[ { "key": "9BY4C2ZI", "version": 1364, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 310273, "name": "TrEE", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/tree", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/310273/items/9BY4C2ZI", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/tree/items/9BY4C2ZI", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/310273/items/GVJMTIUM", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 818397, "username": "Gurdas_Sandhu", "name": "Gurdas S. Sandhu", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/gurdas_sandhu", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "9BY4C2ZI", "version": 1364, "parentItem": "GVJMTIUM", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2022-06-10T11:33:37Z", "url": "https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/06/business/inside-vws-campaign-of-trickery.html", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "inside-vws-campaign-of-trickery.html", "md5": "aed61b0fda94399a0e6b7844db0640b6", "mtime": 1654860817598, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2022-06-10T11:34:17Z", "dateModified": "2022-06-10T11:34:17Z" } }, { "key": "GVJMTIUM", "version": 1363, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 310273, "name": "TrEE", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/tree", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/310273/items/GVJMTIUM", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/tree/items/GVJMTIUM", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 818397, "username": "Gurdas_Sandhu", "name": "Gurdas S. Sandhu", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/gurdas_sandhu", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Ewing", "parsedDate": "2017-05-06", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "GVJMTIUM", "version": 1363, "itemType": "newspaperArticle", "title": "Inside VW’s Campaign of Trickery", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jack", "lastName": "Ewing" } ], "abstractNote": "New details emerge in Volkswagen’s broad conspiracy to cover up a campaign aimed at deceiving pollution regulators.", "publicationTitle": "The New York Times", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2017-05-06", "volume": "", "issue": "", "edition": "", "section": "Business", "pages": "", "ISSN": "0362-4331", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/06/business/inside-vws-campaign-of-trickery.html", "accessDate": "2022-06-10T11:33:29Z", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en-US", "libraryCatalog": "NYTimes.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "VW_defeatdevice" }, { "tag": "Volkswagen AG" }, { "tag": "defeat devices" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2022-06-10T11:34:17Z", "dateModified": "2022-06-10T11:34:17Z" } }, { "key": "6VYTTW2G", "version": 1361, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 310273, "name": "TrEE", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/tree", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/310273/items/6VYTTW2G", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/tree/items/6VYTTW2G", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 818397, "username": "Gurdas_Sandhu", "name": "Gurdas S. Sandhu", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/gurdas_sandhu", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Kang et al.", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "6VYTTW2G", "version": 1361, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "PM and NOx Reduction Characteristics of LNT/DPF + SCR/DPF Hybrid System", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Wooseok", "lastName": "Kang" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Byungchul", "lastName": "Choi" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Seunghun", "lastName": "Jung" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Suhan", "lastName": "Park" } ], "abstractNote": "The purpose of study is to investigate effects and differences when applying a hybrid system of LNT/DPF+SCR/DPF catalysts and LNT/DPF in diesel engine. A lean NOx trap (LNT) catalyst was prepared using an impregnation method, and a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst was prepared through an ion-exchange method. Each catalyst was dip-coated in an Advanced Cordierite-Diesel Particulate Filter. Its de-NOx and de-PM characteristics were analyzed using a model gas test-rig. As a result, NOx conversion of the hybrid system was higher than that of single LNT/DPF system. Because of NO2 and NH3, which is formed in a LNT/DPF in the rich air-fuel ratio duration is used a reductant for SCR/DPF catalyst of the hybrid system. Along with SCR/DPF, an increase in NOx conversion occurs through HC-SCR reaction because fuel as a dosing reductant is used not only for LNT/DPF but also for SCR/DPF. For de-PM characteristics, the light-off temperature 50, which is 50% of the oxidizing temperature of the PM, is 598°C in the hybrid system and 627°C in LNT/DPF. Moreover, the rate of PM oxidation over the hybrid system is higher than that of LNT/DPF because the oxidizing power of SCR/DPF was additionally added into the hybrid system.", "publicationTitle": "Energy", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Energy", "DOI": "10.1016/j.energy.2017.10.133", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S036054421731839X", "accessDate": "2017-11-07T13:05:33Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0360-5442", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "00000", "tags": [ { "tag": "Diesel engine", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "LNT_Lean NOx Trap" }, { "tag": "Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)" }, { "tag": "SCR_selective catalytic reduction" } ], "collections": [ "92J45CUP" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-11-09T03:32:19Z", "dateModified": "2022-03-31T20:15:31Z" } }, { "key": "9UJSNJEU", "version": 1357, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 310273, "name": "TrEE", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/tree", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/310273/items/9UJSNJEU", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/tree/items/9UJSNJEU", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 818397, "username": "Gurdas_Sandhu", "name": "Gurdas S. Sandhu", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/gurdas_sandhu", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Thirumalini and Malemutt", "parsedDate": "2020-12-02", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "9UJSNJEU", "version": 1357, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Investigations on anti-Tampering of diesel particulate filter", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S.", "lastName": "Thirumalini" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Pooja", "lastName": "Malemutt" } ], "abstractNote": "Tampering is making inoperable or removing, any device or system, used to control emissions from a vehicle or engine. Tampering may include, but is not limited to: removing the Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF), drilling hole into the DPF, adjusting any functionality of a vehicle’s emission control, which is different from the manufacturer’s specifications, installation of a replacement part that is not certified on vehicle. Experimental investigations were done on tamper detection on a vehicle installed with a diesel particulate filter along with regeneration system. The temperature characteristics and characteristics of soot oxidation were used to indicate tampering. It could be concluded from the experimental investigations that the availability of oxygen and DPF soot loading affects temperature rise during soot oxidation and hence the temperature could be used as an effective method for detecting DPF tampering.", "publicationTitle": "Materials Today: Proceedings", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "December 2, 2020", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Materials Today: Proceedings", "DOI": "10.1016/j.matpr.2020.10.390", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214785320380111", "accessDate": "2020-12-07T21:02:35Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "2214-7853", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "defeat devices" }, { "tag": "tampering" } ], "collections": [ "92J45CUP" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2021-03-10T16:40:33Z", "dateModified": "2022-03-29T13:36:14Z" } }, { "key": "BWF9AN77", "version": 1355, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 310273, "name": "TrEE", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/tree", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/310273/items/BWF9AN77", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/tree/items/BWF9AN77", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 818397, "username": "Gurdas_Sandhu", "name": "Gurdas S. Sandhu", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/gurdas_sandhu", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Davenport", "parsedDate": "2020-11-25", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "BWF9AN77", "version": 1355, "itemType": "newspaperArticle", "title": "Illegal Tampering by Diesel Pickup Owners Is Worsening Pollution, E.P.A. Says", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Coral", "lastName": "Davenport" } ], "abstractNote": "An E.P.A. investigation has found that the owners of more than half a million diesel pickup trucks have installed devices to defeat emissions controls and boost pollution.", "publicationTitle": "The New York Times", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2020-11-25", "volume": "", "issue": "", "edition": "", "section": "Climate", "pages": "", "ISSN": "0362-4331", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/25/climate/diesel-trucks-air-pollution.html", "accessDate": "2020-11-28T02:14:34Z", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en-US", "libraryCatalog": "NYTimes.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "defeat devices" }, { "tag": "tampering" } ], "collections": [ "3UPJPFZ3" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2021-03-10T16:36:38Z", "dateModified": "2022-03-29T13:35:50Z" } }, { "key": "IMYXKKK3", "version": 1351, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 310273, "name": "TrEE", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/tree", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/310273/items/IMYXKKK3", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/tree/items/IMYXKKK3", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 818397, "username": "Gurdas_Sandhu", "name": "Gurdas S. Sandhu", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/gurdas_sandhu", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "IMYXKKK3", "version": 1351, "itemType": "note", "note": "

Zotero - add-ons

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Before we get to add-ons, note that the main Zotero application and browser connectors can be installed from https://www.zotero.org/download/

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Also, \"...the word processor plugins are bundled with Zotero and should be installed automatically for each installed word processor when you first start Zotero.\" The word processor plug-ins, for Microsoft Word and LibreOffice, allow you to cite while you write. https://www.zotero.org/support/word_processor_integration

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How to install add-ons in Zotero 5.x

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Download the .xpi file for each add-on using the links below. Then, in Zotero, go to Tools > Add-ons > Settings (gear symbol in top-right) > Install Add-on From File > Point to the .xpi file you downloaded

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https://www.zotero.org/support/plugins

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List of add-ons

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Zotfile [advanced PDF management]
https://github.com/jlegewie/zotfile/releases

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http://zotfile.com/

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Zutilo [assorted macros for Zotero]
https://github.com/willsALMANJ/Zutilo/releases

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ZoteroPreview and Zotero Abstract Cleaner
https://github.com/dcartertod/zotero-plugins

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Zotero Citation Counts Manager
https://github.com/eschnett/zotero-citationcounts

