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"relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-10-28T11:06:34Z", "dateModified": "2010-10-28T11:06:34Z" } }, { "key": "7ZI2FHNQ", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 29813, "name": "ICT Environment", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ict__environment", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/29813/items/7ZI2FHNQ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ict__environment/items/7ZI2FHNQ", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/29813/items/WVPD2AWM", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 396223, "username": "Menouer Boughedaoui", "name": "Menouer Boughedaoui", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/menouer_boughedaoui", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "7ZI2FHNQ", "version": 1, "parentItem": "WVPD2AWM", "itemType": "note", "note": "The challenges of providing electricity to rural households are manifold. Ever increasing demand-supply gap, crumbling electricity transmission and distribution infrastructure, high cost of delivered electricity are a few of these. Use of renewable energy technologies for meeting basic energy needs of rural communities has been promoted by the Governments world over for many decades. Photovoltaic (PV) technology is one of the first among several renewable energy technologies that was adopted globally as well as in India for meeting basic electricity needs of rural areas that are not connected to the grid. This paper attempts at reviewing and analyzing PV literature pertaining to decentralized rural electrification into two main categories--(1) experiences from rural electrification and technology demonstration programmes covering barriers and challenges in marketing and dissemination; institutional and financing approaches; and productive and economic applications, (2) techno-economic aspects including system design methodologies and approaches; performance evaluation and monitoring; techno-economic comparison of various systems; and environmental implications and life cycle analysis. The paper discusses the emerging trends in its concluding remarks.", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-10-28T11:06:33Z", "dateModified": "2010-10-28T11:06:33Z" } }, { "key": "WVPD2AWM", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 29813, "name": "ICT Environment", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ict__environment", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/29813/items/WVPD2AWM", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ict__environment/items/WVPD2AWM", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 396223, "username": "Menouer Boughedaoui", "name": "Menouer Boughedaoui", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/menouer_boughedaoui", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Chaurey and Kandpal", "parsedDate": "2010-10", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "WVPD2AWM", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Assessment and evaluation of PV based decentralized rural electrification: An overview", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Akanksha", "lastName": "Chaurey" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Tara Chandra", "lastName": "Kandpal" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Octobre 2010", "volume": "14", "issue": "8", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "2266-2278", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "doi: DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2010.04.005", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VMY-4YYNT2W-1/2/aaac61366ae688a1746cb7ea289c8a7a", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1364-0321", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Decentralized rural electrification" }, { "tag": "Performance monitoring" }, { "tag": "Solar Photovoltaics" }, { "tag": "Tech-economic comparison" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-10-28T11:06:32Z", "dateModified": "2010-10-28T11:06:32Z" } }, { "key": "RT2CFQSE", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 29813, "name": "ICT Environment", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ict__environment", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/29813/items/RT2CFQSE", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ict__environment/items/RT2CFQSE", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/29813/items/XKZ2K7AA", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 396223, "username": "Menouer Boughedaoui", "name": "Menouer Boughedaoui", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/menouer_boughedaoui", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "RT2CFQSE", "version": 1, "parentItem": "XKZ2K7AA", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "6dbecc6b8a7690f2a6c8bf354c689341", "accessDate": "2010-10-28T11:06:31Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V71-45K6S42-4S/2/6dbecc6b8a7690f2a6c8bf354c689341", "note": "", "contentType": "", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-10-28T11:06:31Z", "dateModified": "2010-10-28T11:06:31Z" } }, { "key": "8B2FSMRE", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 29813, "name": "ICT Environment", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ict__environment", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/29813/items/8B2FSMRE", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ict__environment/items/8B2FSMRE", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/29813/items/XKZ2K7AA", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 396223, "username": "Menouer Boughedaoui", "name": "Menouer Boughedaoui", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/menouer_boughedaoui", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "8B2FSMRE", "version": 1, "parentItem": "XKZ2K7AA", "itemType": "note", "note": "This paper addresses two questions: 1) To what extent are developing nations vulnerable to technology- related environmental health risks? 