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            "title": "Salivary and serum interleukin 6 and basic fibroblast growth factor levels in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma",
            "creators": [
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                    "firstName": "V.",
                    "lastName": "Vucicević Boras"
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                    "firstName": "N.",
                    "lastName": "Cikes"
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                    "lastName": "Lukać"
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                    "lastName": "Virag"
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                    "lastName": "Cekić-Arambasin"
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            "abstractNote": "AIM: A role of various cytokines has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many carcinomas, and albeit the role of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in sera has been studied in patients with oral carcinomas, data upon salivary IL-6 and bFGF are lacking. The aim of this study was to evaluate levels of IL-6 and bFGF in the saliva and serum of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma.\nMETHODS: Salivary and serum IL-6 and bFGF were evaluated in a group of 33 patients (28 men, 5 women) with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), age range 40-73 years , mean 54.05 years. Control group consisted of 23 healhy participants, mean age 25 years.\nRESULTS: Serum IL-6 and bFGF levels were not significantly different between patients with OSCC and healthy controls. Elevated levels of salivary IL-6 and bFGF in patients with OSCC when compared to the healthy controls were found (p<0.001).\nCONCLUSIONS: The conclusion is drawn that higher levels of salivary IL-6 and bFGF in patients with OSCC might originate from the local production, probably from carcinoma cells.",
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            "title": "A review of research on salivary biomarkers for oral cancer detection",
            "creators": [
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                    "firstName": "Yi-Shing Lisa",
                    "lastName": "Cheng"
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                {
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                    "firstName": "Terry",
                    "lastName": "Rees"
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                    "firstName": "John",
                    "lastName": "Wright"
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            "abstractNote": "Using saliva for disease diagnostics and health surveillance is a promising approach as collecting saliva is relatively easy and non-invasive. Over the past two decades, using salivary biomarkers specifically for early cancer detection has attracted much research interest, especially for cancers occurring in the oral cavity and oropharynx, for which the five-year survival rate (62%) is still one of the lowest among all major human cancers. More than 90% of oral cancers are oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and the standard method for detection is through a comprehensive clinical examination by oral healthcare professionals. Despite the fact that the oral cavity is easily accessible, most OSCCs are not diagnosed until an advanced stage, which is believed to be the major reason for the low survival rate, and points to the urgent need for clinical diagnostic aids for early detection of OSCC. Thus, much research effort has been dedicated to investigating potential salivary biomarkers for OSCC, and more than 100 such biomarkers have been reported in the literature. However, some important issues and challenges have emerged that require solutions and further research in order to find reliable OSCC salivary biomarkers for clinical use. This review article provides an up-to-date list of potential OSCC salivary biomarkers reported as of the fall of 2013, and discusses those emerging issues. By raising the awareness of these issues on the part of both researchers and clinicians, it is hoped that reliable, specific and sensitive salivary biomarkers may be found soon-and not only biomarkers for early OSCC detection but also for detecting other types of cancers or even for monitoring non-cancerous disease activity.",
            "publicationTitle": "Clinical and Translational Medicine",
            "publisher": "",
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            "date": "2014",
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            "issue": "1",
            "section": "",
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            "itemType": "journalArticle",
            "title": "Malignant transformation in 5071 southern Taiwanese patients with potentially malignant oral mucosal disorders",
            "creators": [
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                    "firstName": "Yen-Yun",
                    "lastName": "Wang"
                },
                {
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                    "firstName": "Yen-Hsuan",
                    "lastName": "Tail"
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                    "firstName": "Wen-Chen",
                    "lastName": "Wang"
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                    "firstName": "Ching-Yi",
                    "lastName": "Chen"
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                    "firstName": "Yu-Hsun",
                    "lastName": "Kao"
                },
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                    "firstName": "Yuk-Kwan",
                    "lastName": "Chen"
                },
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                    "firstName": "Chung-Ho",
                    "lastName": "Chen"
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            ],
