[ { "key": "UV3FXAKG", "version": 15, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 300500, "name": "Public Charging Stations", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/public_charging_stations", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/300500/items/UV3FXAKG", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/public_charging_stations/items/UV3FXAKG", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Knox", "parsedDate": "2012", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "UV3FXAKG", "version": 15, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Race is on to supply EV charging stations", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J.", "lastName": "Knox" } ], "abstractNote": "An interview with Joerg Lohr, Senior Manager Sales within the RWE EMobility team, is presented. When asked to share his success, he said they operate more than 1,200 public access charging outlets across Europe, each of which is connected to our electric vehicle (EV) management system. The first stations are being installed in the US and China, making the company one of the biggest operators of intelligent infrastructure for electric vehicles in the world, and unique within Europe. When asked to explain the basics of their business model and strategy, he said how as a subsidiary of a utility company, the provision of electricity and managing customer relationships are part of the business model. When asked to explain the importance of partnerships in developing the business model, he said partnerships form the backbone of their business model. There are a lot of innovative providers of EVSE and really smart concepts. But the E-Mobility-market still is a startup-market.", "publicationTitle": "Automotive Industries AI", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2012", "volume": "192", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1099-4130", "archive": "Scopus", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "Scopus", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": { "owl:sameAs": "http://zotero.org/groups/286745/items/M7EEMVS5" }, "dateAdded": "2014-10-29T16:52:24Z", "dateModified": "2014-10-29T16:52:24Z" } }, { "key": "7DA6E23M", "version": 14, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 300500, "name": "Public Charging Stations", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/public_charging_stations", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/300500/items/7DA6E23M", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/public_charging_stations/items/7DA6E23M", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Botsford", "parsedDate": "2012", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "7DA6E23M", "version": 14, "itemType": "conferencePaper", "title": "The economics of non-residential level 2 EVSE charging infrastructure", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C.W.", "lastName": "Botsford" } ], "abstractNote": "The paradigm for residential EV charging via a Level 2 EVSE is well established, and is a low-cost, highly convenient way for the EV driver to recharge for those with a dedicated parking space (e.g., garage). Residential charging has other potential benefits relative to electric utility demand response and emergency home power. For residences without such EVSE ready availability (e.g., multi-unit dwellings, street parking), other charge options may be necessary. Non-residential Level 2 charging is a still-evolving business case. The non-residential EV charging model is complicated by a number of issues, including: the need for credit card systems at many venues, the question of roaming, communications and control with utilities, data reporting, the need to accommodate subscription networks, and site host requirements. This paper discusses the economic considerations and potential trade-offs for both the EV driver and the charge station site host for the following non-residential Level 2 charging venues: ■ Workplace (offices, manufacturing, fleets) ■ Parking structures/lots ■ Publicly-accessible venues (courts, train stations, malls, museums, restaurants, grocery stores, etc.).", "proceedingsTitle": "", "conferenceName": "26th Electric Vehicle Symposium 2012", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2012", "eventPlace": "", "volume": "1", "issue": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "pages": "447-456", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "9781622764211", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "Scopus", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "Scopus", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Demand response", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Level 2 EVSE", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Public EV charging", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": { "owl:sameAs": "http://zotero.org/groups/286745/items/X82USBM7" }, "dateAdded": "2014-10-29T16:51:58Z", "dateModified": "2014-10-29T16:51:58Z" } }, { "key": "HS6ZPXP2", "version": 13, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 300500, "name": "Public Charging Stations", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/public_charging_stations", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/300500/items/HS6ZPXP2", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/public_charging_stations/items/HS6ZPXP2", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Clasquin and Lowenthal", "parsedDate": "2009", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "HS6ZPXP2", "version": 13, "itemType": "conferencePaper", "title": "The need for a smart charging infrastructure", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "P.", "lastName": "Clasquin" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R.", "lastName": "Lowenthal" } ], "abstractNote": "Climate change, security issues of importing oil and a lack of control over petroleum-based fuel prices are three key issues prompting auto makers to develop Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs). Electricity offers a number of benefits over petroleum-based fuels: It is produced locally, it is more efficiently converted to kinetic energy, and it can be generated from clean and renewable energy sources. According to an Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) study, the adoption of PHEVs is expected to reduce cumulative greenhouse gas emissions by a total