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I. Radial distribution systems", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "P.P.", "lastName": "Barker" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R.W.", "lastName": "de Mello" } ], "abstractNote": "Distributed generation (DG) has much potential to improve distribution system performance and it should be encouraged. However, distribution system designs and operating practices are normally based on radial power flows and this creates a special challenge to the successful introduction of distributed generation. This paper has described a few of the issues that must be considered to insure that DG will not degrade distribution system power quality, safety or reliability. 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Unbalanced PV-DR", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/er254_project_-_unbalanced_pv-dr", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/312798/items/8DA4I8ZQ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/er254_project_-_unbalanced_pv-dr/items/8DA4I8ZQ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1893161, "username": "jsmacdonald", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jsmacdonald", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Woyte et al.", "parsedDate": "2006-03", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "8DA4I8ZQ", "version": 2, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Voltage fluctuations on distribution level introduced by photovoltaic systems", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A.", "lastName": "Woyte" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Vu", "lastName": "Van Thong" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R.", "lastName": "Belmans" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J.", "lastName": "Nijs" } ], "abstractNote": "In moderate climates, short fluctuations in solar irradiance and their impact on the distribution grid will become an important issue with regard to the future large-scale application of embedded photovoltaic systems. Several related studies from the past are recalled. The approach that is presented here applies a localized spectral analysis to the solar irradiance and derived quantities in order to determine the power content of fluctuations, depending on their characteristic persistence. Pseudorandom time series of solar irradiance, based on measured values of the instantaneous clearness index, are applied as input data. Power-flow calculations are carried out in order to assess the impact of fluctuating solar irradiance on the grid voltage. The \"fluctuation power index\" is defined as a measure for the mean-square value of fluctuations of a specific persistence. A typical scenario is simulated, and the results are interpreted.", "publicationTitle": "IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "March 2006", "volume": "21", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "202-209", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1109/TEC.2005.845454", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0885-8969", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "IEEE Xplore", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Contracts", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Dispersed storage and generation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Large-scale systems", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Medium voltage", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Monte Carlo methods", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Photovoltaic systems", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Power grids", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Random number generation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Solar power generation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Time measurement", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Wind energy generation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "distributed power generation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "distribution grid", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "distribution level", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "embedded photovoltaic systems", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "fluctuation power index", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "instantaneous clearness index", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "large-scale application", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "load flow", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "mean square value", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "photovoltaic power systems", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "power flow calculations", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "power system interconnection", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "pseudorandom time series", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "signal analysis", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "solar energy", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "solar irradiance", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "solar radiation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "spectral analysis", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "voltage fluctuations", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "wavelet transforms", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "3HA2N2KS" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-12-08T18:58:51Z", "dateModified": "2014-12-08T18:58:51Z" } }, { "key": "7MGAGMUE", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 312798, "name": "ER254 Project - Unbalanced PV-DR", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/er254_project_-_unbalanced_pv-dr", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/312798/items/7MGAGMUE", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/er254_project_-_unbalanced_pv-dr/items/7MGAGMUE", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1893161, "username": "jsmacdonald", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jsmacdonald", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Widén et al.", "parsedDate": "2010-12", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "7MGAGMUE", "version": 2, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Impacts of distributed photovoltaics on network voltages: Stochastic simulations of three Swedish low-voltage distribution grids", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Joakim", "lastName": "Widén" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ewa", "lastName": "Wäckelgård" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jukka", "lastName": "Paatero" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Peter", "lastName": "Lund" } ], "abstractNote": "The continuously increasing application of distributed photovoltaics (PV-DG) in residential areas around the world calls for detailed assessment of distribution grid impacts. Both photovoltaic generation and domestic electricity demand exhibit characteristic variations on short and long time scales and are to a large extent negatively correlated, especially at high latitudes. This paper presents a stochastic methodology for simulation of PV-DG impacts on low-voltage (LV) distribution grids, using detailed generation and demand models. The methodology is applied to case studies of power flow in three existing Swedish LV grids to determine load matching, voltage levels and network losses at different PV-DG penetration levels. All studied LV grids can handle significant amounts of PV-DG, up to the highest studied level of 5 kWp PV per household. However, the benefits of PV-DG in terms of relative improvement of on-site reduction of demand, mitigated voltage drops and reduced losses were most significant at a penetration level of 1 kWp PV per household.", "publicationTitle": "Electric Power Systems Research", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "December 2010", "volume": "80", "issue": "12", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1562-1571", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Electric Power Systems