            "abstractNote": "BACKGROUND: Oral cancers can be preceded by clinically evident oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs). The current study evaluated the rate and the time of malignant transformation in the various OPMDs in a cohort of patients from southern Taiwan. Parameters possibly indicative for malignant transformation of OPMDs, such as epidemiological and etiological factors, and clinical and histopathological features were also described.\nMETHODS: We followed-up 5071 patients with OPMDs-epithelial dysplasia with oral submucous fibrosis, epithelial dysplasia with hyperkeratosis/epithelial hyperplasia, hyperkeratosis/epithelial hyperplasia, oral submucous fibrosis, lichen planus, and verrucous hyperplasia-between 2001 and 2010 for malignant transformation.\nRESULTS: Two hundred nineteen of these 5071 OPMD patients (202 men, 17 women; mean age: 51.25 years; range: 30-81 years) developed oral cancers (179 squamous cell carcinomas; 40 verrucous carcinomas) in the same sites as the initial lesions at least 6 months after their initial biopsies. The overall transformation rate was 4.32% (mean duration of transformation: 33.56 months; range: 6-67 months). Additionally, the mean time of malignant transformation was significantly shorter for lesions with than without epithelial dysplasia. The risk of malignant transformation was 1.89 times higher for epithelially dysplastic than non-dysplastic lesions. The anatomical site of OPMD and the presence of epithelial dysplasia were significantly associated with malignant transformation. The hazard rate ratio was 1.87 times larger for tongue lesions than for buccal lesions.\nCONCLUSION: Patients with OPMDs require long-term follow up.",
            "publicationTitle": "BMC oral health",
            "publisher": "",
            "place": "",
            "date": "2014",
            "volume": "14",
            "issue": "",
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            "partNumber": "",
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            "pages": "99",
            "series": "",
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            "title": "Analysis of tumor marker CA 125 in saliva of normal and oral squamous cell carcinoma patients: a comparative study",
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Jude J.",
                    "lastName": "Balan"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Roopa S.",
                    "lastName": "Rao"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "B. R.",
                    "lastName": "Premalatha"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Shankargouda",
                    "lastName": "Patil"
                }
            ],
            "abstractNote": "BACKGROUND: The mortality and morbidity associated with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) can be greatly reduced if tumor markers which can detect OSCC at an early stage are available. The use of saliva as an alternative to blood could provide a substantial advantage in sampling convenience. Cancer antigen 125 (CA 125) is a tumor-associated antigen found to be increased in epithelial tumors like oral, breast and ovarian cancers.\nAIM: To determine whether salivary CA 125 levels are increased significantly in OSCC patients than the control group.\nMATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty OSCC patients and 60 healthy controls were taken for the study. Saliva samples from both the groups were collected, centrifuged and supernatant fluid were subjected to ELISA for assessment of CA 125. The mean salivary CA 125 values of OSCC patients and control group were statistically analyzed using Mann-Whitney U-test.\nRESULTS: The mean salivary CA 125 concentration of OSCC group was 320.25 and that of control group was 33.14. Thus, CA 125 was found to be significantly increased in the saliva of OSCC patients than the control group (p < 0.001). Also, there was significant increase in the CA 125 levels as the stage of OSCC increased.\nCONCLUSION: The convenience, reliability and noninvasive nature of salivary CA 125 testing makes it a feasible adjunctive diagnostic tool for detection of OSCC.",
            "publicationTitle": "The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice",
            "publisher": "",
            "place": "",
            "date": "2012 Sep-Oct",
            "volume": "13",
            "issue": "5",
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            "partNumber": "",
            "partTitle": "",
            "pages": "671-675",
            "series": "",
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            "journalAbbreviation": "J Contemp Dent Pract",
            "DOI": "",
            "citationKey": "",
            "url": "",
            "accessDate": "",
            "PMID": "",
            "PMCID": "",
            "ISSN": "1526-3711",
            "archive": "",
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            "shortTitle": "Analysis of tumor marker CA 125 in saliva of normal and oral squamous cell carcinoma patients",
            "language": "eng",
            "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed",
            "callNumber": "",
            "rights": "",
            "extra": "PMID: 23250173",
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                    "type": 1
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                    "type": 1
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                    "tag": "CA-125 Antigen",
                    "type": 1
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                    "type": 1
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                    "type": 1
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                    "tag": "Early Detection of Cancer",
                    "type": 1
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                    "tag": "Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay",
                    "type": 1
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                    "type": 1
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                    "type": 1
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                    "type": 1
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            "title": "Potential biomarkers in saliva for oral squamous cell carcinoma",
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Jia-Yo",
                    "lastName": "Wu"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
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                    "lastName": "Yi"
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                    "firstName": "Ho-Ren",
                    "lastName": "Chung"
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                    "firstName": "Wen-Chien",
                    "lastName": "Chang"