of 3.4-10.3 billion metric tons by 2050. Due to the many benefits, major automakers will announce mainstream BEVs and PHEVs over the next two years. Yet to enable the adoption of electric vehicles, drivers need access to convenient methods of charging them. Garage charging is inadequate; for example in the US, there are only 54 million private garages for 244 million cars. Electric vehicles must be plugged into the grid for recharging, but there is currently a lack of infrastructure to provide this charging service in convenient locations, such as parking lots, curbside and in public garage parking stalls. Moreover, providing simple outlets in public areas is problematic. Without control, usage, safety and liability issues arise, and there is a potential for electric grid inefficiency and overload. Moreover, there is no way to generate revenue for energy and maintenance. In this paper, 365 Energy AG president Pierre Clasquin and Coulomb Technologies founder and CEO Richard Lowenthal discuss the need for creating a smart charging infrastructure for electric vehicles and how the convergence of networking technology and energy management technology brings value to drivers and station owners. They also explain the required components of a smart public charging infrastructure, as well as key features and capabilities that will make it a viable solution for owners of electric vehicles, charging station hosts and utility companies.", "proceedingsTitle": "", "conferenceName": "24th International Battery, Hybrid and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition 2009, EVS 24", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2009", "eventPlace": "", "volume": "3", "issue": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "pages": "1940-1947", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "9781615674558", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "Scopus", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "Scopus", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Charger", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Charging", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "EV (electric vehicle)", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Infrastructure", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "smart grid", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": { "owl:sameAs": "http://zotero.org/groups/286745/items/D7AVRJEP" }, "dateAdded": "2014-10-29T16:49:42Z", "dateModified": "2014-10-29T16:49:42Z" } }, { "key": "U9QQGI35", "version": 12, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 300500, "name": "Public Charging Stations", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/public_charging_stations", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/300500/items/U9QQGI35", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/public_charging_stations/items/U9QQGI35", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Hudgins and Sparks", "parsedDate": "2012", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "U9QQGI35", "version": 12, "itemType": "conferencePaper", "title": "Expanding the availability of public charging", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A.P.", "lastName": "Hudgins" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "W.", "lastName": "Sparks" } ], "abstractNote": "Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) have exploded into the public consciousness during the past 18 months. As manufacturers roll out the first mass-produced, widely available PEVs, other industry stakeholders are working to create the public charging infrastructure that will provide PEV drivers with the peace of mind to use their vehicles to the fullest potential. Electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) manufacturers, vehicle manufacturers, utilities, Clean Cities coalitions, and government officials are working together to reinvent today's vast network of fueling stations by using an energy source that is domestically produced, cleaner, and in abundant supply. Until EVSE becomes as ubiquitous as conventional fueling stations, it is important to provide drivers with an easy way to locate stations. Automakers recognize this fact and are including EVSE locations in their in-vehicle navigation systems. Today, there are nearly 20 EVSE manufacturers and several different data networks linking EVSE stations together. A comprehensive database is required in order to provide the driver with a seamless experience and the ability to locate any available station without worrying about network divisions. The Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicles Data Center (AFDC), sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy's Clean Cities program, hosts a publicly accessible online database of alternative fueling stations, and has been available for over 20 years. The database includes all EPAct defined alternative fuels, but the focus during 2010 and 2011 was to establish relationships with PEV and EVSE stakeholders to develop robust and accurate charging station information. To support EVSE data quality and collection efforts, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) established the GeoEVSE Forum. Members of the GeoEVSE Forum include original equipment manufacturers (OEM), EVSE manufacturers, EVSE installers and distributers, utilities and data providers. The members of the GeoEVSE Forum are instrumental in keeping the AFDC database up to date and accurate.", "proceedingsTitle": "", "conferenceName": "26th Electric Vehicle Symposium 2012", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2012", "eventPlace": "", "volume": "1", "issue": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "pages": "479-482", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "9781622764211", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "Scopus", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "Scopus", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-10-29T16:44:46Z", "dateModified": "2014-10-29T16:44:46Z" } }, { "key": "J5JRVJ53", "version": 11, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 300500, "name": "Public Charging Stations", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/public_charging_stations", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/300500/items/J5JRVJ53", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/public_charging_stations/items/J5JRVJ53", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/300500/items/JTSBXWBJ", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "J5JRVJ53", "version": 11, "parentItem": "JTSBXWBJ", "itemType": "note", "note": "