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Zotero Storage Scanner
https://github.com/retorquere/zotero-storage-scanner

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Zotero Report Customizer
https://github.com/retorquere/zotero-report-customizer

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Zotero DOI Manager
https://github.com/bwiernik/zotero-shortdoi

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scite-zotero-plugin
https://github.com/scitedotai/scite-zotero-plugin

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Other plug-ins and tools

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Zotero OCR
https://github.com/UB-Mannheim/zotero-ocr

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Zotero Folder Import
https://github.com/retorquere/zotero-folder-import

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---

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http://citationstylist.org/tools/

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http://rintze.zelle.me/ref-extractor/

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https://zotero-odf-scan.github.io/zotero-odf-scan/

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https://github.com/retorquere/zotero-date-from-last-modified/releases/tag/v0.0.12

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https://juris-m.github.io/downloads/

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https://github.com/mronkko/ZoteroQuickLook/releases/latest

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https://github.com/pavelninin/zotero_two_way_hyperlinking

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https://harzing.com/resources/publish-or-perish

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https://github.com/Juris-M/propachi-vanilla/releases

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https://pypi.org/project/Pyzotero/

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https://pyzotero.readthedocs.io/en/latest/

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https://zoteromusings.wordpress.com/2013/04/23/zotero-item-uris-from-client/

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---

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Zotero Scholar Citations (superseded by other plugins)
https://github.com/MaxKuehn/zotero-scholar-citations
https://github.com/beloglazov/zotero-scholar-citations

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", "tags": [], "collections": [ "NSB44TUJ" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2022-03-29T13:31:34Z", "dateModified": "2022-03-29T13:31:34Z" } }, { "key": "LGVH2GJQ", "version": 1345, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 310273, "name": "TrEE", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/tree", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/310273/items/LGVH2GJQ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/tree/items/LGVH2GJQ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 818397, "username": "Gurdas_Sandhu", "name": "Gurdas S. Sandhu", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/gurdas_sandhu", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "LGVH2GJQ", "version": 1345, "itemType": "note", "note": "

Zotero - select item and open PDF links

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https://forums.zotero.org/discussion/86980/quickly-create-a-open-pdf-link

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Example (open a PDF at page 5)
Select PDF (or item) using Zutilo: zotero://select/library/items/IBQZDMD5
then edit to this
Open PDF: zotero://open-pdf/library/items/IBQZDMD5?page=5

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- zotero://open-pdf/library/items/[itemKey]?page=[page]
- zotero://open-pdf/groups/[groupID]/items/[itemKey]?page=[page]

