", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/3790406", "note": "", "contentType": "", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-11-30T21:05:28Z", "dateModified": "2010-11-30T21:05:28Z" } }, { "key": "IDQXU5WU", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 31303, "name": "IHSN", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ihsn", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/31303/items/IDQXU5WU", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ihsn/items/IDQXU5WU", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/31303/items/TWQAIZXR", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 420000, "username": "welchmat", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/welchmat", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 403389, "username": "atkahunter", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/atkahunter", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "IDQXU5WU", "version": 1, "parentItem": "TWQAIZXR", "itemType": "note", "note": "This article explores the question of housing need in post-war Toronto by looking at the diverse reasons why families applied to the few public housing projects that were constructed after the war. It identifies a number of often overlapping causes for the housing dilemmas of low income families, including outright inability to pay, landlord intransigence to families with children and evictions, illness, overcrowding, deprived housing conditions, racism and social factors within the family. It aims to make a contribution to a growing body of work that complicates accepted notions of post-war prosperity and the benefits of the welfare state for low-income earners in advanced capitalist countries. The first section is based on adaptations of various statistical indicators of housing hardship generated by researchers for Toronto's public housing administration as well as analyses by social agencies, contemporary observers and recent scholarly research. It briefly looks at pre-World War II developments and then chronicles housing need from the 1940s to the 1990s. Various methods and databases were used in these studies and rarely did they originally attempt to chart processes over time. Nevertheless, we can make a reasonable assumption that this information offers us sound indications, if not exact measures, of the housing difficulties faced by low-income families. The second section of the article elucidates the informative if partial statistical record of housing need by considering various qualitative sources such as oral testimony, tenant correspondence and other documentary voices of low-income families. My interests in exploring this subject emanated from a larger study of Regent Park (RP) in Toronto, Canada's first and largest rent-geared-to-income housing project. The archival records, which contain numerous letters from prospective tenants and rare resident case files, and the interviews I conducted with former tenants of RP, speak directly to the question of housing need. I use the evidence both of families that secured places in RP and of prospective tenants who expressed a need for state assistance. By no means does this exhaust the low-income housing experience in Toronto but it provides readily accessible qualitative evidence to explore the question of housing hardship in the post-war era. The article thus highlights individual accounts of housing hardship, allowing us to put a much-needed human face on those left out of the much-vaunted, post-war \"age of prosperity.\"", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-11-30T21:05:27Z", "dateModified": "2010-11-30T21:05:27Z" } }, { "key": "TWQAIZXR", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 31303, "name": "IHSN", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ihsn", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/31303/items/TWQAIZXR", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ihsn/items/TWQAIZXR", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 420000, "username": "welchmat", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/welchmat", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Purdy", "parsedDate": "2003", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "TWQAIZXR", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "\"It Was Tough on Everybody\": Low-Income Families and Housing Hardship in Post-World War II Toronto", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sean", "lastName": "Purdy" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Social History", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Winter, 2003", "volume": "37", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "457-482", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/3790406", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "00224529", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "ArticleType: research-article / Full publication date: Winter, 2003 / Copyright © 2003 Peter N. Stearns", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-11-30T21:05:26Z", "dateModified": "2010-11-30T21:05:26Z" } }, { "key": "NHHNFH79", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 31303, "name": "IHSN", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ihsn", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/31303/items/NHHNFH79", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ihsn/items/NHHNFH79", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/31303/items/VDC7KTIN", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 420000, "username": "welchmat", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/welchmat", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 403389, "username": "atkahunter", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/atkahunter", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "NHHNFH79", "version": 1, "parentItem": "VDC7KTIN", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "25472479", "accessDate": "2010-11-30T21:05:24Z", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25472479", "note": "", "contentType": "", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-11-30T21:05:24Z", "dateModified": "2010-11-30T21:05:24Z" } }, { "key": "2WB235VV", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 31303, "name": "IHSN", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ihsn", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/31303/items/2WB235VV", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ihsn/items/2WB235VV", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/31303/items/VDC7KTIN", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 420000, "username": "welchmat", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/welchmat", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 403389, "username": "atkahunter", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/atkahunter", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "2WB235VV", "version": 1, "parentItem": "VDC7KTIN", "itemType": "note", "note": "Past scholars of unionization have offered exemplary cross-national studies of affluent democracies and case studies of less developed countries (LDCs). What has been lacking is cross-national research on unionization across LDCs. We conduct a multilevel analysis of the likelihood that a worker is unionized with the late-1990s World Values surveys of 39 LDCs. We propose that unionization in LDCs can be explained by the individual characteristics of workers as well as the country-level factors of institutions, industrialization, and globalization. Our analyses yield several conclusions. First, owing to the legacy of state socialism, ex-communist countries have much higher unionization. Second, our analyses show that class very effectively explains union membership across LDCs. Although skilled manual workers are more unionized than most, educated professionals stand out for their distinctively high unionization. Third, the debt crisis significantly undermined unionization through the institutional influence of International Monetary Fund (IMF) agreements and the globalization pressure of debt service. Despite being the focus of much research, industrialization, democratization, the size of the state, International Labour Organization conventions, and international trade and investment are surprisingly insignificant. Decomposing the sample by communist legacy, signing an IMF agreement is significant in ex-communist countries, and debt service is significant in countries without a communist legacy. Overall, we conclude that the debt crisis has undermined unionization and class remains a powerful basis of mobilization across LDCs.", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-11-30T21:05:23Z", "dateModified": "2010-11-30T21:05:23Z" } }, { "key": "VDC7KTIN", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 31303, "name": "IHSN", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ihsn", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/31303/items/VDC7KTIN", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ihsn/items/VDC7KTIN", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 420000, "username": "welchmat", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/welchmat", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Martin and Brady", "parsedDate": "2007-08", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "VDC7KTIN", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Workers of the Less Developed World Unite? 