Article in Press

", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-10-29T16:39:10Z", "dateModified": "2014-10-29T16:39:10Z" } }, { "key": "JTSBXWBJ", "version": 11, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 300500, "name": "Public Charging Stations", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/public_charging_stations", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/300500/items/JTSBXWBJ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/public_charging_stations/items/JTSBXWBJ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Dragicevic et al.", "parsedDate": "2014", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "JTSBXWBJ", "version": 11, "itemType": "manuscript", "title": "Flywheel-Based Distributed Bus Signalling Strategy for the Public Fast Charging Station", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "T.", "lastName": "Dragicevic" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S.", "lastName": "Sucic" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J.C.", "lastName": "Vasquez" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J.M.", "lastName": "Guerrero" } ], "abstractNote": "Fast charging stations (FCS) are able to recharge plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (pHEVs) in less than half an hour, thus representing an appealing concept to vehicle owners since the off-road time is similar as for refuelling at conventional public gas stations. However, since these FCS plugs have power ratings of up to 100 kW, they may expose the utility mains to intolerable stresses in the near future scenario where there will be a large number of public FCS spread across the network. This paper proposes an internal power balancing strategy for FCS based on flywheel energy storage system (ESS) which is able to mitigate those impacts by ramping the initial power peak. The balancing strategy was implemented in a distributed manner to grid and flywheel interfacing converters by means of distributed bus signaling (DBS) method. Since the parameters in the proposed upper hierarchical control layer affect the stability features of the system, a reduced order small-signal model has been assembled and parameters have been selected accordingly. Finally, real-time simulation results performed on a full scale model have been reported in order to verify the validity of proposed approach.", "manuscriptType": "", "institution": "", "place": "", "date": "2014", "numPages": "", "number": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "archive": "Scopus", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "Scopus", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-10-29T16:39:10Z", "dateModified": "2014-10-29T16:39:10Z" } }, { "key": "PP344HPE", "version": 10, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 300500, "name": "Public Charging Stations", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/public_charging_stations", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/300500/items/PP344HPE", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/public_charging_stations/items/PP344HPE", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Sadeghi-Barzani et al.", "parsedDate": "2014", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "PP344HPE", "version": 10, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Optimal fast charging station placing and sizing", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "P.", "lastName": "Sadeghi-Barzani" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A.", "lastName": "Rajabi-Ghahnavieh" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "H.", "lastName": "Kazemi-Karegar" } ], "abstractNote": "Fast charging stations are vital components for public acceptance of electric vehicle (EV). The stations are connected to the electric grid and can recharge an electric vehicle in less than 20. min. Charging station development is highly influenced by the government policy in allocating station development costs. This paper presents a Mixed-Integer Non-Linear (MINLP) optimization approach for optimal placing and sizing of the fast charging stations. The station development cost, EV energy loss, electric gird loss as well as the location of electric substations and urban roads are among the factors included in the proposed approach. Geographic information has been used to determine EV energy loss and station electrification cost. The optimization problem is solved using genetic algorithm technique. Application of the proposed approach to analyze the impact of different station development policies has been discussed. The impact of electric grid reliability on charging station place and size has been evaluated using a proposed index to evaluate loss of charging cost. Results showed the robustness and efficacy of the proposed method to determine optimal place and size of the charging stations. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.", "publicationTitle": "Applied Energy", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2014", "volume": "125", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "289-299", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.03.077", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0306-2619", "archive": "Scopus", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "Scopus", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Charging", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Location", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Loss of charging", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Reliability", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Station", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "electric vehicle", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-10-29T16:38:28Z", "dateModified": "2014-10-29T16:38:28Z" } }, { "key": "GF9VRX9N", "version": 9, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 300500, "name": "Public Charging Stations", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/public_charging_stations", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/300500/items/GF9VRX9N", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/public_charging_stations/items/GF9VRX9N", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Neubauer