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            "note": "<div><strong><span style=\"color: #38abe5;\">Référence :</span></strong></div>\n<div>CLARKE, R., N. (2014).&nbsp;Expanding mobile wireless capacity: The challenges presented by technology and economics.&nbsp;<em>Telecommunications Policy</em>, <em>38</em> (8-9), 693-708.&nbsp;</div>\n<div>\n<div><strong><span style=\"color: #38abe5;\">Localisation :</span></strong></div>\n</div>\n<div>10.1016/j.telpol.2013.11.006</div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div><strong>&nbsp;</strong></div>\n<div><strong><span style=\"color: #38abe5;\">Résumé informatif :&nbsp;</span></strong></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div><em>But&nbsp;</em></div>\n<div>L’article porte sur les technologies mobiles.&nbsp;</div>\n<div>\n<div><em>&nbsp;</em></div>\n</div>\n<div><em>Problématique</em></div>\n<div>L’auteur quantifie et &nbsp;décrit les défis technologiques et économiques associés&nbsp;à un élargissement&nbsp;des capacités des réseaux sans-fil face à une demande croissance aux É-U.Pour ce faire, il décrit les différentes méthodes, qu’il classe en trois catégories&nbsp;(le déploiement d’un spectre&nbsp;radio + grand; une réutilisation + grande du spectre; et l’augmentation de la capacité du débit de chaque Mhz de spectre dans une zone géographique donnée).&nbsp;&nbsp;</div>\n<div><em>&nbsp;</em></div>\n<div><em>Thèse</em>&nbsp;</div>\n<div>Selon l’auteur, le modèle actuel ne permettrait pas aux É-U de répondre adéquatement à la demande croissante&nbsp;dans l’avenir, ce qui entre en contradiction avec les affirmations&nbsp;qu’il n’y aurait pas de pénurie de spectrum aux ÉU.&nbsp;&nbsp;</div>\n<div></div>\n<div><strong><span style=\"color: #38abe5;\">Mots-clés :</span></strong></div>\n<div>spectrum, technologie mobile, NTIC, réseau sans fil, network, LTE</div>",
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            "note": "<div><strong><span style=\"color: #38abe5;\">Référence :</span></strong></div>\n<div>NOAM, E. (2014).&nbsp;Cloud TV: Toward the next generation of network policy debates.&nbsp;<em>Telecommunications Policy</em>, <em>38</em> (8-9), 684-692.</div>\n<div>\n<div><strong><span style=\"color: #38abe5;\">Localisation :</span></strong></div>\n</div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div><strong>&nbsp;</strong></div>\n<div><strong><span style=\"color: #38abe5;\">Résumé informatif :&nbsp;</span></strong></div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div><em>But&nbsp;</em></div>\n<div>L’avenir de la télévision&nbsp;à l’ère du cloud&nbsp;</div>\n<div>\n<div><em>&nbsp;</em></div>\n</div>\n<div><em>Problématique</em></div>\n<div>L’auteur s’interroge sur le nouveau système médiatique&nbsp;qui émerge avec le développement du cloud, ses enjeux politiques et le moyen de les résoudre.&nbsp;</div>\n<div><em>&nbsp;</em></div>\n<div><em>Thèse</em>&nbsp;</div>\n<div>Selon l’auteur, le cloud révolutionne la télévision telle qu’on la connait jusqu’à maintenant. En effet, le nouveau système de télévision sera diversifié en matière de technologie, de normes, d’appareils&nbsp;et de contenu. L’article souligne le rôle central des opérateurs de serveurs&nbsp;‘cloud’ qui seront&nbsp;des intermédiaires important dans cette 4e génération de TV.&nbsp;</div>\n<div>Les hypothèses de recherche de l’auteur :&nbsp;</div>\n<div>«&nbsp;1. The fourth generation of TV is characterized by the technological rate of change of ICT rather than of traditional TV.</div>\n<div>2. In this diverse environment of technology and content provision, the central integrators will be the cloud providers.</div>\n<div>3. The cloud TV environment will be characterized by significant oligopolistic market power and fragmentation.</div>\n<div>4. There are several ways to deal with this, and an a-la-carte system without price regulation would resolve the</div>\n<div>interconnection issue with the least intervention. » (p. 684)&nbsp;</div>\n<div><em>Principaux arguments</em>&nbsp;</div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\">1. Les nuages seront au coeur du système médiatique du futur&nbsp;</span></div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\">2. Le système de télévision connaît son&nbsp;4e âge : la télévision basé sur la transmission en ligne de la connexion Internet à haut débit.&nbsp;</span></div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\">3. Les avantages du cloud :&nbsp;</span></div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: small;\">a) permettent de centraliser différents services et produits (p. 686)&nbsp;</span></div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: small;\">b) l’absence de standards techniques (tout peut y être entreposés&nbsp;et partagés; l’interopérabilité entre les appareils, plus besoin d’adapter un contenu pour telle plateforme, etc.) (p. 687)&nbsp;</span></div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: small;\">c) la commodité du cloud (tout le monde peut s’y connecter, plus facile à utiliser) (p. 687)&nbsp;</span></div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: small;\">d) contrôle&nbsp;de la légalité : alors que&nbsp;tout circule sur le Web sans un contrôle légale, le cloud&nbsp;permet que l’opérature assure la légalité du contenu qui se trouve sur le serveur (p.687-688)&nbsp;</span></div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\">e) facilite&nbsp;la coordination du flux financier&nbsp;</span></div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: small;\">4. L<span style=\"line-height: 17px;\">’</span>avenir du système médiatique : les entreprises de cloud seront la pierre angulaire de l’économie des médias dans le futur, ce sera plus les conglomérats&nbsp;verticalement&nbsp;intégrés (p. 688). Cela dit, il y a une grande concentration des entreprises de cloud.&nbsp;</span></div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\">5. Le danger de la concentration des entreprises cloud a pour trois&nbsp;conséquences possibles : «&nbsp;</span></div>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\">Market power over users who could not easily switch (\"Lock-in\"). </span></li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\">Difficulty of users of one cloud to interact with users and elements of other clouds (\"Fragmentation\"). </span></li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\">Market power over providers of hardware, software, transmission, and content (\"Gatekeeping\").» (p. 689)&nbsp;</span></li>\n</ul>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: small;\">5.1. Afin de faire face à ces trois possibilités, l’auteur présente 4 modèles possibles pour régler le problème de l’interopérabilité des clouds : a)self-interconnection by each user, b)peer interconnection, c)&nbsp;le « cloud of clouds », d)&nbsp;regulated clouds, e) à-la-carte provision&nbsp;of cloud services.&nbsp;</span></div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: small;\">6. Au final, pour l<span style=\"line-height: 17px;\">’</span>auteur, le modèle de l'offre « à la carte »&nbsp;est le plus viable parce qu’il protège la compétition et le pluralisme&nbsp;(p. 692)</span></div>",
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