", "tags": [], "collections": [ "NSB44TUJ" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2022-03-29T13:30:15Z", "dateModified": "2022-03-29T13:30:15Z" } }, { "key": "VNQED3V3", "version": 1313, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 310273, "name": "TrEE", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/tree", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/310273/items/VNQED3V3", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/tree/items/VNQED3V3", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 818397, "username": "Gurdas_Sandhu", "name": "Gurdas S. Sandhu", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/gurdas_sandhu", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Kelly et al.", "parsedDate": "2011-04", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "VNQED3V3", "version": 1313, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The impact of the congestion charging scheme on air quality in London. Part 1. Emissions modeling and analysis of air pollution measurements", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Frank", "lastName": "Kelly" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "H. Ross", "lastName": "Anderson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ben", "lastName": "Armstrong" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Richard", "lastName": "Atkinson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ben", "lastName": "Barratt" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sean", "lastName": "Beevers" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Dick", "lastName": "Derwent" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David", "lastName": "Green" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ian", "lastName": "Mudway" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Paul", "lastName": "Wilkinson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "name": "HEI Health Review Committee" } ], "abstractNote": "On February 17, 2003, a congestion charging scheme (CCS*) was introduced in central London along with a program of traffic management measures. The scheme operated Monday through Friday, 7 AM to 6 PM. This program resulted in an 18% reduction in traffic volume and a 30% reduction in traffic congestion in the first year (2003). We developed methods to evaluate the possible effects of the scheme on air quality: We used a temporal-spatial design in which modeled and measured air quality data from roadside and background monitoring stations were used to compare time periods before (2001-2002) and after (2003-2004) the CCS was introduced and to compare the spatial area of the congestion charging zone (CCZ) with the rest of London. In the first part of this project, we modeled changes in concentrations of oxides of nitrogen (NOx), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and PM10 (particles with a mass median aerodynamic diameter < or = 10 microm) across the CCZ and in Greater London under different traffic and emission scenarios for the periods before and after CCS introduction. Comparing model results within and outside the zone suggested that introducing the CCS would be associated with a net 0.8-microg/m3 decrease in the mean concentration of PM10 and a net 1.7-ppb decrease in the mean concentration of NOx within the CCZ. In contrast, a net 0.3-ppb increase in the mean concentration of NO2 was predicted within the zone; this was partly explained by an expected increase in primary NO2 emissions due to the introduction of particle traps on diesel buses (one part of the improvements in public transport associated with the CCS). In the second part of the project, we established a CCS Study Database from measurements obtained from the London Air Quality Network (LAQN) for air pollution monitors sited to measure roadside and urban background concentrations. Fully ratified (validated) 15-minute mean carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxide (NO), NO2, NOx, PM10, and PM2.5 data from each chosen monitoring site for the period from February 17, 2001, to February 16, 2005, were transferred from the LAQN database. In the third part of our project, these data were used to compare geometric means for the 2 years before and the 2 years after the CCS was introduced. Temporal changes within the CCZ were compared with changes, over the same period, at similarly sited (roadside or background) monitors in a control area 8 km distant from the center of the CCZ. The analysis was confined to measurements obtained during the hours and days on which the scheme was in operation and focused on pollutants derived from vehicles (NO, NO2, NOx, PM10, and CO). This set of analyses was based on the limited data available from within the CCZ. When compared with data from outside the zone, we did not find evidence of temporal changes in roadside measurements of NOx, NO, and NO2, nor in urban background concentrations of NOx. (The latter result, however, concealed divergent trends in NO, which fell, and NO2, which rose.) Although based upon fewer stations, there was evidence that background concentrations of PM10 and CO fell within the CCZ compared with outside the zone. We also analyzed the trends in background concentrations for all London monitoring stations; as distance from the center of the CCZ increased, we found some evidence of an increasing gradation in NO and PM10 concentrations before versus after the intervention. This suggests a possible intermediate effect on air quality in the area immediately surrounding the CCZ. Although London is relatively well served with air quality monitoring stations, our study was restricted by the availability of only a few monitoring sites within the CCZ, and only one of those was at a roadside location. The results derived from this single roadside site are not likely to be an adequate basis for evaluating this complex urban traffic management scheme. Our primary approach to assessing the impact of the CCS was to analyze the changes in geometric mean pollutant concentrations in the 2 years before and 2 years after the CCS was introduced and to compare changes at monitoring stations within the CCZ with those in a distant control area (8 km from the CCZ center) unlikely to be influenced by the CCS. We saw this as the most robust analytical approach with which to examine the CCS Study Database, but in the fourth part of the project we did consider three other approaches: ethane as an indicator of pollution dispersion; the cumulative sum (CUSUM) statistical technique; and bivariate polar plots for local emissions. All three were subsequently judged as requiring further development outside of the scope of this study. However, despite their investigative nature, each technique provided useful information supporting the main analyses. The first method used ethane as a dispersion indicator to remove the inherent variability in air pollutant concentrations caused by changes in meteorology and atmospheric dispersion. The technique had the potential to ascertain more accurately the likely impacts of the CCS on London's air quality. Although this novel method appeared promising over short time periods, a number of concerns arose about whether the spatial and temporal variability of ethane over longer time periods would be representative of meteorologic conditions alone. The major strength of CUSUM, the second method, is that it can be used to identify the approximate timing of changes that may have been caused by the CCS. This ability is weakened, however, by the effects of serial correlation (the correlation of data among measurements in successive time intervals) within air pollution data that is caused by seasonality and long-term meteorologic trends. The secure interpretation of CUSUM requires that the technique be adapted to take proper account of the underlying correlation between measurements without the use of smoothing functions that would obscure a stepped change in concentrations. Although CUSUM was not able to provide a quantitative estimation of changes in pollution levels arising from the introduction of the CCS, the strong signals that were identified were considered in the context of other results from the study. The third method, bivariate polar plots, proved useful. The plots revealed important characteristics of the data from the only roadside monitoring site within the CCZ and highlighted the importance of considering prevailing weather conditions when positioning a roadside monitor. The technique would benefit from further development, however, in transforming the qualitative assessment of change into a quantitative assessment and including an estimate of uncertainty. Research is ongoing to develop this method in air-quality time-series studies. Overall, using a range of measurement and modeling approaches, we found evidence of small changes in air quality after introduction of the CCS. These include small decreases in PM10, NO, and CO. The possibility that some of these effects might reflect more general changes in London's air quality is suggested by the findings of somewhat similar changes in geometric means for weekends, when the CCS was not operating. However, since some evidence suggests that the CCS also had an impact on traffic volume on weekends, the CCS remains as one possible explanation for the observed pattern of changes in pollutant concentrations. In addition, the CCS was just one of a number of traffic and emission reduction schemes introduced in London over the 4-year study period; if the other measures had an impact in central London, they might partly explain our findings. Although not the aim of this study, it is important to consider how the trends we observed might be translated into health effects. For example, given that London already has NO2 concentrations in excess of the permitted limit value, we do not know what the effects of an increase in NO2 created by diesel-exhaust after-treatment for particles might mean for health. Further, although it is not likely that NO affects health, the decrease in NO concentrations is likely associated with an increase in ozone concentrations (a pollutant associated with health effects), as has been seen in recent years in London. These and other similar issues require further investigation. Although the CCS is a relatively simple traffic management scheme in the middle of a major urban environment, analyzing its possible impact on air quality was found to be far from straightforward. Using a range of modeling and monitoring approaches to address the impact of the scheme revealed that each technique has its own advantages and limitations. The placement of monitoring sites and the availably of traffic count data were also identified as key issues. The most compelling lesson we take away from this study is that such work is impossible to undertake without a coherent multi-disciplinary team of skilled researchers. In conclusion, our study suggests that the introduction of the CCS in 2003 was associated with small temporal changes in air pollutant concentrations in central London compared with outer areas. However, attributing the cause of these changes to the CCS alone is not appropriate because the scheme was introduced at a time when other traffic and emissions interventions, which might have had a more concentrated effect in central London, were also being implemented.", "publicationTitle": "Research Report (Health Effects Institute)", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2011-04", "volume": "", "issue": "155", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "5-71", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Res Rep Health Eff Inst", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1041-5505", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "eng", "libraryCatalog": "PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 21830496", "tags": [ { "tag": "pending" } ], "collections": [ "92J45CUP" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2022-03-29T13:26:57Z", "dateModified": "2022-03-29T13:26:57Z" } }, { "key": "95ES9J4Q", "version": 1313, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 310273, "name": "TrEE", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/tree", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/310273/items/95ES9J4Q", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/tree/items/95ES9J4Q", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 818397, "username": "Gurdas_Sandhu", "name": "Gurdas S. Sandhu", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/gurdas_sandhu", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Hesterberg et al.", "parsedDate": "2009-10-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "95ES9J4Q", "version": 1313, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Critical review of the human data on short-term nitrogen dioxide (NO2) exposures: Evidence for NO2 no-effect levels", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Thomas W.", "lastName": "Hesterberg" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "William B.", "lastName": "Bunn" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Roger O.", "lastName": "McClellan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ali K.", "lastName": "Hamade" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Christopher M.", "lastName": "Long" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Peter A.", "lastName": "Valberg" } ], "abstractNote": "Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a ubiquitous atmospheric pollutant due to the widespread prevalence of both natural and anthropogenic sources, and it can be a respiratory irritant when inhaled at elevated concentrations. Evidence for health effects of ambient NO2 derives from three types of studies: observational epidemiology, human clinical exposures, and animal toxicology. Our review focuses on the human clinical studies of adverse health