and Wood", "parsedDate": "2014-07-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "GF9VRX9N", "version": 9, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The impact of range anxiety and home, workplace, and public charging infrastructure on simulated battery electric vehicle lifetime utility", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jeremy", "lastName": "Neubauer" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Eric", "lastName": "Wood" } ], "abstractNote": "Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) offer the potential to reduce both oil imports and greenhouse gas emissions, but have a limited utility due to factors including driver range anxiety and access to charging infrastructure. In this paper we apply NREL's Battery Lifetime Analysis and Simulation Tool for Vehicles (BLAST-V) to examine the sensitivity of BEV utility to range anxiety and different charging infrastructure scenarios, including variable time schedules, power levels, and locations (home, work, and public installations). We find that the effects of range anxiety can be significant, but are reduced with access to additional charging infrastructure. We also find that (1) increasing home charging power above that provided by a common 15 A, 120 V circuit offers little added utility, (2) workplace charging offers significant utility benefits to select high mileage commuters, and (3) broadly available public charging can bring many lower mileage drivers to near-100% utility while strongly increasing the achieved miles of high mileage drivers.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Power Sources", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "July 1, 2014", "volume": "257", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "12-20", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Journal of Power Sources", "DOI": "10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.01.075", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378775314000998", "accessDate": "2014-10-28T22:25:18Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0378-7753", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Battery Lifetime Analysis and Simulation Tool for Vehicles", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Fast charging", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Public charging", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Range anxiety", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Workplace charging", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "electric vehicle", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-10-28T22:25:18Z", "dateModified": "2014-10-28T22:25:18Z" } }, { "key": "GAJ6M7GN", "version": 8, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 300500, "name": "Public Charging Stations", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/public_charging_stations", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/300500/items/GAJ6M7GN", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/public_charging_stations/items/GAJ6M7GN", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Veneri et al.", "parsedDate": "2012-10", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "GAJ6M7GN", "version": 8, "itemType": "conferencePaper", "title": "Charging infrastructures for EV: Overview of technologies and issues", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "O.", "lastName": "Veneri" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "L.", "lastName": "Ferraro" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C.", "lastName": "Capasso" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "D.", "lastName": "Iannuzzi" } ], "abstractNote": "This paper presents an overview of issues and technologies related to the proper design of charging infrastructures for road electric vehicles. The analysis is carried out taking into account that the recharging stations of electric vehicles might be integrated in smart grids, which interconnect the main grid with distributed power plants, different kinds of renewable energy sources, stationary electrical storage systems and electric loads. The study is introduced by an analysis of the main characteristics concerning different kinds of storage systems to be used for stationary and on-board applications. Then, different charging devices, modes and architectures are presented and described showing their characteristics and potentialities. DC and AC configurations of charging stations are compared in terms of the issues related to their impact on the main grid and the design of their main components. Specific attention was devoted also to the ultra-fast DC architecture, which appears a possible solution to positively affect a wide spread of plug-in hybrid and full electric road vehicles.", "proceedingsTitle": "Electrical Systems for Aircraft, Railway and Ship Propulsion (ESARS), 2012", "conferenceName": "Electrical Systems for Aircraft, Railway and Ship Propulsion (ESARS), 2012", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "October 2012", "eventPlace": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "pages": "1-6", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "DOI": "10.1109/ESARS.2012.6387434", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Charging infrastructures for EV", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "IEEE Xplore", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "AC configurations", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Batteries", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Buffer storage", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "DC configurations", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "EV charging infrastructure design", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Hybrid Vehicles", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Lead compounds", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Lithium", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Materials", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Vehicle to Grid", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "distributed power generation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "distributed power plants", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "electric loads", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "electric vehicles", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "energy