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It shows that a simple generalisation of Krugman's (1979) model of trade in differentiated products has implications for the skill premium, through economies of scale rather than Hecksher-Ohlin effects, that are consistent with a number of stylised facts. It provides new evidence in support of these results by showing that increases in market size lead to higher returns to education, skill premia and income inequality.", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-11-30T21:05:16Z", "dateModified": "2010-11-30T21:05:16Z" } }, { "key": "3PZVCC9T", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 31303, "name": "IHSN", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ihsn", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/31303/items/3PZVCC9T", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ihsn/items/3PZVCC9T", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 420000, "username": "welchmat", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/welchmat", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Epifani and Gancia", "parsedDate": "2008-07", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "3PZVCC9T", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The Skill Bias of World Trade", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Paolo", "lastName": "Epifani" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gino", "lastName": "Gancia" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "The Economic Journal", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Jul., 2008", "volume": "118", "issue": "530", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "927-960", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/20108843", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "00130133", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "ArticleType: research-article / Full publication date: Jul., 2008 / Copyright © 2008 Royal Economic Society", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-11-30T21:05:15Z", "dateModified": "2010-11-30T21:05:15Z" } }, { "key": "VP3UF65R", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 31303, "name": "IHSN", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ihsn", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/31303/items/VP3UF65R", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ihsn/items/VP3UF65R", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/31303/items/A578SIWT", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 420000, "username": "welchmat", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/welchmat", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 403389, "username": "atkahunter", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/atkahunter", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "VP3UF65R", "version": 1, "parentItem": "A578SIWT", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "3876060", "accessDate": "2010-11-30T21:05:12Z", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/3876060", "note": "", "contentType": "", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-11-30T21:05:12Z", "dateModified": "2010-11-30T21:05:12Z" } }, { "key": "CCDN4BD7", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 31303, "name": "IHSN", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ihsn", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/31303/items/CCDN4BD7", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ihsn/items/CCDN4BD7", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/31303/items/A578SIWT", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 420000, "username": "welchmat", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/welchmat", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 403389, "username": "atkahunter", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/atkahunter", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "CCDN4BD7", "version": 1, "parentItem": "A578SIWT", "itemType": "note", "note": "South Africa's growing economic presence across the African continent has sparked a debate in public and scholarly circles as to its intentions. While some have been quick to see South African business and parastatals as part of a larger hegemonic project pursued by Pretoria, the authors' more structured analysis of economic ties with Africa reveals a more complex picture. Institutionalised forms of regional cooperation, such as SACU and SADC, must be contrasted with the activities of South African multinationals and parastatals on the wider African stage to understand the possibilities and limitations of hegemonic practice open to South Africa. Beyond its own region, a key determinant will be its relations with the other leading African power, Nigeria, as well as its ability to compete with other external actors. Finally, the role of ideology is a crucial measure of South African hegemony, and while certainly its 'soft power' is evident at the societal level, some African elites actively resist the pull of South Africa-based ideas.", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-11-30T21:05:11Z", "dateModified": "2010-11-30T21:05:11Z" } }, { "key": "A578SIWT", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 31303, "name": "IHSN", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ihsn", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/31303/items/A578SIWT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ihsn/items/A578SIWT", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 420000, "username": "welchmat", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/welchmat", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Alden and Soko", "parsedDate": "2005-09", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "A578SIWT", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "South Africa's Economic Relations with Africa: Hegemony and Its Discontents", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Chris", "lastName": "Alden" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mills", "lastName": "Soko" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "The Journal of Modern African Studies", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Sep., 2005", "volume": "43", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "367-392", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/3876060", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0022278X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "ArticleType: research-article / Full publication date: Sep., 2005 / Copyright © 2005 Cambridge University Press", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-11-30T21:05:10Z", "dateModified": "2010-11-30T21:05:10Z" } }, { "key": "E8NFBQBU", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 31303, "name": "IHSN", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ihsn", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/31303/items/E8NFBQBU", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ihsn/items/E8NFBQBU", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/31303/items/Q7RD8G26", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 420000, "username": "welchmat", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/welchmat", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 403389, "username": "atkahunter", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/atkahunter", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "E8NFBQBU", "version": 1, "parentItem": "Q7RD8G26", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "3876026", "accessDate": "2010-11-30T21:05:07Z", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/3876026", "note": "", "contentType": "", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-11-30T21:05:07Z", "dateModified": "2010-11-30T21:05:07Z" } }, { "key": "TE2AJN3A", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 31303, "name": "IHSN", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ihsn", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/31303/items/TE2AJN3A", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ihsn/items/TE2AJN3A", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/31303/items/Q7RD8G26", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 420000, "username": "welchmat", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/welchmat", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 403389, "username": "atkahunter", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/atkahunter", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "TE2AJN3A", "version": 1, "parentItem": "Q7RD8G26", "itemType": "note", "note": "Refugees impose a variety of security, economic and environmental burdens on host countries, but also embody a significant flow of resources in the form of international humanitarian assistance, economic assets and human capital. These refugee resources represent an important statebuilding contribution to the host state, but security problems and other hindrances inhibit the state's ability to access and control them. This article explores the challenges and opportunities for African states arising from the double impact of refugee-generated resources and security problems. It argues that the potential benefit for the state and its citizens go beyond the burdens imposed by a mass influx. Refugee resources and security threats potentially provide long-term gains, and, by compelling the state to strengthen its grip on border areas, enable the state to 'harden' its presence there. However, for host states to realise the potential of refugee resources and continue hosting refugees, they must be assisted by appropriate humanitarian programmes.", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-11-30T21:05:06Z", "dateModified": "2010-11-30T21:05:06Z" } } ]