effects of short-term NO2 exposures, given the substantial uncertainties and limitations in interpretation of the other lines of evidence. We examined more than 50 experimental studies of humans inhaling NO2, finding notably that the reporting of statistically significant changes in lung function and bronchial sensitivity did not show a consistent trend with increasing NO2 concentrations. Functional changes were generally mild and transient, the reported effects were not uniformly adverse, and they were not usually accompanied by NO2-dependent increases in symptoms. The available human clinical results do not establish a mechanistic pathway leading to adverse health impacts for short-term NO2 exposures at levels typical of maximum 1-h concentrations in the present-day ambient environment (i.e., below 0.2 ppm). Our review of these data indicates that a health-protective, short-term NO2 guideline level for susceptible (and healthy) populations would reflect a policy choice between 0.2 and 0.6 ppm.Extended abstractNitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a ubiquitous atmospheric pollutant due to the widespread prevalence of both natural and anthropogenic sources, and it can be a respiratory irritant when inhaled at elevated concentrations. Natural NO2 sources include volcanic action, forest fires, lightning, and the stratosphere; man-made NO2 emissions derive from fossil fuel combustion and incineration.The current National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for NO2, initially established in 1971, is 0.053 ppm (annual average). Ambient concentrations monitored in urban areas in the United States are 0.015 ppm, as an annual mean, i.e., below the current NAAQS. Short-term (1-h peak) NO2 concentrations outdoors are not likely to exceed 0.2 ppm, and even 1-h periods exceeding 0.1 ppm are infrequent. Inside homes, 1-h NO2 peaks, typically arising from gas cooking, can range between 0.4 and 1.5 ppm.The health effects evidence of relevance to ambient NO2 derives from three lines of investigation: epidemiology studies, human clinical studies, and animal toxicology studies. The NO2 epidemiology remains inconsistent and uncertain due to the potential for exposure misclassification, residual confounding, and co-pollutant effects, whereas animal toxicology findings using high levels of NO2 exposure require extrapolation to humans exposed at low ambient NO2 levels. Given the limitations and uncertainties in the other lines of health effects evidence, our review thus focused on clinical studies where human volunteers (including asthmatics, children, and elderly) inhaled NO2 at levels from 0.1 to 3.5 ppm during short-term (½–6-h) exposures, often combined with exercise, and occasionally combined with co-pollutants. We examined the reported biological effects and classified them into (a) lung immune responses and inflammation, (b) lung function changes and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), and (c) health effects outside the lungs (extrapulmonary).We examined more than 50 experimental studies of humans inhaling NO2, finding that such clinical data on short-term exposure allowed discrimination of NO2 no-effect levels versus lowest-adverse-effects levels. Our conclusions are summarized by these six points: For lung immune responses and inflammation: (1) healthy subjects exposed to NO2 below 1 ppm do not show pulmonary inflammation; (2) at 2 ppm for 4 h, neutrophils and cytokines in lung-lavage fluid can increase, but these changes do not necessarily correlate with significant or sustained changes in lung function; (3) there is no consistent evidence that NO2 concentrations below 2 ppm increase susceptibility to viral infection; (4) for asthmatics and individuals having chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), NO2-induced lung inflammation is not expected below 0.6 ppm, although one research group reported enhancement of proinflammatory processes at 0.26 ppm. With regard to NO2-induced AHR: (5) studies of responses to specific or nonspecific airway challenges (e.g., ragweed, methacholine) suggest that asthmatic individuals were not affected by NO2 up to about 0.6 ppm, although some sensitive subsets may respond to levels as low as 0.2 ppm. And finally, for extra-pulmonary effects: (6) such effects (e.g., changes in blood chemistry) generally required NO2 concentrations above 1–2 ppm.Overall, our review of data from experiments with humans indicates that a health-protective, short-term-average NO2 guideline level for susceptible populations (and healthy populations) would reflect a policy choice between 0.2 and 0.6 ppm. The available human clinical results do not establish a mechanistic pathway leading to adverse health impacts for short-term NO2 exposures at levels typical of maximum 1-h concentrations in the present-day ambient environment (i.e., below 0.2 ppm).", "publicationTitle": "Critical Reviews in Toxicology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "October 1, 2009", "volume": "39", "issue": "9", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "743-781", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.3109/10408440903294945", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3109/10408440903294945", "accessDate": "2021-03-29T21:35:32Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1040-8444", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Critical review of the human data on short-term nitrogen dioxide (NO2) exposures", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Taylor and Francis+NEJM", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "Publisher: Taylor & Francis\n_eprint: https://doi.org/10.3109/10408440903294945", "tags": [ { "tag": "pending" } ], "collections": [ "92J45CUP" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2022-03-29T13:26:57Z", "dateModified": "2022-03-29T13:26:57Z" } }, { "key": "AZRZYRWS", "version": 1313, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 310273, "name": "TrEE", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/tree", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/310273/items/AZRZYRWS", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/tree/items/AZRZYRWS", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 818397, "username": "Gurdas_Sandhu", "name": "Gurdas S. Sandhu", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/gurdas_sandhu", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Richmond-Bryant et al.", "parsedDate": "2017-06-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "AZRZYRWS", "version": 1313, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Estimation of on-road NO2 concentrations, NO2/NOX ratios, and related roadway gradients from near-road monitoring data", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jennifer", "lastName": "Richmond-Bryant" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R.", "lastName": "Chris Owen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Stephen", "lastName": "Graham" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michelle", "lastName": "Snyder" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Stephen", "lastName": "McDow" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michelle", "lastName": "Oakes" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sue", "lastName": "Kimbrough" } ], "abstractNote": "This paper describes a new regression modeling approach to estimate on-road nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and oxides of nitrogen (NOX) concentrations and near-road spatial gradients using data from a near-road monitoring network. Field data were collected in Las Vegas, NV, at three monitors sited 20, 100, and 300 m from Interstate-15 between December 2008 and January 2010. Measurements of NO2 and NOX were integrated over 1-h intervals and matched with meteorological data. Several mathematical transformations were tested for regressing pollutant concentrations against distance from the roadway. A logit-ln model was found to have the best fit (R2 = 94.7 %) and also provided a physically realistic profile. The mathematical model used data from the near-road monitors to estimate on-road concentrations and the near-road gradient over which mobile source pollutants have concentrations elevated above background levels. Average and maximum on-road NO2 concentration estimates were 33 and 105 ppb, respectively. Concentration gradients were steeper in the morning and late afternoon compared with overnight when stable conditions preclude mixing. Estimated on-road concentrations were also highest in the late afternoon. Median estimated on-road and gradient NO2 concentrations were lower during summer compared with winter, with a steeper gradient during the summer, when convective mixing occurs during a longer portion of the day. On-road concentration estimates were higher for winds perpendicular to the road compared with parallel winds and for atmospheric stability with neutral-to-unstable atmospheric conditions. The concentration gradient with increasing distance from the road was estimated to be sharper for neutral-to-unstable conditions when compared with stable conditions and for parallel wind conditions compared with perpendicular winds. A regression of the NO2/NOX ratios yielded on-road ratios ranging from 0.25 to 0.35, substantially higher than the anticipated tailpipe emissions ratios. The results from the ratios also showed that the diurnal cycle of the background NO2/NOX ratios were a driving factor in the on-road and downwind NO2/NOX ratios.", "publicationTitle": "Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2017-06-01", "volume": "10", "issue": "5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "611-625", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Air Qual Atmos Health", "DOI": "10.1007/s11869-016-0455-7", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-016-0455-7", "accessDate": "2021-03-29T21:37:28Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1873-9326", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Springer Link", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "92J45CUP" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2022-03-29T13:26:57Z", "dateModified": "2022-03-29T13:26:57Z" } }, { "key": "DH7IY2PL", "version": 1313, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 310273, "name": "TrEE", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/tree", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/310273/items/DH7IY2PL", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/tree/items/DH7IY2PL", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 818397, "username": "Gurdas_Sandhu", "name": "Gurdas S. Sandhu", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/gurdas_sandhu", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "He et al.", "parsedDate": "2021-03-25", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "DH7IY2PL", "version": 1313, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Associations of Particulate Matter Sizes and Chemical Constituents with Blood Lipids: A Panel Study in Guangzhou, China", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Zhi-Zhou", "lastName": "He" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Peng-Yue", "lastName": "Guo" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Shu-Li", "lastName": "Xu" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Yang", "lastName": "Zhou" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Bin", "lastName": "Jalaludin" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ari", "lastName": "Leskinen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Luke D.", "lastName": "Knibbs" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Joachim", "lastName": "Heinrich" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Lidia", "lastName": "Morawska" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Steve Hung-Lam", "lastName": "Yim" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Dinh", "lastName": "Bui" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mika", "lastName": "Komppula" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Marjut", "lastName": "Roponen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Liwen", "lastName": "Hu" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gongbo", "lastName": "Chen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Xiao-Wen", "lastName": "Zeng" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Yunjiang", "lastName": "Yu" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Bo-Yi", "lastName": "Yang" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Guanghui", "lastName": "Dong" } ], "abstractNote": "Existing evidence is scarce concerning the various effects of different PM sizes and chemical constituents on blood lipids. A panel study that involved 88 healthy college students with five repeated measurements (440 blood samples in total) was performed. We measured mass concentrations of particulate matter with diameters ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5), ≤1.0 μm (PM1.0), and ≤0.5 μm (PM0.5) as well as number concentrations of particulate matter with diameters ≤ 0.2 μm (PN0.2) and ≤0.1 μm (PN0.1). We applied linear mixed-effect models to assess the associations between short-term exposure to different PM size fractions and PM2.5 constituents and seven lipid metrics. We found significant associations of greater concentrations of PM in different size fractions within 5 days before blood collection with lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and apolipoprotein A (ApoA1) levels, higher apolipoprotein B (ApoB) levels, and lower ApoA1/ApoB ratios. Among the PM2.5 constituents, we observed that higher concentrations of tin and lead were significantly associated with decreased HDL-C levels, and higher concentrations of nickel were associated with higher HDL-C levels. Our results suggest that short-term exposure to