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"contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "13563467.2013.html", "md5": null, "mtime": null, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-01-16T14:03:20Z", "dateModified": "2015-01-16T14:03:20Z" } }, { "key": "T569WV9N", "version": 4, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 300091, "name": "NAMAs Tanzania", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/namas_tanzania", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/300091/items/T569WV9N", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/namas_tanzania/items/T569WV9N", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1389078, "username": "latifamars", "name": "Latif Amars", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/latifamars", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Morel and Delbosc", "parsedDate": "2012", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "T569WV9N", "version": 4, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Financing climate actions in developing countries: what role is there for NAMAs?", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Romain", "lastName": "Morel" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Anaïs", "lastName": "Delbosc" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Climate Report", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2012", "volume": "", "issue": "32", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Financing climate actions in developing countries", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-01-16T14:03:20Z", "dateModified": "2015-01-16T14:03:20Z" } }, { "key": "B95AKG4W", "version": 4, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 300091, "name": "NAMAs Tanzania", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/namas_tanzania", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/300091/items/B95AKG4W", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/namas_tanzania/items/B95AKG4W", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1389078, "username": "latifamars", "name": "Latif Amars", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/latifamars", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Baker et al.", "parsedDate": "2014-01-13", "numChildren": 3 }, "data": { "key": "B95AKG4W", "version": 4, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The Political Economy of Energy Transitions: The Case of South Africa", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Lucy", "lastName": "Baker" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Peter", "lastName": "Newell" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jon", "lastName": "Phillips" } ], "abstractNote": "This paper explores the political economy of energy transition in South Africa. An economic model based around a powerful ‘minerals-energy complex’ that has previously been able to provide domestic and foreign capital with cheap and plentiful coal-generated electricity is no longer economically or environmentally sustainable. The paper analyses the struggle over competing energy visions, infrastructures and political agendas in order to generate insights into the governance and financing of clean energy transitions in South Africa. It provides both a rich empirical account of key policy developments aimed at enabling such a transition and provides reflections on how best to theorise the contested politics of energy transitions.", "publicationTitle": "New Political Economy", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "January 13, 2014", "volume": "19", "issue": "6", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "791-818", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1080/13563467.2013.849674", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13563467.2013.849674", "accessDate": "2014-11-03T14:22:43Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1356-3467", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "The Political Economy of Energy Transitions", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Taylor and Francis+NEJM", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-01-16T14:03:20Z", "dateModified": "2015-01-16T14:03:20Z" } }, { "key": "TSD26HPC", "version": 4, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 300091, "name": "NAMAs Tanzania", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/namas_tanzania", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/300091/items/TSD26HPC", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/namas_tanzania/items/TSD26HPC", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1389078, "username": "latifamars", "name": "Latif Amars", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/latifamars", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "World Bank", "parsedDate": "2009", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "TSD26HPC", "version": 4, "itemType": "book", "title": "Africa's Infrastructure: A Time for Transformation", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "name": "World Bank" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Vivien", "lastName": "Foster" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Cecilia M.", "lastName": "Briceño-Garmendia" } ], "abstractNote": "", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "12/2009", "publisher": "The World Bank", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "", "ISBN": "978-0-8213-8041-3, 978-0-8213-8083-3", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/book/10.1596/978-0-8213-8041-3", "accessDate": "2014-12-31T16:49:26Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Africa's Infrastructure", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "CrossRef", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-01-16T14:03:20Z", "dateModified": "2015-01-16T14:03:20Z" } }, { "key": "QXGQXR8N", "version": 4, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 300091, "name": "NAMAs Tanzania", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/namas_tanzania", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/300091/items/QXGQXR8N", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/namas_tanzania/items/QXGQXR8N", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1389078, "username": "latifamars", "name": "Latif Amars", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/latifamars", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Eberhard et al.", "parsedDate": "2008", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "QXGQXR8N", "version": 4, "itemType": "report", "title": "Underpowered: The State of the Power Sector in Sub-Saharan Africa", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Anton", "lastName": "Eberhard" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Vivien", "lastName": "Foster" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Cecilia", "lastName": "Briceño-Garmendia" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Fatimata", "lastName": "Ouedraogo" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Daniel", "lastName": "Camos" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Maria", "lastName": "Shkaratan" } ], "abstractNote": "Sub-Saharan