storage", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "hybrid electric vehicles", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "plug-in hybrid electric road vehicles", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "recharging stations", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "renewable energy sources", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "road vehicles", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "smart grids", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "smart power grids", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "stationary electrical storage systems", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "ultrafast DC architecture", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-10-28T21:20:10Z", "dateModified": "2014-10-28T21:20:10Z" } }, { "key": "MBGZDF66", "version": 7, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 300500, "name": "Public Charging Stations", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/public_charging_stations", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/300500/items/MBGZDF66", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/public_charging_stations/items/MBGZDF66", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Dharmakeerthi et al.", "parsedDate": "2014-05", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "MBGZDF66", "version": 7, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Impact of electric vehicle fast charging on power system voltage stability", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C. H.", "lastName": "Dharmakeerthi" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "N.", "lastName": "Mithulananthan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "T. K.", "lastName": "Saha" } ], "abstractNote": "The electric vehicle (EV) brings a sustainable future for the next generation of automobiles. Market penetration of EV has been increasing drastically in the recent past. However, EV integration into power grids adds more challenges for power system engineers worldwide. It is essential to evaluate potential grid impacts due to EV integration to guarantee consistent grid operation. Even though a number of power system impact studies have been performed covering several aspects of the problem, the impact on voltage stability has remained almost unattended. The lack of accurate load models to represent EV load for system stability studies is found to be a major gap. Hence, a static load model is developed in this study as an essential base for realistic stability studies. A specific EV load behavior which has not yet been revealed in the literature is identified during the study. Subsequently, the influence of EV load on power system voltage stability is evaluated under different scenarios. The study has discovered that integration of EV fast charging stations may significantly reduce the steady state voltage stability of the power grid.", "publicationTitle": "International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "May 2014", "volume": "57", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "241-249", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems", "DOI": "10.1016/j.ijepes.2013.12.005", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142061513005218", "accessDate": "2014-10-28T21:07:48Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0142-0615", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Grid impacts", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Load modeling", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Loading margin", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Steady state voltage stability", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "electric vehicle", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-10-28T21:07:48Z", "dateModified": "2014-10-28T21:07:48Z" } }, { "key": "X233FNR2", "version": 6, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 300500, "name": "Public Charging Stations", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/public_charging_stations", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/300500/items/X233FNR2", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/public_charging_stations/items/X233FNR2", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Zhang et al.", "parsedDate": "2012-09", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "X233FNR2", "version": 6, "itemType": "conferencePaper", "title": "Application research of an electric vehicle DC fast charger in smart grids", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Zuzhi", "lastName": "Zhang" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Haiping", "lastName": "Xu" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Lei", "lastName": "Shi" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Dongxu", "lastName": "Li" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Yuchen", "lastName": "Han" } ], "abstractNote": "Popularization of charging station promotes wide applications of electric vehicle (EV). With the increase in the number of charging station, the problem of grid pollution becomes worse and worse. To improve the utilization rate of EV, the charging hours must be decreased. At present, most EVs start charging instantaneously under almost rated power of the charger. Large-scale EVs charging without adjustment will impact the smart grids. The capability of smart grids will restrict the number of charging station; furthermore, it will affect applications of EV. To solve the above problem, it is necessary to design a smart charger, as an important part of charging station, with unit power factor and with the function of fast charging. This article proposes a novel unit power factor DC fast charger for EV charging stations. This DC fast charger includes two modules: the input module is three-phase PWM rectifier and the output module is the phase-shift full-bridge converter. The two modules are controlled by only one DSP - TMS320F2812, which has abundant outside interfaces, to improve cooperating ability of two converters and the dynamic response of the charger. A prototype of 10 kW Charger is constructed. The experimental results show that the novel DC fast charger has excellent electrical characteristics, and it can be applied to the EV charging stations in smart grids.", "proceedingsTitle": "2012 IEEE 6th International Conference on