PM in different sizes was deleteriously associated with blood lipids. Some constituents, especially metals, might be the major contributors to the detrimental effects.", "publicationTitle": "Environmental Science & Technology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2021-03-25", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Environ. Sci. Technol.", "DOI": "10.1021/acs.est.0c06974", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c06974", "accessDate": "2021-03-26T23:15:13Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0013-936X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Associations of Particulate Matter Sizes and Chemical Constituents with Blood Lipids", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ACS Publications", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "Publisher: American Chemical Society", "tags": [ { "tag": "ASAP" }, { "tag": "pending" } ], "collections": [ "92J45CUP" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2022-03-29T13:26:57Z", "dateModified": "2022-03-29T13:26:57Z" } }, { "key": "MBEKMDP6", "version": 1313, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 310273, "name": "TrEE", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/tree", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/310273/items/MBEKMDP6", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/tree/items/MBEKMDP6", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 818397, "username": "Gurdas_Sandhu", "name": "Gurdas S. Sandhu", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/gurdas_sandhu", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Lu et al.", "parsedDate": "2021-03-26", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "MBEKMDP6", "version": 1313, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "COVID-19-Induced Lockdowns Indicate the Short-Term Control Effect of Air Pollutant Emission in 174 Cities in China", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Dawei", "lastName": "Lu" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jingwei", "lastName": "Zhang" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Chaoyang", "lastName": "Xue" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Peijie", "lastName": "Zuo" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Zigu", "lastName": "Chen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Luyao", "lastName": "Zhang" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Weibo", "lastName": "Ling" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Qian", "lastName": "Liu" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Guibin", "lastName": "Jiang" } ], "abstractNote": "The contradiction between the regional imbalance and an one-size-fits-all policy is one of the biggest challenges in current air pollution control in China. With the recent implementation of first-level public health emergency response (FLPHER) in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in China (a total of 77 041 confirmed cases by February 22, 2020), human activities were extremely decreased nationwide and almost all economic activities were suspended. Here, we show that this scenario represents an unprecedented “base period” to probe the short-term emission control effect of air pollution at a city level. We quantify the FLPHER-induced changes of NO2, SO2, PM2.5, and PM10 levels in 174 cities in China. A machine learning prediction model for air pollution is established by coupling a generalized additive model, random effects meta-analysis, and weather research and forecasting model with chemistry analysis. The short-term control effect under the current energy structure in each city is estimated by comparing the predicted and observed results during the FLPHER period. We found that the short-term emission control effect ranges within 53.0%–98.3% for all cities, and southern cities show a significantly stronger effect than northern cities (P < 0.01). Compared with megacities, small–medium cities show a similar control effect on NO2 and SO2 but a larger effect on PM2.5 and PM10.", "publicationTitle": "Environmental Science & Technology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2021-03-26", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Environ. Sci. Technol.", "DOI": "10.1021/acs.est.0c07170", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c07170", "accessDate": "2021-03-27T18:01:48Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0013-936X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ACS Publications", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "Publisher: American Chemical Society", "tags": [ { "tag": "ASAP" }, { "tag": "COVID-19" }, { "tag": "health effects" }, { "tag": "pending" } ], "collections": [ "92J45CUP" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2022-03-29T13:26:57Z", "dateModified": "2022-03-29T13:26:57Z" } }, { "key": "ZJDNTEXX", "version": 1313, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 310273, "name": "TrEE", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/tree", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/310273/items/ZJDNTEXX", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/tree/items/ZJDNTEXX", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 818397, "username": "Gurdas_Sandhu", "name": "Gurdas S. Sandhu", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/gurdas_sandhu", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Suarez-Bertoa et al.", "parsedDate": "2021", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "ZJDNTEXX", "version": 1313, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "On-road emissions of Euro 6d-TEMP passenger cars on Alpine routes during the winter period", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ricardo", "lastName": "Suarez-Bertoa" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Victor", "lastName": "Valverde" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jelica", "lastName": "Pavlovic" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michaël", "lastName": "Clairotte" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Tommaso", "lastName": "Selleri" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Vicente", "lastName": "Franco" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Zlatko", "lastName": "Kregar" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Covadonga", "lastName": "Astorga" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Environmental Science: Atmospheres", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2021", "volume": "1", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "125-139", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1039/D0EA00010H", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2021/ea/d0ea00010h", "accessDate": "2021-03-29T11:33:52Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "pubs.rsc.org", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry", "tags": [], "collections": [ "92J45CUP" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2022-03-29T13:26:57Z", "dateModified": "2022-03-29T13:26:57Z" } }, { "key": "DLS2277G", "version": 1313, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 310273, "name": "TrEE", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/tree", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/310273/items/DLS2277G", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/tree/items/DLS2277G", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 818397, "username": "Gurdas_Sandhu", "name": "Gurdas S. Sandhu", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/gurdas_sandhu", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Zhou and Levy", "parsedDate": "2007-12", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "DLS2277G", "version": 1313, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Factors influencing the spatial extent of mobile source air pollution impacts: a meta-analysis", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ying", "lastName": "Zhou" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jonathan I.", "lastName": "Levy" } ], "abstractNote": "There has been growing interest among exposure assessors, epidemiologists, and policymakers in the concept of \"hot spots\", or more broadly, the \"spatial extent\" of impacts from traffic-related air pollutants. This review attempts to quantitatively synthesize findings about the spatial extent under various circumstances. We include both the peer-reviewed literature and government reports, and focus on four significant air pollutants: carbon monoxide, benzene, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter (including both ultrafine particle counts and fine particle mass). From the identified studies, we extracted information about significant factors that would be hypothesized to influence the spatial extent within the study, such as the study type (e.g., monitoring, air dispersion modeling, GIS-based epidemiological studies), focus on concentrations or health risks, pollutant under study, background concentration, emission rate, and meteorological factors, as well as the study's implicit or explicit definition of spatial extent. We supplement this meta-analysis with results from some illustrative atmospheric dispersion modeling. We found that pollutant characteristics and background concentrations best explained variability in previously published spatial extent estimates, with a modifying influence of local meteorology, once some extreme values based on health risk estimates were removed from the analysis. As hypothesized, inert pollutants with high background concentrations had the largest spatial extent (often demonstrating no significant gradient), and pollutants formed in near-source chemical reactions (e.g., nitrogen dioxide) had a larger spatial extent than pollutants depleted in near-source chemical reactions or removed through coagulation processes (e.g., nitrogen oxide and ultrafine particles). Our illustrative dispersion model illustrated the complex interplay of spatial extent definitions, emission rates, background concentrations, and meteorological conditions on spatial extent estimates even for non-reactive pollutants. Our findings indicate that, provided that a health risk threshold is not imposed, the spatial extent of impact for mobile sources reviewed in this study is on the order of 100–400 m for elemental carbon or particulate matter mass concentration (excluding background concentration), 200–500 m for nitrogen dioxide and 100–300 m for ultrafine particle counts. First, to allow for meaningful comparisons across studies, it is important to state the definition of spatial extent explicitly, including the comparison method, threshold values, and whether background concentration is included. Second, the observation that the spatial extent is generally within a few hundred meters for highway or city roads demonstrates the need for high resolution modeling near the source. Finally, our findings emphasize that policymakers should be able to develop reasonable estimates of the \"zone of influence\" of mobile sources, provided that they can clarify the pollutant of concern, the general site characteristics, and the underlying definition of spatial extent that they wish to utilize.", "publicationTitle": "BMC Public Health", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2007/12", "volume": "7", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1-11", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "BMC Public Health", "DOI": "10.1186/1471-2458-7-89", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-7-89", "accessDate": "2021-03-29T21:35:39Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1471-2458", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Factors influencing the spatial extent of mobile source air pollution impacts", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "2007 Zhou and Levy; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.", "extra": "Number: 1\nPublisher: BioMed Central", "tags": [], "collections": [ "92J45CUP" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2022-03-29T13:26:57Z", "dateModified": "2022-03-29T13:26:57Z" } }, { "key": "CFX7DUU4", "version": 1313, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 310273, "name": "TrEE", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/tree", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/310273/items/CFX7DUU4", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/tree/items/CFX7DUU4", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 818397, "username": "Gurdas_Sandhu", "name": "Gurdas S. Sandhu", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/gurdas_sandhu", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Torres-Jardón et al.", "parsedDate": "2009-10-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "CFX7DUU4", "version": 1313, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Assessment of the Ozone-Nitrogen Oxide-Volatile Organic Compound Sensitivity of Mexico City through an Indicator-Based Approach: Measurements and Numerical Simulations Comparison", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ricardo", "lastName": "Torres-Jardón" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J. Agustín", "lastName": "García-Reynoso" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "", "lastName": "Arón Jazcilevich" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "L. Gerardo", "lastName": "Ruiz-Suárez" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Tim C.", "lastName": "Keener" } ], "abstractNote": "The ozone (O3) sensitivity to nitrogen oxides (NOx, or nitric oxide [NO] + nitrogen dioxide [NO2]) versus volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the Mexico City metropolitan area (MCMA) is a current issue of scientific controversy. To shed light on this issue, we compared measurements of the indicator species O3/NOy (where NOy represents the sum of NO + NO2 + nitric acid [HNO3] + peroxyacetyl nitrate [PAN] + others), NOy, and the semiempirically derived O3/NOz surrogate (where NOz surrogate is the derived surrogate NOz, and NOz represents NOx reaction products, or NOy – NOx) with results of numerical predictions reproducing the transition regimes between NOx and VOC sensitivities. Ambient air concentrations of O3, NOx, and NOy were measured from April 14 to 25, 2004 in one downwind receptor site of photo-chemically aged air masses within Mexico City. MCMA-derived transition values for an episode day occurring during the same monitoring period were obtained through a series of photochemical simulations using the Multiscale Climate and Chemistry Model (MCCM). The comparison between the measured indicator species and the simulated spatial distribution of the indicators O3/NOy, O3/NOz surrogate, and NOy in MCMA suggest that O3 in this megacity is likely VOC-sensitive. This is in opposition to past studies that, on the basis of the observed morning VOC/NOx ratios, have concluded that O3 in Mexico City is NOx-sensitive. Simulated MCMA-derived sensitive transition values for O3/NOy, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)/HNO3, and NOy were found to be in agreement with threshold criteria proposed for other regions in North America and Europe, although the transition crossover for O3/NOz and O3/HNO3 was not consistent with values reported elsewhere. An additional empirical evaluation of weekend/weekday differences in average maximum O3 concentrations and 6:00- to 9:00-a.m. NOx and NO levels registered at the same site in April 2004 indirectly confirmed the above results. A preliminary conclusion is that additional reductions in NOx emissions in MCMA might cause an increase in presently high O3 levels.