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            "title": "Effects of high temperature on multiple parameters of broilers in vitro and in vivo",
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            "abstractNote": "The effects of high temperature on multiple parameters of broilers were evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. In the in vitro study, the bilateral musculus fibularis longus muscles of 8 broilers were isolated and incubated at either 41.5 or 44.5 degrees C. The greater incubation temperature increased mitochondrial H2O2 production by 28.0% (P < 0.0001), malondialdehyde concentration by 16.8% (P = 0.0368), and lactate concentration by 33.0% (P < 0.0001) and decreased mitochondrial Ca2+-ATPase activity by 19.6% (P = 0.0001). In the in vivo study, 180 four-week-old broilers were kept in 3 controlled-environment chambers for 3 wk. High temperature increased mitochondrial H2O2 production (P < 0.05) in liver, malondialdehyde concentration in liver and breast muscle, and lactate concentration in breast muscle (P < 0.05). In addition, it inhibited mitochondrial Ca2+-ATPase activity in muscle and liver (P < 0.05). High temperature also significantly decreased initial pH and increased L*, drip loss, and shear force of broiler breast muscle.",
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            "date": "Oct 2008",
            "volume": "87",
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            "pages": "2133-2139",
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            "journalAbbreviation": "Poult. Sci",
            "DOI": "10.3382/ps.2007-00358",
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                    "tag": "Acclimatization",
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                    "tag": "Animal Husbandry",
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                    "tag": "Calcium-Transporting ATPases",
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            "title": "Alleviating heat stress in domestic fowl: Different strategies",
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            "abstractNote": "During recent decades there has been significant improvement in genetic selection of broilers and turkeys for growth rate, which has coincided with dramatic increases in metabolic rate. A similar pattern is observed in the rate of egg production by laying hens. However, this selection has not been accompanied by comparable development of visceral systems, causing inferior thermotolerance response. In parallel, scientists expect that the average global surface temperature will rise by 0.6-2.5°C during the next 50 years. This situation, in which, from year to year, growth rate especially, but also egg production, improve (accompanied by increased heat production), and global surface temperature increases, demands an efficient means to improve the acquisition of thermotolerance by domestic fowl exposed to hot climatic conditions, and to do so economically. To develop thermotolerance three direct responses are employed: the rapid thermal stress response (RTSR), acclimation/acclimatization, and epigenetic temperature adaptation. This review will focus on the advantages and disadvantages of the different strategies used to reach the conflicting goals of production on the one hand and thermotolerance on the other hand. Copyright © 2009 World's Poultry Science Association.",
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