Information and Automation for Sustainability (ICIAfS)", "conferenceName": "2012 IEEE 6th International Conference on Information and Automation for Sustainability (ICIAfS)", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Sept 2012", "eventPlace": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "pages": "258-261", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "DOI": "10.1109/ICIAFS.2012.6419913", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "IEEE Xplore", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Batteries", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "DC fast charger", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "DSP-TMS320F2812", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Digital signal processing", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "EV charging stations", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "PWM rectifiers", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Pulse width modulation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Reactive power", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Rectifiers", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "charging station", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "dynamic response", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "electric vehicle", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "electric vehicle DC fast charger", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "electric vehicles", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "electrical characteristics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "phase-shift full-bridge converter", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "power factor", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "smart charger", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "smart grids", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "smart power grids", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "three-phase PWM rectifier", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "unit power factor", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "unit power factor DC fast charger", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-10-28T20:53:40Z", "dateModified": "2014-10-28T20:53:40Z" } }, { "key": "72TESAXK", "version": 5, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 300500, "name": "Public Charging Stations", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/public_charging_stations", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/300500/items/72TESAXK", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/public_charging_stations/items/72TESAXK", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "McPhail", "parsedDate": "2014-07", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "72TESAXK", "version": 5, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Evaluation of ground energy storage assisted electric vehicle DC fast charger for demand charge reduction and providing demand response", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Donald", "lastName": "McPhail" } ], "abstractNote": "In 2012 there was approximately 2400 electric vehicle DC Fast Charging stations sold globally. According to Pike Research (Jerram and Gartner, 2012), it is anticipated that by 2020 there will be approximately 460,000 of them installed worldwide. A typical public DC fast charger delivers a maximum power output of 50 kW which allows a typical passenger vehicle to be 80% charged in 10–15 min, compared with 6–8 h for a 6.6 kW AC level 2 charging unit. While DC fast chargers offer users the convenience of being able to rapidly charge their vehicle, the unit's high power demand has the potential to put sudden strain on the electricity network, and incur significant demand charges.\n\nDepending on the utility rate structure, a DC fast charger can experience annual demand charges of several thousand dollars. Therefore in these cases there is an opportunity to mitigate or even avoid the demand charges incurred by coupling the unit with an appropriately sized energy storage system and coordinating the way in which it integrates. This paper explores the technical and economical suitability of coupling a ground energy storage system with a DC fast charge unit for mitigation or avoidance of demand charges and lessening the impact on the local electricity network. This paper also discusses the concept of having the system participate in demand response programs in order to provide grid support and to further improve the economic suitability of an energy storage system.", "publicationTitle": "Renewable Energy", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "July 2014", "volume": "67", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "103-108", "series": "Renewable Energy for Sustainable Development and Decarbonisation", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Renewable Energy", "DOI": "10.1016/j.renene.2013.11.023", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148113006010", "accessDate": "2014-10-28T20:47:54Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0960-1481", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "DC fast charge station", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Demand charges", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Demand response", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Electric vehicle supply equipment", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Ground energy storage system", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Plugin electric vehicle", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-10-28T20:47:54Z", "dateModified": "2014-10-28T20:47:54Z" } }, { "key": "ADU3MFWG", "version": 4, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 300500, "name": "Public Charging Stations", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/public_charging_stations", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/300500/items/ADU3MFWG", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/public_charging_stations/items/ADU3MFWG", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Chaudhry and Bohn", "parsedDate": "2012-06", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "ADU3MFWG", "version": 4, "itemType": "conferencePaper", "title": "A V2G application using DC fast charging and its impact on the