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "October 1, 2009", "volume": "59", "issue": "10", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1155-1172", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.3155/1047-3289.59.10.1155", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3155/1047-3289.59.10.1155", "accessDate": "2021-03-29T21:36:22Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1096-2247", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Assessment of the Ozone-Nitrogen Oxide-Volatile Organic Compound Sensitivity of Mexico City through an Indicator-Based Approach", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Taylor and Francis+NEJM", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "Publisher: Taylor & Francis\n_eprint: https://doi.org/10.3155/1047-3289.59.10.1155", "tags": [], "collections": [ "92J45CUP" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2022-03-29T13:26:57Z", "dateModified": "2022-03-29T13:26:57Z" } }, { "key": "3HJ9R3KQ", "version": 1313, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 310273, "name": "TrEE", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/tree", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/310273/items/3HJ9R3KQ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/tree/items/3HJ9R3KQ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 818397, "username": "Gurdas_Sandhu", "name": "Gurdas S. Sandhu", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/gurdas_sandhu", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Richmond-Bryant et al.", "parsedDate": "2018-02-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "3HJ9R3KQ", "version": 1313, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Factors associated with NO2 and NOX concentration gradients near a highway", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J.", "lastName": "Richmond-Bryant" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M. G.", "lastName": "Snyder" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R. C.", "lastName": "Owen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S.", "lastName": "Kimbrough" } ], "abstractNote": "The objective of this research is to learn how the near-road gradient, in which NO2 and NOX (NO + NO2) concentrations are elevated, varies with changes in meteorological and traffic variables. Measurements of NO2 and NOX were obtained east of I-15 in Las Vegas and fit to functions whose slopes (dCNO2/dx and dCNOX/dx, respectively) characterize the size of the near-road zone where NO2 and NOX concentrations from mobile sources on the highway are elevated. These metrics were used to learn about the near-road gradient by modeling dCNO2/dx and dCNOX/dx as functions of meteorological variables (e.g., wind direction, wind speed), traffic (vehicle count), NOX concentration upwind of the road, and O3 concentration at two fixed-site ambient monitors. Generalized additive models (GAM) were used to model dCNO2/dx and dCNOX/dx versus the independent variables because they allowed for nonlinearity of the variables being compared. When data from all wind directions were included in the analysis, variability in O3 concentration comprised the largest proportion of variability in dCNO2/dx, followed by variability in wind direction. In a second analysis constrained to winds from the west, variability in O3 concentration remained the largest contributor to variability in dCNO2/dx, but the relative contribution of variability in wind speed to variability in dCNO2/dx increased relative to its contribution for the all-wind analysis. When data from all wind directions were analyzed, variability in wind direction was by far the largest contributor to variability in dCNOX/dx, with smaller contributions from hour of day and upwind NOX concentration. When only winds from the west were analyzed, variability in upwind NOX concentration, wind speed, hour of day, and traffic count all were associated with variability in dCNOX/dx. Increases in O3 concentration were associated with increased magnitude near-road dCNO2/dx, possibly shrinking the zone of elevated concentrations occurring near roads. Wind direction parallel to the highway was also related to an increased magnitude of both dCNO2/dx and dCNOX/dx, again likely shrinking the zone of elevated concentrations occurring near roads. Wind direction perpendicular to the road decreased the magnitude of dCNO2/dx and dCNOX/dx and likely contributed to growth of the zone of elevated concentrations occurring near roads. Thus, variability in near-road concentrations is influenced by local meteorology and ambient O3 concentration.", "publicationTitle": "Atmospheric Environment", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "February 1, 2018", "volume": "174", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "214-226", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Atmospheric Environment", "DOI": "10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.11.026", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231017307719", "accessDate": "2021-03-29T21:37:06Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1352-2310", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "92J45CUP" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2022-03-29T13:26:57Z", "dateModified": "2022-03-29T13:26:57Z" } }, { "key": "XBA6DE2T", "version": 1312, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 310273, "name": "TrEE", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/tree", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/310273/items/XBA6DE2T", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/tree/items/XBA6DE2T", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 818397, "username": "Gurdas_Sandhu", "name": "Gurdas S. Sandhu", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/gurdas_sandhu", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Terres et al.", "parsedDate": "2021-03-26", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "XBA6DE2T", "version": 1312, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Calibration Uncertainty of 23nm Engine Exhaust Condensation Particle Counters with Soot Generators: a European Automotive Laboratory Comparison", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Alexander", "lastName": "Terres" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Barouch", "lastName": "Giechaskiel" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Andreas", "lastName": "Nowak" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Volker", "lastName": "Ebert" } ], "abstractNote": "Calibration of condensation particle counters (CPC) to measure non-volatile particle number (PN) from vehicle emissions is a significant source of uncertainty of the regulated particle number measurements. In this work, the calibration uncertainty of automotive and calibration laboratories was determined in a first-of-its-kind comparison. For this purpose, the counting efficiency of a reference CPC for automotive exhaust emission measurements was determined at seven participants across Europe with ten soot aerosol generators. Calibration uncertainty was found to be very different in the CPC’s cut-off regime (around the D50 of 23nm) with a coefficient of variation (CoV) of 11% and the plateau regime (from the D90 of 41nm upwards) with a CoV of 4.5%. The uncertainty was higher for a group of soot generators with poorly optimized operating points with a CoV of 31% at 23nm and 5.8% at ≥41nm. Specific influence factors on the calibration uncertainty (measured as the inter-lab variability) could be identified. The calibration of the laboratories’ reference counters accounted for most of the variability in the plateau regime, while 20% of the variability was attributed to the sample flow measurement. Differences between soot generators were the main cause of variability in the cut-off regime due to the increased material sensitivity of the CPC at this particle size but had only secondary relevance in the plateau regime. The calibration uncertainty found in this inter-laboratory exercise should be a guideline for users and legislators, as it provides a typical value for the expected measurement uncertainty of a CPC for automotive exhaust PN.", "publicationTitle": "Emission Control Science and Technology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2021-03-26", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Emiss. Control Sci. Technol.", "DOI": "10.1007/s40825-021-00189-z", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40825-021-00189-z", "accessDate": "2021-03-30T00:52:01Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "2199-3637", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Calibration Uncertainty of 23nm Engine Exhaust Condensation Particle Counters with Soot Generators", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Springer Link", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "92J45CUP" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2022-03-29T13:26:57Z", "dateModified": "2022-03-29T13:26:57Z" } }, { "key": "LU7PFJ29", "version": 1312, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 310273, "name": "TrEE", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/tree", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/310273/items/LU7PFJ29", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/tree/items/LU7PFJ29", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 818397, "username": "Gurdas_Sandhu", "name": "Gurdas S. Sandhu", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/gurdas_sandhu", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Kumar et al.", "parsedDate": "2019-01-15", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "LU7PFJ29", "version": 1312, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Effects of Isotopic Calibration Gases on IR Quantification Analyzer Techniques to Measure CO and CO 2 in Engine Emissions Testing", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Anuj", "lastName": "Kumar" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Bertold", "lastName": "Arlitt" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Tracey", "lastName": "Jacksier" } ], "abstractNote": "Infrared spectroscopic methods are the most common methods in the automotive industry for measuring carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) gases. Concentrations of both gases, which are emitted from the combustion of fuels, are required to be determined accurately in order to follow strict environmental regulations. Appropriate analytical techniques and accurate calibration gas mixtures are therefore critical for successful measurements. Regulatory documents such as the EPA’s Code of Federal Regulations 40 (CFR 40) part 1065.250, UN ECE-R83, and (EU) 2017/1151 recommend a nondispersive infrared (NDIR) analyzer to measure CO and CO2 concentrations in raw or diluted exhaust gas samples. Over the last decade, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometry has been validated and recommended in engine exhaust certification testing as well as in engine and vehicle development activities.