Africa is in the midst of a power crisis marked by insufficient generating capacity, unreliable supplies, high prices, and low rates of popular access to the electricity grid. The region's capacity for generating power is lower than that of any other world region, and growth in that capacity has stagnated. The average price of power in Sub-Saharan Africa is double that of other developing regions, but supply is unreliable. Because new household connections in many countries are not keeping up with population growth, the electrification rate, already low, is actually declining. The manifestations of the current crisis are symptoms of deeper problems that are explored in this study of power sector institutions in 24 countries of Sub-Saharan Africa, which draws extensively on a new body of research undertaken as part of the multi-donor Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic (AICD). There are nearly 60 medium- to longer-term power sector projects involving the private sector in the region excluding leases for emergency power generation. Almost half of these are independent power producers (IPPs). Involving more than $2 billion of private sector investment, these IPPs have added early 3,000 MW of new capacity. A few IPP investments have been particularly well structured and contribute reliable power to the national grid.", "reportNumber": "Background Paper 6", "reportType": "", "institution": "World Bank", "place": "Washington, DC", "date": "2008", "seriesTitle": "Africa Infrastructure Sector Diagnostic", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/7833", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-01-16T14:03:20Z", "dateModified": "2015-01-16T14:03:20Z" } }, { "key": "3GGD3ICS", "version": 4, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 300091, "name": "NAMAs Tanzania", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/namas_tanzania", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/300091/items/3GGD3ICS", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/namas_tanzania/items/3GGD3ICS", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1389078, "username": "latifamars", "name": "Latif Amars", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/latifamars", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Yin", "parsedDate": "1981-03", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "3GGD3ICS", "version": 4, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The Case Study Crisis: Some Answers", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Robert K.", "lastName": "Yin" } ], "abstractNote": "The article presents a reply to a case study about qualitative analysis, entitled \"Qualitative Data as an Attractive Nuisance,\" by Matthew Miles, which appeared in the 1979 issue of \"Administrative Science Quarterly.\" It is explained that the purpose of this reply is to reaffirm the role of the case study as a systematic research tool. The research found that people are likely to react adversely whenever they are confronted with individualized data, but are likely to be more tolerant when confronted with aggregate data.", "publicationTitle": "Administrative Science Quarterly", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "March 1981", "volume": "26", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "58-65", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Administrative Science Quarterly", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://login.e.bibl.liu.se/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=buh&AN=4021475&site=eds-live", "accessDate": "2014-08-15T12:30:24Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "00018392", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "The Case Study Crisis", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "EBSCOhost", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "ATTRACTIVE nuisance", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "CASE method (Teaching)", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "CASE studies", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "INFORMATION services", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "MILES, Matthew", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "QUALITATIVE research", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-10-26T14:10:16Z", "dateModified": "2015-01-16T14:03:20Z" } }, { "key": "5NMCKKGR", "version": 4, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 300091, "name": "NAMAs Tanzania", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/namas_tanzania", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/300091/items/5NMCKKGR", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/namas_tanzania/items/5NMCKKGR", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1389078, "username": "latifamars", "name": "Latif Amars", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/latifamars", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Wang", "parsedDate": "2012", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "5NMCKKGR", "version": 4, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Chinese electric car and SD-PAM: a case study", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jin", "lastName": "Wang" } ], "abstractNote": "This study analyses the feasibility of China's electric car policies as a potential Sustainable Development – Policies and Measures (SD-PAM)/National Appropriate Mitigation Action credited action. In doing so, it brings an additional perspective to the discussion regarding institutional arrangements intended to promote climate mitigation through development policies, by highlighting the particular challenges of introducing a new technology in an environment where there have been no previous policies. The article confirms the large mitigation potential of similar policies in the Chinese context. Yet, it also highlights some potential problems in making it an SD-PAM. One concerns the challenges of establishing baseline criteria and time scales for greenhouse gas mitigation as well as finding a suitable definition of additionality. Second, it provides insights into some particular implementation problems in the Chinese context related to appointment and budget matters. Third, it illustrates the problems of finding external support for a technology transfer that effectively helps the Chinese to leapfrog many development steps to effectively create a gigantic and competitive market. Finally, it argues that there might be geopolitical reasons why China may not be interested in national SD-PAM projects.", "publicationTitle": "Climate and