grid", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "H.", "lastName": "Chaudhry" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "T.", "lastName": "Bohn" } ], "abstractNote": "This study is a part of the smart grid initiative providing electric vehicle charging infrastructure. It is a refueling structure, an energy generating photovoltaic system and charge point electric vehicle charging station. The system will utilize advanced design and technology allowing electricity to flow from the site's normal electric service to the charging stations or for the solar system to provide available electricity to fuel the cars reducing the cost of the driver's fuel bills. In case where the charging station do not need the electricity produced by the solar system, the excess electricity will be given back for use in the host facility or net metered back to the utility and credited to the meter owner's monthly electric bill. Therefore our proposed system is capable of providing frequency and regulation services, harnessing renewable source of energy, providing both AC and DC charging options to the electric vehicle owners, in addition to be able to function as a micro-grid.", "proceedingsTitle": "2012 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)", "conferenceName": "2012 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "June 2012", "eventPlace": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "pages": "1-6", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "DOI": "10.1109/ITEC.2012.6243466", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "IEEE Xplore", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "AC charging", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Batteries", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Control systems", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "DC charging", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "DC fast charging", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Demand response", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Electricity", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "V2G", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Vehicle to Grid", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "battery chargers", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "charge point electric vehicle charging station", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "distributed power generation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "electric bill", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "electric vehicle", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "electric vehicle charging infrastructure", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "electric vehicles", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "energy generating photovoltaic system", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "frequency regulation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "micro-grid", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "photovoltaic power systems", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "plug-in hybrid vehicle", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "refueling structure", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "regulation services", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "renewable energy source", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "renewable energy sources", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "smart grid", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "smart power grids", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "solar power stations", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "solar system", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-10-28T20:45:56Z", "dateModified": "2014-10-28T20:45:56Z" } }, { "key": "8CMT2FZS", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 300500, "name": "Public Charging Stations", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/public_charging_stations", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/300500/items/8CMT2FZS", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/public_charging_stations/items/8CMT2FZS", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Charul Vyas", "parsedDate": "2013", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "8CMT2FZS", "version": 2, "itemType": "book", "title": "Electric vehicle consumer survey : consumer attitudes, opinions, and preferences for electric vehicles and EV charging stations", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "name": "Charul Vyas" }, { "creatorType": "contributor", "name": "Dave Hurst" }, { "creatorType": "contributor", "name": "Navigant Research" }, { "creatorType": "contributor", "firstName": "Inc", "lastName": "Navigant Consulting" } ], "abstractNote": "\"Scope of study -- Navigant Research has prepared this report to provide participants involved in the automotive market with a study of consumer demand for alternative fuel vehicles, with an emphasis on electric vehicles. One of the major objectives of this report is to impartially assess levels of consumer interest in EVs, familiarity with EV models, and overall vehicle considerations. Navigant Research also examined consumer receptiveness to several BEV and PHEV options and public charging stations. Great care was taken in constructing a survey questionnaire that would yield the most accurate and unbiased results possible. However, note that consumers often have difficulty providing survey responses that will accurately predict their purchase behavior for products that have not yet been introduced into the market.\"", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2013", "publisher": "Navigant Consulting, Inc", "place": "Boulder, CO", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "1", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Electric vehicle consumer survey", "language": "eng", "libraryCatalog": "Primo", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Battery chargers.", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Consumers Attitudes.", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Electric batteries.", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Electric vehicles.", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Marketing research.", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-10-27T20:38:21Z", "dateModified": "2014-10-27T20:38:21Z" } } ]