\nThe variation in the isotopic ratio of 13C/12C in natural atmospheric CO2 is in the range of ± 2‰ however, artificial or non-natural sources of CO or CO2 can potentially have much larger variances. To fully understand the impacts of isotopic composition on the analyzers, the δ13C values used in this study were selected to cover a broad range of non-natural isotope ratios (very depleted and enriched). In the present work on both FTIRs and NDIRs, up to 4% deviation in analytical results were observed relative to the base case composition (-12‰ 13CO) when the CO/N2 gas mixture was enriched to 2630‰ with 13C content. Analytical deviations measured on NDIR analyzers were more pronounced (4-14%) relative to the base case composition with the change of 13C in the CO2/N2 mixture from -982‰ to 6783‰. Moreover, the error with FTIR measurements could rise up to a factor of 2 or more depending on the 13C and 12C band selection and their evaluation methods. Known isotopic gas mixtures and careful evaluation band selection in the FTIR method were observed to reduce the analytical errors. Even though calibration gases were prepared accurately for molecular concentrations, carbon isotopic concentrations far removed from natural abundance showed significant errors in the measurements. It is therefore essential to have either known or natural ratios of carbon isotope calibration gas mixtures for accurate emission measurements.", "publicationTitle": "SAE International Journal of Advances and Current Practices in Mobility", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2019-01-15", "volume": "1", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "315-324", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "SAE Int. J. Adv. & Curr. Prac. in Mobility", "DOI": "10.4271/2019-01-0076", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://doi.org/10.4271/2019-01-0076", "accessDate": "2021-04-09T18:28:53Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "2641-9637, 2641-9645", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "DOI.org (Crossref)", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "92J45CUP" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2022-03-29T13:26:57Z", "dateModified": "2022-03-29T13:26:57Z" } }, { "key": "ZPDBTVMQ", "version": 1312, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 310273, "name": "TrEE", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/tree", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/310273/items/ZPDBTVMQ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/tree/items/ZPDBTVMQ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 818397, "username": "Gurdas_Sandhu", "name": "Gurdas S. Sandhu", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/gurdas_sandhu", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Luján et al.", "parsedDate": "2021-04-05", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "ZPDBTVMQ", "version": 1312, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Engine test bench feasibility for the study and research of real driving cycles: Pollutant emissions uncertainty characterization", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "José Manuel", "lastName": "Luján" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Vicente", "lastName": "Bermudez" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Benjamín", "lastName": "Pla" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Fernando", "lastName": "Redondo" } ], "abstractNote": "The future of Internal Combustion Engines in the automotive sector seems uncertain, to some extent due to the recent changes in type approval regulations. Current regulations have considerably reduced the engine pollutant emissions limits, as well as introduced more demanding testing conditions. The introduction of real driving cycles presented a challenging issue for car manufacturers when homologating their vehicles, since the traditional and undemanding NEDC (New European Driving Cycle) certification cycle has been replaced by sever cycles as WLTC (World Light Duty Test Cycle) and RDE (Real Driving Emissions). This document presents a methodology for implementing a RDE cycle in an engine test bench. Even knowing that the essence of RDE regulation is to assess actual driving conditions, reproducing RDE cycles in a test bench is of great interest, since the controlled and reproducible conditions that can be achieved in a laboratory lead to valuable information to understand engine behavior in real driving conditions, and therefore contribute to engine development. This document applies the most recent European Community regulation and sets the essential steps to carry out a RDE cycle in an engine test bench. Once the WLTC and RDE cycles were implemented, this study analyses the uncertainty and repeatability of the values obtained in successive repetitions of the test, carried out under the same conditions. Uncertainty values are obtained on the most representative parameters of engine operation, as well as pollutant emissions. One of the most relevant contributions of this study is to obtain the uncertainties of type approval pollutant emissions. As an example, the uncertainty obtained by applying the methodology described in this article on nitrogen oxide emissions (NOx), considered one of the most relevant pollutant emissions of diesel engines, has been extremely reduced, obtaining values of 3.13% and 3.9%, respectively for the RDE and WLTC cycles.", "publicationTitle": "International Journal of Engine Research", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "April 5, 2021", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "14680874211007999", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "International Journal of Engine Research", "DOI": "10.1177/14680874211007999", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/14680874211007999", "accessDate": "2021-04-10T13:44:56Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1468-0874", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Engine test bench feasibility for the study and research of real driving cycles", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "SAGE Journals", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "Publisher: SAGE Publications", "tags": [], "collections": [ "92J45CUP" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2022-03-29T13:26:57Z", "dateModified": "2022-03-29T13:26:57Z" } }, { "key": "XA3R486L", "version": 1312, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 310273, "name": "TrEE", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/tree", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/310273/items/XA3R486L", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/tree/items/XA3R486L", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 818397, "username": "Gurdas_Sandhu", "name": "Gurdas S. Sandhu", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/gurdas_sandhu", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Rosenblatt et al.", "parsedDate": "2020-04-14", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "XA3R486L", "version": 1312, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Effect of Driving Cycles on Emissions from On-Road Motorcycles", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Debbie", "lastName": "Rosenblatt" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jonathan", "lastName": "Stokes" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Cheryl", "lastName": "Caffrey" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kevin F.", "lastName": "Brown" } ], "abstractNote": "Chassis dynamometer testing was conducted with three on-highway motorcycles produced for the North American market with engine displacements of 296 cc, 749 cc and 1198 cc to better inform criteria pollutant emissions inventories. The motorcycles were tested using US Tier 2 certification fuel over th", "publicationTitle": "SAE Technical Paper", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2020-04-14", "volume": "2020-01-0377", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.4271/2020-01-0377", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.sae.org/publications/technical-papers/content/2020-01-0377/", "accessDate": "2021-06-02T23:10:45Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0148-7191, 2688-3627", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "www.sae.org", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "ISSN: 0148-7191, 2688-3627\nDOI: 10.4271/2020-01-0377", "tags": [ { "tag": "motorcycle" } ], "collections": [ "92J45CUP" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2022-03-29T13:26:57Z", "dateModified": "2022-03-29T13:26:57Z" } }, { "key": "SZ2LUFNU", "version": 1312, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 310273, "name": "TrEE", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/tree", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/310273/items/SZ2LUFNU", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/tree/items/SZ2LUFNU", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 818397, "username": "Gurdas_Sandhu", "name": "Gurdas S. Sandhu", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/gurdas_sandhu", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Wei and Frey", "parsedDate": "2021-05-04", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "SZ2LUFNU", "version": 1312, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Sensitivity of Light Duty Vehicle Tailpipe Emission Rates from Simplified Portable Emission Measurement Systems to Variation in Engine Volumetric Efficiency", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Tongchuan", "lastName": "Wei" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "H. Christopher", "lastName": "Frey" } ], "abstractNote": "Light-duty gasoline vehicle (LDGV) tailpipe emission rates can be quantified based on pollutant concentrations measured using portable emission measurement systems (PEMS). Emission rates depend on exhaust flow. For simplified and micro-PEMS, exhaust flow is inferred from engine mass air flow (MAF) and air-to-fuel ratio. For many LDGVs, MAF is broadcast via the on-board diagnostic (OBD) interface. For some vehicles, only indirect indicators of MAF are broadcast. In such cases, MAF can be estimated using the speed-density method (SDM). The SDM requires an estimate of the engine volumetric efficiency (VE), which is the ratio of actual to theoretical MAF. VE is affected by intra-vehicle variability in the engine load and inter-vehicle variability in engine characteristics (e.g., the type of valvetrain). The suitability of SDM-based estimates of MAF in conjunction with simplified and micro-PEMS has not been adequately evaluated. Therefore, the objectives are to: (1) quantify VE accounting for intra- and inter-vehicle variability; and (2) evaluate the accuracy of SDM-based vehicle emission rate estimation approaches. Seventy-seven naturally-aspirated LDGVs were measured using PEMS. For each vehicle, VE was estimated using three approaches: (1) constant VE calibrated to actual fuel use; (2) average estimates of VE for Vehicle Specific Power modes imputed from OBD data; and (3) modeled VE using multilinear regression (MLR). The MLR models were developed based on engine load and engine characteristics. The best model was selected based on various statistical diagnostics. When engines were under load, variability in VE was most sensitive to variations in engine load. During idling, VE differed between engines depending on engine characteristics. The constant and modeled VE estimation approaches enable the accurate estimation of microscale and mesoscale emission rates, with errors typically within ±10% compared to values imputed from OBD data. Thus, accurate emission rates can be obtained from simplified and micro-PEMS. Implications StatementSimplified and micro portable emission measurement systems (PEMS) enable widespread measurement of vehicle exhaust emission. As a cost saving measure, they estimate exhaust flow indirectly rather than via measurement, typically based on engine mass air flow (MAF). For some vehicles, MAF is not reported by the on-board diagnostic (OBD) system but can be inferred from other reported variables and volumetric efficiency (VE). However, VE is typically proprietary. Methods demonstrated here for estimating VE enable accurate quantification of emission rates, thereby enabling use of these PEMS for policy-relevant applications such as technology assessments, trends analysis, and emissions inventories.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "May 4, 2021", "volume": "0", "issue": "ja", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "null", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1080/10962247.2021.1923586", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2021.1923586", "accessDate": "2021-06-07T15:50:49Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1096-2247", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Taylor and Francis+NEJM", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "Publisher: Taylor & Francis\n_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2021.1923586\nPMID: 33945402", "tags": [ { "tag": "LD_light-duty" }, { "tag": "Volumetric efficiency" }, { "tag": "citedby" }, { "tag": "pending" } ], "collections": [ "92J45CUP" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2022-03-29T13:26:57Z", "dateModified": "2022-03-29T13:26:57Z" } }, { "key": "JJPXA3AZ", "version": 1312, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 310273, "name": "TrEE", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/tree", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/310273/items/JJPXA3AZ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/tree/items/JJPXA3AZ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 818397, "username": "Gurdas_Sandhu", "name": "Gurdas S. Sandhu", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/gurdas_sandhu", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Dhital et al.", "parsedDate": "2021-10-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "JJPXA3AZ", "version": 1312, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Effects of driving behavior on real-world emissions of particulate matter, gaseous pollutants and particle-bound PAHs for diesel trucks", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Narayan Babu", "lastName": "Dhital" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Shi-Xiong", "lastName": "Wang" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Che-Hsuan", "lastName": "Lee" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "James", "lastName": "Su" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mong-Yu", "lastName": "Tsai" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ying-Jhih", "lastName": "Jhou" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Hsi-Hsien", "lastName": "Yang" } ], "abstractNote": "This study employed a portable emissions measurement system to investigate the effects of vehicle