2) To what extent does the export of hazardous technologies and products contribute to overall levels of environmental health risk in developing nations? The paper focuses on three major types of environmental health risks: the failure of large-scale technological systems; the use or misuse of consumer goods, mechanical devices, and chemicals; and industrial emissions of toxic substances. In addition, three categories of hazardous exports are examined: hazardous products (e.g., pesticides), hazardous production processes (e.g., asbestos processing), and hazardous wastes (e.g., chemical and radioactive waste). The paper concludes that technology-based environmental health risks pose a significant public health problem in most developing nations, even when compared to much larger public health problems such as tropical and gastrointestinal diseases. Technology-based risks are growing in number and frequency. If developing and developed nations continue their current policies, these risks will grow at a significantly greater rate.", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-10-28T11:06:30Z", "dateModified": "2010-10-28T11:06:30Z" } }, { "key": "XKZ2K7AA", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 29813, "name": "ICT Environment", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ict__environment", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/29813/items/XKZ2K7AA", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ict__environment/items/XKZ2K7AA", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 396223, "username": "Menouer Boughedaoui", "name": "Menouer Boughedaoui", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/menouer_boughedaoui", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Covello and Scott Frey", "parsedDate": "1990-04", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "XKZ2K7AA", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Technology-based environmental health risks in developing nations", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Vincent T.", "lastName": "Covello" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R.", "lastName": "Scott Frey" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Technological Forecasting and Social Change", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Avril 1990", "volume": "37", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "159-179", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "doi: DOI: 10.1016/0040-1625(90)90067-6", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V71-45K6S42-4S/2/6dbecc6b8a7690f2a6c8bf354c689341", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0040-1625", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-10-28T11:06:29Z", "dateModified": "2010-10-28T11:06:29Z" } }, { "key": "JXN78PEQ", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 29813, "name": "ICT Environment", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ict__environment", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/29813/items/JXN78PEQ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ict__environment/items/JXN78PEQ", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/29813/items/73886UG8", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 396223, "username": "Menouer Boughedaoui", "name": "Menouer Boughedaoui", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/menouer_boughedaoui", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "JXN78PEQ", "version": 1, "parentItem": "73886UG8", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "6605e8864c45d25114e1b42131947739", "accessDate": "2010-10-28T11:06:27Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B8JHM-502Y2YN-1/2/6605e8864c45d25114e1b42131947739", "note": "", "contentType": "", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-10-28T11:06:27Z", "dateModified": "2010-10-28T11:06:27Z" } }, { "key": "WICUSKHZ", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 29813, "name": "ICT Environment", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ict__environment", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/29813/items/WICUSKHZ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ict__environment/items/WICUSKHZ", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/29813/items/73886UG8", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 396223, "username": "Menouer Boughedaoui", "name": "Menouer Boughedaoui", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/menouer_boughedaoui", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "WICUSKHZ", "version": 1, "parentItem": "73886UG8", "itemType": "note", "note": "Road transport imposes negative externalities on society. These externalities include environmental and road damage, accidents, congestion, and oil dependence. The cost of these externalities to society is in general not reflected in the current market prices in the road transport sector.\nAn efficient mobility model for the future must take into account the true costs of transport and its regulatory framework will need to create incentives for people to make sustainable transport choices. This paper discusses the use of economic instruments to correct road transport externalities, but gives relatively more weight to the problem of carbon emissions from road transport, as this is particularly challenging, given its global and long-term nature.\nEconomics offers two types of instruments for addressing the problem of transport externalities: command-and-control and incentive-based policies.\nCommand-and-control policies are government regulations which force consumers and producers to change their behaviour. They are the most widely used policy instruments. Examples include vehicle emission and fuel standards in the US as well as driving or parking restrictions in Singapore. The implementation cost of these instruments to the government is small. Although from an economic perspective these policies often fail to achieve an efficient market outcome, the presence of political constraints often make them the preferred option, in terms of feasibility and effectiveness.\nEconomic theory shows how policies, which affect consumption and production incentives, can be used to achieve the optimal outcome in the presence of externalities. Incentive-based policies function within a new or an altered market. We first examine incentive-based policies, which cap the aggregate amount of the externality, such as carbon emissions, by allocating permits or rights to the emitters. The emitters are then free to trade their permits amongst them. The permit allocation mechanism is important-although market efficiency would be satisfied by an auction, political influences usually favour a proportional allocation based on historic emissions. We discuss EU ETS as an example of a cap-and-trade system, however, no such policy for CO2 emissions in road transport has been implemented anywhere in the world to date.