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                    "firstName": "Wei-Chung Vivian",
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            "abstractNote": "Sensitive and reliable early diagnostic markers for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remain unavailable. Early identification of recurrence for OSCC is also a challenge. Unlike the other deep cancers, OSCC is located in oral cavity. The DNA, RNA, and protein derived from the living cancer cells and inflammatory cells then can be conveniently obtained from saliva. High-throughput genomic and proteomic approaches have been carried out to identify the potential biomarkers in body fluids such as saliva and blood for diagnosis and prognosis of OSCC. This article reviewed the recently identified biomarkers from saliva for OSCC. In addition, the biomarkers which have been correlated with OSCC tumor malignancy by molecular pathology analysis are also described. Finally, the potential biomarkers that have been demonstrated to associate with the malignant OSCC may be used for salivary screening for high-risk patients are suggested. This article may help to identify the potential biomarkers for screening and the molecular pathology analysis for high-risk patients of OSCC. Effective screening to identify high-risk patients can allow the clinician to provide the appropriate treatment without delay and to reduce the recurrence of OSCC.",
            "publicationTitle": "Oral Oncology",
            "publisher": "",
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            "date": "Apr 2010",
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                    "firstName": "Nicolai J",
                    "lastName": "Bonne"
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            "abstractNote": "ABSTRACT: The use of saliva as a diagnostic sample provides a non-invasive, cost-efficient method of sample collection for disease screening without the need for highly trained professionals. Saliva collection is far more practical and safe compared with invasive methods of sample collection, because of the infection risk from contaminated needles during, for example, blood sampling. Furthermore, the use of saliva could increase the availability of accurate diagnostics for remote and impoverished regions. However, the development of salivary diagnostics has required technical innovation to allow stabilization and detection of analytes in the complex molecular mixture that is saliva. The recent development of cost-effective room temperature analyte stabilization methods, nucleic acid pre-amplification techniques and direct saliva transcriptomic analysis have allowed accurate detection and quantification of transcripts found in saliva. Novel protein stabilization methods have also facilitated improved proteomic analyses. Although candidate biomarkers have been discovered using epigenetic, transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic approaches, transcriptomic analyses have so far achieved the most progress in terms of sensitivity and specificity, and progress towards clinical implementation. Here, we review recent developments in salivary diagnostics that have been accomplished using genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic approaches.",
            "publicationTitle": "Genome medicine",
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            "date": "Oct 30, 2012",
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            "creatorSummary": "Langevin et al.",
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            "title": "MicroRNA-137 promoter methylation in oral rinses from patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck is associated with gender and body mass index",
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Scott M",
                    "lastName": "Langevin"
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Roslyn A",
                    "lastName": "Stone"
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Clareann H",
                    "lastName": "Bunker"
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Jennifer R",
                    "lastName": "Grandis"
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Robert W",
                    "lastName": "Sobol"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Emanuela",
                    "lastName": "Taioli"
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            ],
            "abstractNote": "Head and neck cancer represents 3.3% of all new malignancies and 2.0% of cancer deaths in the USA, the majority of which are squamous in origin. The overall 5 year survival is 60% and worsens with increasing stage at diagnosis. Thus, novel biomarkers for early detection of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) are needed. MicroRNA-137 (miR-137) plays a role in cell cycle control and seems to undergo promoter methylation in oral squamous cell carcinoma tissue. The main objectives of this study were to ascertain whether miR-137 promoter methylation is detectable in oral rinse samples, assess its association with SCCHN and identify potential risk factors for its occurrence. Oral rinse samples were collected from 99 SCCHN patients with no prior history of cancer and 99 cancer-free controls, frequency matched on gender; tumor tissue for 64 patients was also tested. Methylation of the miR-137 promoter, assessed using methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction, was detected in 21.2% oral rinses from SCCHN patients and 3.0% from controls [odds ratio (OR) = 4.80, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.23-18.82]. Among cases, promoter methylation of miR-137 was associated with female gender (OR = 5.30, 95% CI: 1.20-23.44) and inversely associated with body mass index (BMI) (OR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.77-0.99). Promoter methylation of miR-137 appears to be a relatively frequently detected event in oral rinse of SCCHN patients and may have future utility as a biomarker in DNA methylation panels. The observed associations with gender and BMI help to shed light on potential risk factors for an altered methylation state in SCCHN.",
            "publicationTitle": "Carcinogenesis",
            "publisher": "",
            "place": "",
            "date": "May 2010",
            "volume": "31",
            "issue": "5",
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            "partNumber": "",
            "partTitle": "",
            "pages": "864-870",
