[ { "key": "P9P3YLNC", "version": 96, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 293980, "name": "Black Women 2.0", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/black_women_2.0", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/293980/items/P9P3YLNC", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/black_women_2.0/items/P9P3YLNC", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/293980/items/5VW7KWNM", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2006345, "username": "winklewagner", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/winklewagner", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "P9P3YLNC", "version": 96, "parentItem": "5VW7KWNM", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Google Books Link", "accessDate": "2024-12-19T18:58:42Z", "url": "https://www.google.com/books?id=BeVnPTWl5LkC", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2024-12-19T18:58:42Z", "dateModified": "2024-12-19T18:58:42Z" } }, { "key": "5VW7KWNM", "version": 96, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 293980, "name": "Black Women 2.0", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/black_women_2.0", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/293980/items/5VW7KWNM", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/black_women_2.0/items/5VW7KWNM", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2006345, "username": "winklewagner", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/winklewagner", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Bell", "parsedDate": "2004-04-19", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "5VW7KWNM", "version": 96, "itemType": "book", "title": "Silent Covenants: Brown v. Board of Education and the Unfulfilled Hopes for Racial Reform", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Derrick", "lastName": "Bell" } ], "abstractNote": "When the landmark Supreme Court case of Brown vs. Board of Education was handed down in 1954, many civil rights advocates believed that the decision, which declared public school segregation unconstitutional, would become the Holy Grail of racial justice. Fifty years later, despite its legal irrelevance and the racially separate and educationally ineffective state of public schooling for most black children, Brown is still viewed by many as the perfect precedent. Here, Derrick Bell shatters the shining image of this celebrated ruling. He notes that, despite the onerous burdens of segregation, many black schools functioned well and racial bigotry had not rendered blacks a damaged race. He maintains that, given what we now know about the pervasive nature of racism, the Court should have determined instead to rigorously enforce the \"equal\" component of the \"separate but equal\" standard. Racial policy, Bell maintains, is made through silent covenants--unspoken convergences of interest and involuntary sacrifices of rights--that ensure that policies conform to priorities set by policy-makers. Blacks and whites are the fortuitous winners or losers in these unspoken agreements. The experience with Brown, Bell urges, should teach us that meaningful progress in the quest for racial justice requires more than the assertion of harms. Strategies must recognize and utilize the interest-convergence factors that strongly influence racial policy decisions. In Silent Covenants, Bell condenses more than four decades of thought and action into a powerful and eye-opening book.", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2004-04-19", "publisher": "Oxford University Press", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "241", "ISBN": "978-0-19-803855-9", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Silent Covenants", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Google Books", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "Google-Books-ID: BeVnPTWl5LkC", "tags": [ { "tag": "Education / General", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "History / United States / General", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Law / Constitutional", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Political Science / Civil Rights", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "IJG23NQX" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2024-12-19T18:58:40Z", "dateModified": "2024-12-19T18:58:40Z" } }, { "key": "6NLM8AR6", "version": 95, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 293980, "name": "Black Women 2.0", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/black_women_2.0", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/293980/items/6NLM8AR6", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/black_women_2.0/items/6NLM8AR6", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/293980/items/LVS7NJIS", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2006345, "username": "winklewagner", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/winklewagner", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "6NLM8AR6", "version": 95, "parentItem": "LVS7NJIS", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Google Books Link", "accessDate": "2024-12-19T18:55:31Z", "url": "https://www.google.com/books?id=5D3RCwAAQBAJ", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2024-12-19T18:55:31Z", "dateModified": "2024-12-19T18:55:31Z" } }, { "key": "LVS7NJIS", "version": 95, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 293980, "name": "Black Women 2.0", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/black_women_2.0", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/293980/items/LVS7NJIS", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/black_women_2.0/items/LVS7NJIS", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2006345, "username": "winklewagner", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/winklewagner", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Woodward", "parsedDate": "2001-11-29", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "LVS7NJIS", "version": 95, "itemType": "book", "title": "The Strange Career of Jim Crow", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "The late C. Vann", "lastName": "Woodward" } ], "abstractNote": "C. Vann Woodward, who died in 1999 at the age of 91, was America's most eminent Southern historian, the winner of a Pulitzer Prize for Mary Chestnut's Civil War and a Bancroft Prize for The Origins of the New South. Now, to honor his long and truly distinguished career, Oxford is pleased to publish this special commemorative edition of Woodward's most influential work, The Strange Career of Jim Crow. The Strange Career of Jim Crow is one of the great works of Southern history. Indeed, the book actually helped shape that history. Published in 1955, a year after the Supreme Court in Brown v. Board of Education ordered schools desegregated, Strange Career was cited so often to counter arguments for segregation that Martin Luther King, Jr. called it \"the historical Bible of the civil rights movement.\" The book offers a clear and illuminating analysis of the history of Jim Crow laws, presenting evidence that segregation in the South dated only to the 1890s. Woodward convincingly shows that, even under slavery, the two races had not been divided as they were under the Jim Crow laws of the 1890s. In fact, during Reconstruction, there was considerable economic and political mixing of the races. The segregating of the races was a relative newcomer to the region. Hailed as one of the top 100 nonfiction works of the twentieth century, The Strange Career of Jim Crow has sold almost a million copies and remains, in the words of David Herbert Donald, \"a landmark in the history of American race relations.