\nFiscal instruments are, like command-and-control, widely used in road transport, because they are relatively cheap and simple to implement. They include the use of taxes and charges in order to bridge the gap between private and the social costs and, in principle, can lead to an efficient market solution. Registration, ownership, fuel, emissions, usage taxes, and parking and congestion charges have been implemented in many countries around the world. On the other side of the spectrum, subsidies can be given to those scrapping old cars and buying fuel-efficient vehicles. Some cities, such as London, have implemented congestion charges and many states in the United States have introduced high occupancy lanes. Other interesting possibilities include pay-as-you-drive insurance and other usage charges. However, the size and scope of taxes and subsidies are determined by governments, and because of their imperfect knowledge of the market the outcome is still likely to be inefficient.\nGovernments have many effective economic instruments to create a sustainable road transport model. These instruments can be used separately or together, but their implementation will be necessary in the nearest future.", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-10-28T11:06:26Z", "dateModified": "2010-10-28T11:06:26Z" } }, { "key": "73886UG8", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 29813, "name": "ICT Environment", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ict__environment", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/29813/items/73886UG8", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ict__environment/items/73886UG8", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 396223, "username": "Menouer Boughedaoui", "name": "Menouer Boughedaoui", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/menouer_boughedaoui", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Santos et al.", "parsedDate": "2010", "numChildren": 3 }, "data": { "key": "73886UG8", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Part I: Externalities and economic policies in road transport", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Georgina", "lastName": "Santos" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Hannah", "lastName": "Behrendt" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Laura", "lastName": "Maconi" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Tara", "lastName": "Shirvani" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Alexander", "lastName": "Teytelboym" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Research in Transportation Economics", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2010", "volume": "28", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "2-45", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "doi: DOI: 10.1016/j.retrec.2009.11.002", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B8JHM-502Y2YN-1/2/6605e8864c45d25114e1b42131947739", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0739-8859", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Cap-and-trade" }, { "tag": "Carbon tax" }, { "tag": "Congestion charging" }, { "tag": "Corrective charges" }, { "tag": "Emission taxes" }, { "tag": "Equity impacts" }, { "tag": "Fuel duty differentials" }, { "tag": "High Occupancy Toll Lanes" }, { "tag": "Pay-as-you-drive insurance" }, { "tag": "Registration taxes" }, { "tag": "Road Pricing" }, { "tag": "Road taxes" }, { "tag": "Road transport externalities" }, { "tag": "Scrappage schemes" }, { "tag": "Subsidies" }, { "tag": "Toll highways" }, { "tag": "Tradable permits" }, { "tag": "Vehicle excise duty" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-10-28T11:06:25Z", "dateModified": "2010-10-28T11:06:25Z" } }, { "key": "333VSJU8", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 29813, "name": "ICT 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"itemType": "note", "note": "Technology Roadmapping (TRM) is a growing technique widely used for strategy planning and aligning technology with overall business objectives. Technology roadmaps are extensively used in many diverse fields at product, technology, industry, company and national levels. An increasing number of articles published on TRM and technology roadmaps indicate that there is a growing attention for TRM among the researchers from academia, industry and government. In this article, an overview of the application of TRM in renewable energy sector has been provided. After survey of the relevant academic literature and industry roadmaps, we tried to group the roadmaps related to the renewable energy technologies into national, industry/sector and organizational level roadmaps. Research findings indicate that goals and objectives of renewable energy roadmaps are different at these three levels. At national level, roadmaps focus on future energy security, energy dependence, energy policy formulation and environment protection. At industry/sector level, roadmaps are used to identify vision, common needs and evaluate barriers, constraints and risks faced by the industry from technical, political and commercial aspects. Organizational roadmap focuses on evaluation and prioritization of R&D projects to achieve the business goals. Similarly different methods, tools and approaches are used to develop roadmaps at different levels. Various other characteristics of these roadmaps are also discussed and analyzed. Research findings also indicate that greater numbers of roadmaps are developed for those renewable energy technologies undergoing rapid growth. Moreover, most of these roadmaps are developed in the regions where more research, development and deployment activities of renewable energy technologies is taking place.", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-10-28T11:06:22Z", "dateModified": "2010-10-28T11:06:22Z" } }, { "key": "5DHXQPQ3", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 29813, "name": "ICT Environment", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ict__environment", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/29813/items/5DHXQPQ3", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ict__environment/items/5DHXQPQ3", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 396223, "username": "Menouer Boughedaoui", "name": "Menouer Boughedaoui", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/menouer_boughedaoui", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Amer