Research", "DOI": "10.1016/j.epsr.2010.07.007", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378779610001707", "accessDate": "2014-12-08T16:56:53Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0378-7796", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Impacts of distributed photovoltaics on network voltages", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Distributed generation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Distribution grids", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Low voltage", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Photovoltaics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Power flow", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "3HA2N2KS" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-12-08T18:58:51Z", "dateModified": "2014-12-08T18:58:51Z" } }, { "key": "JREIPJXB", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 312798, "name": "ER254 Project - Unbalanced PV-DR", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/er254_project_-_unbalanced_pv-dr", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/312798/items/JREIPJXB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/er254_project_-_unbalanced_pv-dr/items/JREIPJXB", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1893161, "username": "jsmacdonald", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jsmacdonald", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Clement-Nyns et al.", "parsedDate": "2010-02", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "JREIPJXB", "version": 2, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The Impact of Charging Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles on a Residential Distribution Grid", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "K.", "lastName": "Clement-Nyns" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "E.", "lastName": "Haesen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J.", "lastName": "Driesen" } ], "abstractNote": "Alternative vehicles, such as plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, are becoming more popular. The batteries of these plug-in hybrid electric vehicles are to be charged at home from a standard outlet or on a corporate car park. These extra electrical loads have an impact on the distribution grid which is analyzed in terms of power losses and voltage deviations. Without coordination of the charging, the vehicles are charged instantaneously when they are plugged in or after a fixed start delay. This uncoordinated power consumption on a local scale can lead to grid problems. Therefore, coordinated charging is proposed to minimize the power losses and to maximize the main grid load factor. The optimal charging profile of the plug-in hybrid electric vehicles is computed by minimizing the power losses. As the exact forecasting of household loads is not possible, stochastic programming is introduced. Two main techniques are analyzed: quadratic and dynamic programming.", "publicationTitle": "IEEE Transactions on Power Systems", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "February 2010", "volume": "25", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "371-380", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1109/TPWRS.2009.2036481", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0885-8950", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "IEEE Xplore", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Power grids", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "coordinated charging", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "corporate car park", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "distribution grid", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "distribution networks", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "dynamic programming", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "grid load factor", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "hybrid electric vehicles", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "plug-in hybrid electric vehicles", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "quadratic programming", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "residential distribution grid", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "stochastic programming", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "voltage deviations", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "3HA2N2KS" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-12-08T18:58:51Z", "dateModified": "2014-12-08T18:58:51Z" } }, { "key": "S2DS2UXT", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 312798, "name": "ER254 Project - Unbalanced PV-DR", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/er254_project_-_unbalanced_pv-dr", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/312798/items/S2DS2UXT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/er254_project_-_unbalanced_pv-dr/items/S2DS2UXT", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1893161, "username": "jsmacdonald", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jsmacdonald", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Liu et al.", "parsedDate": "2011-01", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "S2DS2UXT", "version": 2, "itemType": "conferencePaper", "title": "A survey of PEV impacts on electric utilities", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R.", "lastName": "Liu" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "L.", "lastName": "Dow" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "E.", "lastName": "Liu" } ], "abstractNote": "For the past few years, plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) technology development has gained immense popularity. Recent studies show that if PEVs displaced half of all vehicles on the road, they would require only an 8% increase in electricity generation. Results similar to this help encourage the continuing development of PEVs. Despite this small increase in generation, uncontrolled charging, especially during on-peak summer hours, could overload the current power grid. This paper provides a narrative literature survey of the development and impact of PEVs. Subjects cover PEV industry trends, charge and discharge scenarios, and impacts on distribution systems. Some concluding remarks are summarized.", "proceedingsTitle": "Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT), 2011 IEEE PES", "conferenceName": "Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT), 2011 IEEE PES", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "January 2011", "eventPlace": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "pages": "1-8", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "DOI": "10.1109/ISGT.2011.5759171", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "IEEE Xplore", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Batteries", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Harmonic analysis", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Loading", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "PEV", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Power grids", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Power system harmonics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Power transformer insulation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Vehicles", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "controlled and uncontrolled charges", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "demand response", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "distribution systems", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "electric power generation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "electric utility", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "electric vehicles", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "electricity generation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "electricity supply industry", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "electrification of transportation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "plug-in electric vehicle", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "plug-in electric vehicle technology development", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "power grid", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "smart grid", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "smart power grids", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "3HA2N2KS" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-12-08T18:58:51Z", "dateModified": "2014-12-08T18:58:51Z" } }, { "key": "INHSRDGV", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 312798, "name": "ER254 Project - Unbalanced PV-DR", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/er254_project_-_unbalanced_pv-dr", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/312798/items/INHSRDGV", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/er254_project_-_unbalanced_pv-dr/items/INHSRDGV", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1893161, "username": "jsmacdonald", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jsmacdonald", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Li et al.", "parsedDate": "2012", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "INHSRDGV", "version": 2, "itemType": "conferencePaper", "title": "An optimization-based demand response in radial distribution networks", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Na", "lastName": "Li" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Lingwen", "lastName": "Gan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Lijun", "lastName": "Chen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Steven H.", "lastName": "Low" } ], "abstractNote": "", "proceedingsTitle": "", "conferenceName": "", "publisher": "IEEE", "place": "", "date": "12/2012", "eventPlace": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "pages": "1474-1479", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "DOI": "10.1109/GLOCOMW.2012.6477803", "ISBN": "978-1-4673-4941-3, 978-1-4673-4942-0, 978-1-4673-4940-6", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/lpdocs/epic03/wrapper.htm?arnumber=6477803", "accessDate": "2014-10-18T00:09:06Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "CrossRef", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "3HA2N2KS" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-12-08T18:58:51Z", "dateModified": "2014-12-08T18:58:51Z" } }, { "key": "MMCM56I4", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 312798, "name": "ER254 Project - 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2010 - Grid-connected photovoltaic power systems Technic.pdf", "md5": null, "mtime": null, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-12-08T18:58:51Z", "dateModified": "2014-12-08T18:58:51Z" } }, { "key": "9BZAI673", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 312798, "name": "ER254 Project - Unbalanced PV-DR", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/er254_project_-_unbalanced_pv-dr", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/312798/items/9BZAI673", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/er254_project_-_unbalanced_pv-dr/items/9BZAI673", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/312798/items/7MGAGMUE", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1893161, "username": "jsmacdonald", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jsmacdonald", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "9BZAI673", "version": 2, "parentItem": "7MGAGMUE", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Snapshot", "accessDate": "2014-12-08T16:56:53Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378779610001707", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "S0378779610001707.html", "md5": null, "mtime": null, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-12-08T18:58:51Z", "dateModified": "2014-12-08T18:58:51Z" } }, { "key": "6XC3WAIS", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 312798, "name": "ER254 Project - Unbalanced PV-DR", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/er254_project_-_unbalanced_pv-dr", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/312798/items/6XC3WAIS", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/er254_project_-_unbalanced_pv-dr/items/6XC3WAIS", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/312798/items/JREIPJXB", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1893161, "username": "jsmacdonald", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jsmacdonald", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "6XC3WAIS", "version": 2, "parentItem": "JREIPJXB", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "IEEE Xplore Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2014-12-08T16:54:47Z", "url": "http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx5/59/5395745/05356176.pdf?tp=&arnumber=5356176&isnumber=5395745", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Clement-Nyns et al. - 2010 - The Impact of Charging Plug-In Hybrid Electric Veh.pdf", "md5": null, "mtime": null, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-12-08T18:58:51Z", "dateModified": "2014-12-08T18:58:51Z" } }, { "key": "TGKAFFAW", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 312798, "name": "ER254 Project - Unbalanced PV-DR", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/er254_project_-_unbalanced_pv-dr", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/312798/items/TGKAFFAW", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/er254_project_-_unbalanced_pv-dr/items/TGKAFFAW", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1893161, "username": "jsmacdonald", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jsmacdonald", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Eltawil and Zhao", "parsedDate": "2010-01", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "TGKAFFAW", "version": 2, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Grid-connected photovoltaic power systems: Technical and potential problems—A review", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mohamed A.", "lastName": "Eltawil" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Zhengming", "lastName": "Zhao" } ], "abstractNote": "Traditional electric power systems are designed in large part to utilize large baseload power plants, with limited ability to rapidly ramp output or reduce output below a certain level. The increase in demand variability created by intermittent sources such as photovoltaic (PV) presents new challenges to increase system flexibility. This paper aims to investigate and emphasize the importance of the grid-connected PV system regarding the intermittent nature of renewable generation, and the characterization of PV generation with regard to grid code compliance. The investigation was conducted to critically review the literature on expected potential problems associated with high penetration levels and islanding prevention methods of grid tied PV. According to the survey, PV grid connection inverters have fairly good performance. They have high conversion efficiency and power factor exceeding 90% for wide operating range, while maintaining current harmonics THD less than 5%. Numerous large-scale projects are currently being commissioned, with more planned for the near future. Prices of both PV and balance of system components (BOS) are decreasing which will lead to further increase in use. The technical requirements from the utility power system side need to be satisfied to ensure the safety of the PV installer and the reliability of the utility grid. Identifying the technical requirements for grid interconnection and solving the interconnect problems such as islanding detection, harmonic distortion requirements and electromagnetic interference are therefore very important issues for widespread application of PV systems. The control circuit also provides sufficient control and protection functions like maximum power tracking, inverter current control and power factor control. Reliability, life span and maintenance needs should be certified through the long-term operation of PV system. Further reduction of cost, size and weight is required for more utilization of PV systems. Using PV inverters with a variable power factor at high penetration levels may increase the number of balanced conditions and subsequently increase the probability of islanding. 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