Development", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2012", "volume": "4", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "210-218", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1080/17565529.2012.698588", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17565529.2012.698588", "accessDate": "2014-02-21T13:28:11Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1756-5529", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Chinese electric car and SD-PAM", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Taylor and Francis+NEJM", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-10-26T14:10:16Z", "dateModified": "2015-01-16T14:03:20Z" } }, { "key": "SP26ZJAT", "version": 4, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 300091, "name": "NAMAs Tanzania", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/namas_tanzania", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/300091/items/SP26ZJAT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/namas_tanzania/items/SP26ZJAT", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1389078, "username": "latifamars", "name": "Latif Amars", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/latifamars", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Olsen", "parsedDate": "2006", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "SP26ZJAT", "version": 4, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "National ownership in the implementation of global climate policy in Uganda", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Karen Holm", "lastName": "Olsen" } ], "abstractNote": "Abstract This article explores the history, from a developing country perspective, of how external interventions to implement global policies on the Climate Convention and the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) have been integrated into national development policy frameworks in the period 1990–2005. The main question asked is to what extent external interventions have formed part of a country-driven approach in Uganda. The conflicting national and global priorities concerning the need for adaptation to the impacts of climate change versus the need for global mitigation of greenhouse gases (GHGs) are explored first. Against this background, Uganda's policy response to climate change is reviewed. National climate policies are found not to exist, and the implementation of global policies is not integrated into national policy frameworks, partly due to conflicting national and global priorities. Given limited national awareness and the fact that climate policy is marginal compared to other national interests in Uganda, the experiences with donor support for the implementation of global climate policy nationally are analysed. This article demonstrates that neither national policies nor national management of donor support have secured a country-driven approach to external interventions in Uganda.", "publicationTitle": "Climate Policy", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2006", "volume": "5", "issue": "6", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "599-612", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1080/14693062.2006.9685581", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14693062.2006.9685581", "accessDate": "2014-01-09T16:49:26Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1469-3062", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Taylor and Francis+NEJM", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-10-26T14:10:16Z", "dateModified": "2015-01-16T14:03:20Z" } }, { "key": "QAGH35ZN", "version": 4, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 300091, "name": "NAMAs Tanzania", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/namas_tanzania", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/300091/items/QAGH35ZN", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/namas_tanzania/items/QAGH35ZN", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1389078, "username": "latifamars", "name": "Latif Amars", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/latifamars", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Maroun and Schaeffer", "parsedDate": "2012", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "QAGH35ZN", "version": 4, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Emulating new policy goals into past successes: Greenhouse gas emissions mitigation as a side effect of biofuels programmes in Brazil", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Christianne", "lastName": "Maroun" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Roberto", "lastName": "Schaeffer" } ], "abstractNote": "The Sustainable Development – Policies and Measures (SD-PAM) proposal, in which developing countries could achieve greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation goals as side effects of sustainable development programmes, is a creative option for international climate-driven agreements that consider the principle of ‘common but differentiated responsibilities’. Analysing and comparing the Brazilian Ethanol Program (Proalcool) and the Brazilian Biodiesel Production Program (PNPB) can lead to a better understanding of how SD-PAM, or any other similar tool, as, for example, Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMA), which are initiatives under evaluation within UNFCCC, could shape or reshape domestic policies in developing countries if they had been considered as SD-PAM (or NAMA) in their inceptions. Both programmes were analysed from a programme theory perspective to investigate the possibility of having the programmes reshaped for the achievement of UNFCCC objectives under the SD-PAM mechanism. The comparison between the two programmes led to the understanding that, despite differences in their primary goals, implementation and maturity, their outcomes are very similar so far, very much focused on large-scale, capital-intensive agricultural sectors. In this regard, SD-PAM, or other similar tool, could play an important role for guaranteeing the sustainability of some developing countries' programmes, by bringing on board the perspectives of international negotiations on climate change.", "publicationTitle": "Climate and Development", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2012", "volume": "4", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "187-198", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1080/17565529.2012.668849", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17565529.2012.668849", "accessDate": "2014-02-21T13:28:11Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1756-5529", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Emulating new policy goals into past successes", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Taylor and Francis+NEJM", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-10-26T14:10:16Z", "dateModified": "2015-01-16T14:03:20Z" } }, { "key": "FIZZBDI4", "version": 4, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 300091, "name": "NAMAs Tanzania", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/namas_tanzania", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/300091/items/FIZZBDI4", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/namas_tanzania/items/FIZZBDI4", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1389078, "username": "latifamars", "name": "Latif Amars", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/latifamars", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Linnér et al.", "parsedDate": "2012", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "FIZZBDI4", "version": 4, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Reducing greenhouse gas emissions through development policies: a framework for analysing policy interventions", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Björn-Ola", "lastName": "Linnér" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Per", "lastName": "Mickwitz" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mikael", "lastName": "Román" } ], "abstractNote": "Creating incentives to promote sustainable development with climate benefits as side effects is the aim of several policy proposals in international politics. Recently, such proposals surface in the negotiations of Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions by developing countries (NAMAs). We label such policy instruments Sustainable Development – Policies and Measures (SD-PAMs) after a previously proposed mechanism in the negotiations. In this article an approach for analysing such policy proposals before they have been adopted is developed. The approach is based on reconstructing intervention theories of the proposal(s), highlighting the assumptions about the leverage mechanisms through which change is supposed to occur and the assumptions about the actions through which the interventions are presumed to be implemented. The use of value chains is applied to identify what aspects of a socio-technical system the policies and measures are targeting. Provided international and national institutions to register, control and support implementation, SD-PAMs are expected to provide incentive to voluntary mitigation actions and provide increased possibilities of financing or access to new technologies for implementation. SD-PAMs incentivized by the carbon credits require a too intricate institutional framework to make it effective, compared to those aiming for funding or technology transfer.", "publicationTitle": "Climate and Development", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2012", "volume": "4", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "175-186", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1080/17565529.2012.698587", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17565529.2012.698587", "accessDate": "2014-02-21T13:28:11Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1756-5529", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Reducing greenhouse gas emissions through development policies", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Taylor and Francis+NEJM", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-10-26T14:10:16Z", "dateModified": "2015-01-16T14:03:20Z" } }, { "key": "N8JWX9ES", "version": 4, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 300091, "name": "NAMAs Tanzania", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/namas_tanzania", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/300091/items/N8JWX9ES", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/namas_tanzania/items/N8JWX9ES", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1389078, "username": "latifamars", "name": "Latif Amars", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/latifamars", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Kates et al.", "parsedDate": "2012-04-16", "numChildren": 3 }, "data": { "key": "N8JWX9ES", "version": 4, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Transformational adaptation when incremental adaptations to climate change are insufficient", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Robert W.", "lastName": "Kates" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "William R.", "lastName": "Travis" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Thomas J.", "lastName": "Wilbanks" } ], "abstractNote": "All human–environment systems adapt to climate and its natural variation. Adaptation to human-induced change in climate has largely been envisioned as increments of these adaptations intended to avoid disruptions of systems at their current locations. In some places, for some systems, however, vulnerabilities and risks may be so sizeable that they require transformational rather than incremental adaptations. Three classes of transformational adaptations are those that are adopted at a much larger scale, that are truly new to a particular region or resource system, and that transform places and shift locations. We illustrate these with examples drawn from Africa, Europe, and North America. Two conditions set the stage for transformational adaptation to climate change: large vulnerability in certain regions, populations, or resource systems; and severe climate change that overwhelms even robust human use systems. However, anticipatory transformational adaptation may be difficult to implement because of uncertainties about climate change risks and adaptation benefits, the high costs of transformational actions, and institutional and behavioral actions that tend to maintain existing resource systems and policies. Implementing transformational adaptation requires effort to initiate it and then to sustain the effort over time. In initiating transformational adaptation focusing events and multiple stresses are important, combined with local leadership. In sustaining transformational adaptation, it seems likely that supportive social contexts and the availability of acceptable options and resources for actions are key enabling factors. Early steps would include incorporating transformation adaptation into risk management and initiating research to expand the menu of innovative transformational adaptations.", "publicationTitle": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2012-04-16", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "201115521", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "PNAS", "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.1115521109", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2012/04/13/1115521109", "accessDate": "2014-01-29T10:43:45Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0027-8424, 1091-6490", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "www.pnas.org", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 22509036", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-10-26T14:10:16Z", "dateModified": "2015-01-16T14:03:20Z" } } ]