and Daim", "parsedDate": "2010-10", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "5DHXQPQ3", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Application of technology roadmaps for renewable energy sector", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Muhammad", "lastName": "Amer" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Tugrul U.", "lastName": "Daim" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Technological Forecasting and Social Change", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Octobre 2010", "volume": "77", "issue": "8", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1355-1370", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "doi: DOI: 10.1016/j.techfore.2010.05.002", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V71-5091Y6Y-1/2/63c3e176d668ad779cc70eda1388cd18", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0040-1625", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", 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"Menouer Boughedaoui", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/menouer_boughedaoui", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "WTVTRD65", "version": 1, "parentItem": "MJJDV76W", "itemType": "note", "note": "Food production requires application of fertilizers containing phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium on agricultural fields in order to sustain crop yields. However modern agriculture is dependent on phosphorus derived from phosphate rock, which is a non-renewable resource and current global reserves may be depleted in 50-100 years. While phosphorus demand is projected to increase, the expected global peak in phosphorus production is predicted to occur around 2030. The exact timing of peak phosphorus production might be disputed, however it is widely acknowledged within the fertilizer industry that the quality of remaining phosphate rock is decreasing and production costs are increasing. Yet future access to phosphorus receives little or no international attention. This paper puts forward the case for including long-term phosphorus scarcity on the priority agenda for global food security. Opportunities for recovering phosphorus and reducing demand are also addressed together with institutional challenges.", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-10-28T11:06:16Z", "dateModified": "2010-10-28T11:06:16Z" } }, { "key": "MJJDV76W", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 29813, "name": "ICT Environment", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ict__environment", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/29813/items/MJJDV76W", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ict__environment/items/MJJDV76W", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 396223, "username": "Menouer Boughedaoui", "name": "Menouer Boughedaoui", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/menouer_boughedaoui", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Cordell et al.", "parsedDate": "2009-05", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "MJJDV76W", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The story of phosphorus: Global food security and food for thought", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Dana", "lastName": "Cordell" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jan-Olof", "lastName": "Drangert" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Stuart", "lastName": "White" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Global Environmental Change", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Mai 2009", "volume": "19", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "292-305", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "doi: DOI: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.10.009", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VFV-4VKDGR7-1/2/00c8a02e7f8dabee3974480dd0413839", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0959-3780", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Fertilizer" }, { "tag": "Global food security" }, { "tag": "Peak phosphorus" }, { "tag": "Phosphate rock" }, { "tag": "Phosphorus" }, { "tag": "Reuse" }, { "tag": "Scarcity" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-10-28T11:06:15Z", "dateModified": "2010-10-28T11:06:15Z" } }, { "key": "PVST5SC9", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 29813, "name": "ICT Environment", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ict__environment", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/29813/items/PVST5SC9", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ict__environment/items/PVST5SC9", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/29813/items/4FT9SDT8", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 396223, "username": "Menouer Boughedaoui", "name": "Menouer 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The impacts of science and technology on international affairs, especially those of information and communication technologies, are particularly pervasive. The mutual influences of science, technology and international affairs are so important and pervasive that the field should be recognized as an independent sub-discipline. Its present status as a relatively esoteric topic, to be entrusted to specialists and kept more or less isolated from the main body of international relations, is a dangerous anachronism.\nThese impacts may be classified as operating through one of four main mechanisms: (1) changing the architecture of the international system: its structure, its key organizing concepts, and the relations among its actors; (2) changing the processes by which the international system operates, including diplomacy, war, administration, policy formation, commerce, trade, finance, communications, and the gathering of intelligence; (3) creating new issue areas, new constraints and trade-offs in the operational environment of foreign policy, a term which includes not only political constraints on international action, but also constraints imposed by the laws of natural and social science; and (4) providing a source of changed perceptions, of information and transparency for the operation of the international system, and of new concepts and ideas for international relations theory.", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-10-28T11:06:10Z", "dateModified": "2010-10-28T11:06:10Z" } } ]