attributes, driving behavior, and road grade on real-world emissions of particulate matter (PM), regulated gaseous pollutants, and particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for old-model diesel trucks (model year 1995–2006, 6.7–35.0 metric ton) with little to no tailpipe emission control. The rated power of engines was a major determinant of the distance-specific emission factors of PM, particle-bound PAHs, and most gaseous pollutants. However, the engine size was unrelated to the total hydrocarbon emission factor and the benzo[a]pyrene equivalent (BaPeq) emission factor of PAHs. Aggressive (AG) and normal (NR) driving behaviors were quantitatively defined with a relative positive acceleration. The emission factors of PM, CO2, and THC were significantly different (p < 0.05) between the AG and NR driving modes. AG driving caused an average increase in emissions of PM, CO2, NOx, and particle-bound PAHs by 122%, 56%, 15%, and 128%, respectively, compared to the respective emissions under the NR mode. The BaPeq emission factor of PAHs in the AG mode was more than 10 times that in the NR mode. The road gradient (ranging from −9.3% to 9.0% over the test route) had significant impacts on the emissions of PM, CO2, and NOx. PM, CO2, and NOx emission factors increased by 109%, 168%, and 160%, respectively, in the >6% grade bin and decreased by 95%, 91%, and 90%, respectively, in the equivalent negative-grade bin, implying that the decrease in emissions on negative road slopes may not compensate for the increase in emissions on the equivalent positive road slopes despite the road slope being compensated. The findings of this study will be valuable for developing air quality management strategies and furthering scientific knowledge on the complex interplay of different variables that affect real-world emissions of on-road vehicles.", "publicationTitle": "Environmental Pollution", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "October 1, 2021", "volume": "286", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "117292", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Environmental Pollution", "DOI": "10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117292", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749121008745", "accessDate": "2021-06-07T15:51:06Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0269-7491", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "PAH_polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons" }, { "tag": "PM_particulate matter" }, { "tag": "citedby" }, { "tag": "diesel" }, { "tag": "pending" } ], "collections": [ "92J45CUP" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2022-03-29T13:26:57Z", "dateModified": "2022-03-29T13:26:57Z" } }, { "key": "ZP97FSZE", "version": 1312, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 310273, "name": "TrEE", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/tree", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/310273/items/ZP97FSZE", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/tree/items/ZP97FSZE", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 818397, "username": "Gurdas_Sandhu", "name": "Gurdas S. Sandhu", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/gurdas_sandhu", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Kimbrough et al.", "parsedDate": "2017-09-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "ZP97FSZE", "version": 1312, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "NO to NO2 conversion rate analysis and implications for dispersion model chemistry methods using Las Vegas, Nevada near-road field measurements", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sue", "lastName": "Kimbrough" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R.", "lastName": "Chris Owen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michelle", "lastName": "Snyder" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jennifer", "lastName": "Richmond-Bryant" } ], "abstractNote": "The nitrogen dioxide/oxides of nitrogen (NO2/NOX) ratio is an important surrogate for NO to NO2 chemistry in dispersion models when estimating NOX impacts in a near-road environment. Existing dispersion models use different techniques and assumptions to represent NO to NO2 conversion and do not fully characterize all of the important atmospheric chemical and mechanical processes. Thus, “real-world” ambient measurements must be analyzed to assess the behavior of NO2/NOX ratios near roadways. An examination of NO2/NOX ratio data from a field study conducted in Las Vegas, Nevada (NV), from mid-December, 2008 through mid-December, 2009 provides insights into the appropriateness of assumptions about the NO2/NOX ratio included in dispersion models. Data analysis indicates multiple factors affect the downwind NO2/NOX ratio. These include spatial gradient, background ozone (O3), source emissions of NO and NO2, and background NO2/NOX ratio. Analysis of the NO2/NOX ratio spatial gradient indicates that under high O3 conditions, the change in the ratio is fairly constant once a certain O3 threshold (≥30 ppb) is reached. However, under low O3 conditions (<30 ppb), there are differences between weekdays and weekends, most likely due to a decline in O3 concentrations during the weekday morning hours, reducing the O3 available to titrate the emitted NO, allowing lower NO2/NOX ratios. These results suggest that under high O3 conditions, NOX chemistry is driving the NO2/NOX ratios whereas under low O3 conditions, atmospheric mixing is the driving factor.", "publicationTitle": "Atmospheric Environment", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "September 1, 2017", "volume": "165", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "23-34", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Atmospheric Environment", "DOI": "10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.06.027", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231017304089", "accessDate": "2021-03-29T21:38:34Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1352-2310", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "92J45CUP" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2022-03-29T13:26:57Z", "dateModified": "2022-03-29T13:26:57Z" } }, { "key": "PZ94BJNZ", "version": 1312, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 310273, "name": "TrEE", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/tree", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/310273/items/PZ94BJNZ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/tree/items/PZ94BJNZ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 818397, "username": "Gurdas_Sandhu", "name": "Gurdas S. Sandhu", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/gurdas_sandhu", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Giechaskiel et al.", "parsedDate": "2021-03-27", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "PZ94BJNZ", "version": 1312, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Uncertainty of Laboratory and Portable Solid Particle Number Systems for Regulatory Measurements of Vehicle Emissions", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Barouch", "lastName": "Giechaskiel" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Tero", "lastName": "Lähde" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Anastasios D.", "lastName": "Melas" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Victor", "lastName": "Valverde" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michael", "lastName": "Clairotte" } ], "abstractNote": "In the European Union’s emissions regulations, limits for solid particles >23 nm are applicable for the type-approval and in use compliance of vehicles. Consequently, particle number (PN) systems are used very often for both research and development of engines and vehicles, both in the laboratory and on the road. The technical specifications of the laboratory and portable on-board systems are not the same resulting in different measurement uncertainties. Furthermore, particles, in contrast to gases, can be lost in the transfer lines making comparisons at different sampling locations difficult. Moreover, the size dependent counting efficiency of the systems can result in high discrepancies when the measured particle sizes are close to the decreasing steep part of the curves. The different sampling locations (tailpipe or dilution tunnel) and thermal pretreatments of the aerosol further enhance the differences. The studies on the measurement uncertainty are scarce, especially for the PN systems measuring from 10 nm that will be introduced in the future regulations. This study quantified the uncertainty sources of the PN systems: (i) due to the technical requirements and the calibrations, (ii) due to the unknown particle sizes during measurement, (iii) due to particle losses from the vehicle to the PN systems at the tailpipe or the dilution tunnel, (iv) other parameters needed for the calculation of the emissions, non-related to the PN systems, e.g. flow and distance. The expanded uncertainty of the 23 nm laboratory systems sampling from the dilution tunnel was estimated to be 32%, with 18% originating from the calibration procedures, while of those sampling from at the tailpipe 35%. For the 23 nm portable systems measuring on-road the uncertainty was 39%. The values were 2-8% higher for the 10 nm systems.", "publicationTitle": "Environmental Research", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "March 27, 2021", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "111068", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Environmental Research", "DOI": "10.1016/j.envres.2021.111068", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935121003625", "accessDate": "2021-03-30T00:51:39Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0013-9351", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "pending" } ], "collections": [ "92J45CUP" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2022-03-29T13:26:57Z", "dateModified": "2022-03-29T13:26:57Z" } }, { "key": "QBSYVD3B", "version": 1312, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 310273, "name": "TrEE", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/tree", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/310273/items/QBSYVD3B", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/tree/items/QBSYVD3B", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 818397, "username": "Gurdas_Sandhu", "name": "Gurdas S. Sandhu", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/gurdas_sandhu", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Lee et al.", "parsedDate": "2021-03-26", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "QBSYVD3B", "version": 1312, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Characteristics of NOx Emission of Light-duty Diesel Vehicle with LNT and SCR system by Season and RDE Phase", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Yongjoo", "lastName": "Lee" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Seungil", "lastName": "Lee" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Seunghyun", "lastName": "Lee" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Hoimyung", "lastName": "Choi" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kyoungdoug", "lastName": "Min" } ], "abstractNote": "As the regulations on vehicle emissions have become more stringent internationally and real-driving emissions (RDE) have been established, the on-road characteristics of emissions have gained importance in vehicle research and development. The results of the fuel consumption levels and emissions from on-road tests are affected by many factors, such as driving conditions, routes and environmental conditions. Therefore, more research and analysis are needed for the effects of environmental factors and driving conditions according to RDE phase on the NOx emissions. In this study, RDE tests were conducted by season to analyze the on-road NOx emission characteristics of lean NOx trap (LNT)- and selective catalytic reduction (SCR)-equipped diesel vehicles corresponding to the Euro 6b regulation prior to the application of the RDE regulation. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of seasonal factors and phases of the RDE routes on the NOx emission and NOx conversion efficiency of catalyst. In spring/autumn and summer, the engine-out and tail-pipe NOx emissions were higher 1.3–5.9 times for vehicle A and 1.3–28.4 times for vehicle B in the urban phase than in other phases. In the urban phase, the engine bay temperature was probable to rise owing to frequent stops and low-speed driving, leading to a high intake air temperature, which causes excessive NOx emission, particularly in summer. The average air filter temperature in urban phase was 11–15 °C higher than the environment temperature for vehicle A. The NOx conversion efficiency of the LNT was highest at 54.1% on motorway and the efficiency was dependent on the phase of the test route. The NOx conversion efficiency of the SCR, which is dependent on the catalyst temperature, was highest at 98.7% in spring motorway and the efficiency was affected by the combined factors of season and phases.", "publicationTitle": "Science of The Total Environment", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "March 26, 2021", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "146750", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Science of The Total Environment", "DOI": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146750", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969721018180", "accessDate": "2021-03-30T00:51:50Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0048-9697", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "pending" } ], "collections": [ "92J45CUP" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2022-03-29T13:26:57Z", "dateModified": "2022-03-29T13:26:57Z" } } ]