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It was found that the leaders used nearly 4 times as many positive as negative words. However, negative words demonstrated discriminating impact with regard to the assessment of leadership talent and effectiveness, while positive words failed to do so. The results lead to an intuitively surprising inference that word positivity and negativity are independent, not bi-polar, influences. Gender differences were also found: female leaders used fewer negative words, but the unfavorable impact of their negative words on leadership effectiveness perceived by the others was stronger for this group than for the male group. Possible explanations for the small correlations between word categories and leadership performance are discussed. 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Findings verify the utility of the bona fide group perspective and also suggest dialectical and turning point theories as potentially useful perspectives for revealing further insights into effective group leadership.", "publicationTitle": "Small Group Research", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "12/01/2003", "volume": "34", "issue": "6", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "741-770", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Small Group Research", "DOI": "10.1177/1046496403257649", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://sgr.sagepub.com.proxy-wcupa.klnpa.org/content/34/6/741", "accessDate": "2014-11-16T23:06:38Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1046-4964, 1552-8278", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "sgr.sagepub.com.proxy-wcupa.klnpa.org", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Dialectical Theory", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Group Leadership", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "LEADERSHIP", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "adaptability", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "bona fide group", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "qualitative research", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "self-monitoring", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "turning point theory", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "K7B259BP" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-11-16T23:06:38Z", "dateModified": "2014-11-16T23:06:38Z" } }, { "key": "I43GHAJQ", "version": 17, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 295953, "name": "Future Jobs", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/future_jobs", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/295953/items/I43GHAJQ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/future_jobs/items/I43GHAJQ", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/295953/items/PQAIZT8P", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1761823, "username": "AndrewLengyel", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/andrewlengyel", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "I43GHAJQ", "version": 17, "parentItem": "PQAIZT8P", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "EBSCO Full Text", "accessDate": "2014-11-16T21:45:43Z", "url": "http://content.ebscohost.com.proxy-wcupa.klnpa.org/ContentServer.asp?T=P&P=AN&K=44874249&S=R&D=cms&EbscoContent=dGJyMNHr7ESep7Q4zOX0OLCmr0yep7RSsqi4SLKWxWXS&ContentCustomer=dGJyMPGpt0m0pq9QuePfgeyx44Dt6fIA", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-11-16T21:45:43Z", "dateModified": "2014-11-16T21:45:43Z" } }, { "key": "PQAIZT8P", "version": 17, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 295953, "name": "Future Jobs", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/future_jobs", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/295953/items/PQAIZT8P", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/future_jobs/items/PQAIZT8P", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1761823, "username": "AndrewLengyel", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/andrewlengyel", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Galanes", "parsedDate": "2009-12-11", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "PQAIZT8P", "version": 17, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Dialectical Tensions of Small Group Leadership", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gloria J.", "lastName": "Galanes" } ], "abstractNote": "This study examined dialectical tensions faced by leaders of small task-oriented groups. Interviews with 10 male and 13 female group leaders revealed three major categories of internal dialectical tensions: group control by leader/by members, leader's focus on task-related/nontask-related concerns, and leader's focus on group process/outcome. Tensions were nonbinary; for example, task concerns contrasted with three different types of nontask concerns. Future research should investigate the relationship between group leader effectiveness and dialectical tension management, the relative importance of managing specific tensions, and the consistency of group leader/member perspectives.", "publicationTitle": "Communication Studies", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2009/11//Nov/Dec2009", "volume": "60", "issue": "5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "409-425", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Communication Studies", "DOI": "10.1080/10510970903260228", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://proxy-wcupa.klnpa.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cms&AN=44874249&site=ehost-live&scope=site", "accessDate": "2014-11-16T21:45:43Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "10510974", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "EBSCOhost", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "BEHAVIORAL assessment", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Dialectical Tensions", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Dialectical Theory", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Group Leadership", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "INTERPERSONAL communication", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "LEADERSHIP", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "PARADOX", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "PSYCHOLOGICAL aspects", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "RELATIONSHIP quality", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "SOCIAL psychology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "STRESS (Psychology)", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "TASK analysis", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "TEAMS in the workplace", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "K7B259BP" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-11-16T21:45:43Z", "dateModified": "2014-11-16T21:45:43Z" } }, { "key": "KC72XSQV", "version": 16, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 295953, "name": "Future Jobs", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/future_jobs", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/295953/items/KC72XSQV", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/future_jobs/items/KC72XSQV", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/295953/items/Z4T23DE4", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1761823, "username": "AndrewLengyel", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/andrewlengyel", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "KC72XSQV", "version": 16, "parentItem": "Z4T23DE4", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "EBSCO Full Text", "accessDate": "2014-11-15T23:54:13Z", "url": "http://content.ebscohost.com.proxy-wcupa.klnpa.org/ContentServer.asp?T=P&P=AN&K=70164569&S=R&D=cms&EbscoContent=dGJyMNHX8kSep7M4zOX0OLCmr0yep7ZSs6q4SLCWxWXS&ContentCustomer=dGJyMPGpt0m0pq9QuePfgeyx44Dt6fIA", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-11-15T23:54:13Z", "dateModified": "2014-11-15T23:54:13Z" } }, { "key": "Z4T23DE4", "version": 16, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 295953, "name": "Future Jobs", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/future_jobs", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/295953/items/Z4T23DE4", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/future_jobs/items/Z4T23DE4", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1761823, "username": "AndrewLengyel", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/andrewlengyel", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Meng et al.", "parsedDate": "2012-01", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "Z4T23DE4", "version": 16, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "A Test of Excellent Leadership in Public Relations: Key Qualities, Valuable Sources, and Distinctive Leadership Perceptions", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Juan", "lastName": "Meng" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Bruce K.", "lastName": "Berger" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Karla K.", "lastName": "Gower" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "William C.", "lastName": "Heyman" } ], "abstractNote": "To better understand leadership in public relations and explore its value in successful communication management, this article captured the perceptions of mid- and senior-level public relations executives (N = 222) regarding the important qualities and dimensions of excellent leadership in the practice. According to study participants, strategic decision-making capability, problem-solving ability, and communication knowledge and expertise are the three most important qualities of excellent leadership. In addition, respondents said that on-the-job experiences, individual initiative and desire, and role models are the most valuable sources of leadership skills and development. About half of the respondents indicated that excellent leaders in public relations are different from leaders in other fields in three ways: They must hold a compelling vision for communication, possess comprehensive understanding of media and information systems, and effectively develop and implement strategic communication plans. Professional women and men in the study viewed excellent leadership in more or less similar ways. The study advances understanding of leadership in the field, which has been little explored in the public relations literature.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Public Relations Research", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "January 2012", "volume": "24", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "18-36", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Journal of Public Relations Research", "DOI": "10.1080/1062726X.2012.626132", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://proxy-wcupa.klnpa.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cms&AN=70164569&site=ehost-live&scope=site", "accessDate": "2014-11-15T23:54:13Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1062726X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "A Test of Excellent Leadership in Public Relations", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "EBSCOhost", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "ABILITY testing", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "COMMUNICATION in management", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "DECISION making", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "EVALUATION", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "LEADERSHIP", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "PSYCHOLOGICAL aspects", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "PUBLIC relations", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "PUBLIC relations literature", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "K7B259BP" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-11-15T23:54:13Z", "dateModified": "2014-11-15T23:54:13Z" } } ]