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            "journalAbbreviation": "Carcinogenesis",
            "DOI": "10.1093/carcin/bgq051",
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            "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20197299",
            "accessDate": "2011-11-16T23:56:19Z",
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            "extra": "PMID: 20197299",
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            "title": "Localized formation of micronuclei in the oral mucosa and tobacco-specific nitrosamines in the saliva of \"reverse\" smokers, Khaini-tobacco chewers and gudakhu users",
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "H F",
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                    "lastName": "Parida"
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                    "firstName": "K D",
                    "lastName": "Brunnemann"
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            "abstractNote": "\"Reverse\"-cigar smokers (who hold the burning end of cigars within the mouth), dippers (who place a mixture of Khaini-tobacco and slaked lime into the lower gingival groove) and users of tobacco-containing toothpaste (gudakhu) in Orissa, India, were examined for precancerous oral lesions, the frequency of micronucleated cells at 3 different intra-oral sites, and levels of tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNA) in the saliva. Among reverse-cigar smokers, a high incidence of leukokeratosis nicotina palati, an elevated frequency of micronucleated cells in the palate (2.5% as compared to 0.6% in non-smokers and non-chewers of tobacco) and tongue (2.1%) from which carcinomas preferentially develop, and up to 5890 ppb nitrosonornicotine and up to 1880 ppb N-nitrosoanatabine in the saliva were found. Among Khaini-tobacco chewers, the frequency of micronucleated cells was elevated to 2.1% in the gingival groove, and up to 1580 ng N-nitrosonornicotine, 690 ng N-nitrosoanatabine, 90 ng N-nitrosoanabasine, and 180 ng 4-(methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone) per ml of saliva were observed. The localized elevation of the frequency of micronuclei and cancer development is probably due to a synergistic effect of hyperthermia and tobacco-related carcinogens among reverse-cigar smokers, and to the close, prolonged contact between the mucosa and tobacco among Khaini-tobacco/slaked lime dippers. Neither pre-cancerous lesions nor an elevated frequency of micronuclei were seen in the oral mucosa of users of gudakhu, a tobacco-containing toothpaste, which may be due to the low amount of TSNA released from the gudakhu and the short exposure time, which is restricted to the period of tooth brushing.",
            "publicationTitle": "International journal of cancer. Journal international du cancer",
            "publisher": "",
            "place": "",
            "date": "Jan 21, 1992",
            "volume": "50",
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            "partNumber": "",
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            "pages": "172-176",
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            "journalAbbreviation": "Int. J. Cancer",
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                    "tag": "Female",
                    "type": 1
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                    "type": 1
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                {
                    "tag": "Leukoplakia, Oral",
                    "type": 1
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                    "type": 1
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                    "tag": "Micronuclei, Chromosome-Defective",
                    "type": 1
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                {
                    "tag": "Middle Aged",
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                    "tag": "Mouth Neoplasms",
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                {
                    "tag": "Nitrosamines",
                    "type": 1
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                    "tag": "Plants, Toxic",
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                {
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                    "type": 1
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                {
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            "abstractNote": "OBJECTIVES: To gather preliminary data concerning the feasibility of using seven salivary mRNAs-IL-8; IL-1β; dual specificity phosphatase 1 (DUSP1); H3 histone family 3A (H3F3A); ornithin decarboxylase antizyme 1 (OAZ1); S100 calcium-binding protein P (S100P); and spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase 1 (SAT1)-for detecting development of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in oral lichen planus (OLP) patients and OSCC patients whose disease was in remission.\nMATERIALS AND METHODS: Saliva samples were collected from five study groups (25 subjects/group): newly diagnosed OSCC, OSCC-in-remission, disease-active OLP, disease-inactive OLP, and normal controls. The salivary mRNA levels were determined by a pre-amplification RT-qPCR approach with nested gene-specific primers. Mean fold changes between each pair of study groups were analyzed by the Mann-Whitney U test.\nRESULTS: Salivary levels of OAZ1, S100P, and DUSP1 mRNAs were significantly higher in newly diagnosed OSCC patients, compared to: (1) normal controls (p = 0.003; p = 0.003; and p < 0.001, respectively); (2) OSCC-in-remission (p < 0.001; p = 0.001; and p < 0.001, respectively); (3) disease-active OLP (p < 0.001; p = 0.016; and p < 0.001, respectively); and (4) disease-inactive OLP (p = 0.043; p < 0.001; and p < 0.001, respectively). No significant differences were found in the levels of salivary IL-8, IL-1β, H3F3A, and SAT1 mRNAs between newly diagnosed OSCC patients and the normal controls (p = 0.093, 0.327, 0.764, and 0.560, respectively).\nCONCLUSION: Salivary OAZ1, S100P, and DUSP1 mRNAs are candidate biomarkers for detecting OSCC development in OSCC patients in remission and in OLP patients.\nCLINICAL RELEVANCE: The results of this study serve as the basis for a further large-scale study which may lead to a non-invasive screening method for early detection of OSCC.",
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