\"", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2001-11-29", "publisher": "Oxford University Press", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "268", "ISBN": "978-0-19-972861-9", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Google Books", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "Google-Books-ID: 5D3RCwAAQBAJ", "tags": [ { "tag": "History / United States / General", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "History / World", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Social Science / Discrimination", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Social Science / Ethnic Studies / American / African American & Black Studies", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "IJG23NQX" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2024-12-19T18:55:30Z", "dateModified": "2024-12-19T18:55:30Z" } }, { "key": "9BBKTGUS", "version": 94, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 293980, "name": "Black Women 2.0", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/black_women_2.0", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/293980/items/9BBKTGUS", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/black_women_2.0/items/9BBKTGUS", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/293980/items/W58J8YZG", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2006345, "username": "winklewagner", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/winklewagner", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "9BBKTGUS", "version": 94, "parentItem": "W58J8YZG", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Google Books Link", "accessDate": "2024-12-19T18:54:54Z", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?id=yIbDEAAAQBAJ", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2024-12-19T18:54:54Z", "dateModified": "2024-12-19T18:54:54Z" } }, { "key": "W58J8YZG", "version": 94, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 293980, "name": "Black Women 2.0", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/black_women_2.0", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/293980/items/W58J8YZG", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/black_women_2.0/items/W58J8YZG", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2006345, "username": "winklewagner", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/winklewagner", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Tischauser", "parsedDate": "2012-04-06", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "W58J8YZG", "version": 94, "itemType": "book", "title": "Jim Crow Laws", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Leslie V.", "lastName": "Tischauser" } ], "abstractNote": "This disquieting yet important book describes the injustices, humiliations, and brutalities inflicted on African Americans in a racist culture that was created-and protected-by the forces of law and order.Jim Crow Laws presents the history of the discriminatory laws that segregated people by race in the American South from the end of the Civil War through passage of the 1965 Civil Rights Act. To paint a true picture of these deplorable restrictions, this book provides a detailed analysis of the creation, defense, justification, and fight against the Jim Crow system.Among the subjects covered here are the origins of legal inequality for African Americans in the aftermath of the Civil War; the role of the U.S. Supreme Court in weakening constitutional protections against discrimination established in the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments; the white justification of segregation; and the extreme brutality of Jim Crow's defenders. Equally important, readers will learn about the psychological, political, social, and economic costs endured by the victims of Jim Crow inequality, as well as about the motivations, rejections, and successes faced by those who stood against these abominations.", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2012-04-06", "publisher": "Bloomsbury Publishing USA", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "249", "ISBN": "978-0-313-38609-1", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Google Books", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "Google-Books-ID: yIbDEAAAQBAJ", "tags": [ { "tag": "History / African American & Black", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "History / Americas (North, Central, South, West Indies)", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "History / Modern / 20th Century / General", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Law / Discrimination", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Social Science / Black Studies (Global)", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Social Science / Discrimination", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Social Science / Ethnic Studies / American / African American & Black Studies", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "IJG23NQX" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2024-12-19T18:54:53Z", "dateModified": "2024-12-19T18:54:53Z" } }, { "key": "M8XWZZNU", "version": 93, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 293980, "name": "Black Women 2.0", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/black_women_2.0", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/293980/items/M8XWZZNU", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/black_women_2.0/items/M8XWZZNU", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/293980/items/2ZN2ZVM9", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2006345, "username": "winklewagner", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/winklewagner", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "M8XWZZNU", "version": 93, "parentItem": "2ZN2ZVM9", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Google Books Link", "accessDate": "2024-12-19T18:53:19Z", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?id=-9hODgAAQBAJ", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2024-12-19T18:53:19Z", "dateModified": "2024-12-19T18:53:19Z" } }, { "key": "2ZN2ZVM9", "version": 93, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 293980, "name": "Black Women 2.0", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/black_women_2.0", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/293980/items/2ZN2ZVM9", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/black_women_2.0/items/2ZN2ZVM9", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2006345, "username": "winklewagner", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/winklewagner", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Medley", "parsedDate": "2012-03-21", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "2ZN2ZVM9", "version": 93, "itemType": "book", "title": "We As Freemen: Plessy V. Ferguson", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Medley, Keith", "lastName": "Medley" } ], "abstractNote": ""We, as freemen, still believe that we were right and our cause is sacred." --Statement of the Comitï¿1/2 des Citoyens, 18962004 FINALIST AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION'S SILVER GAVEL BOOK AWARD"An excellent complement to the scholarly works of Charles A. Lofgren, Otto H. Olsen, and Brook Thomas, this remarkable read is recommended for public and academic library collections." --Library JournalIn June 1892, a thirty-year-old shoemaker named Homer Plessy bought a first-class railway ticket from his native New Orleans to Covington, north of Lake Pontchartrain. The two-hour trip had hardly begun when Plessy was arrested and removed from the train. Though Homer Plessy was born a free man of color and enjoyed relative equality while growing up in Reconstruction-era New Orleans, by 1890 he could no longer ride in the same carriage with white passengers. Plessy's act of civil disobedience was designed to test the constitutionality of the Separate Car Act, one of the many Jim Crow laws that threatened the freedoms gained by blacks after the Civil War. This largely forgotten case mandated separate-but-equal treatment and established segregation as the law of the land. It would be fifty-eight years before this ruling was reversed by Brown v. Board of Education.Keith Weldon Medley brings to life the players in this landmark trial, from the crusading black columnist Rodolphe Desdunes and the other members of the Comitï¿1/2 des Citoyens to Albion W. Tourgee, the outspoken writer who represented Plessy, to John Ferguson, a reformist carpetbagger who nonetheless felt that he had to judge Plessy guilty.", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2012-03-21", "publisher": "Pelican Publishing", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "286", "ISBN": "978-1-4556-1393-9", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "We As Freemen", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Google Books", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "History / United States / 19th Century", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Law / Constitutional", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Social Science / Ethnic Studies / African American Studies", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "IJG23NQX" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2024-12-19T18:53:18Z", "dateModified": "2024-12-19T18:53:18Z" } }, { "key": "2JN9938D", "version": 98, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 293980, "name": "Black Women 2.0", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/black_women_2.0", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/293980/items/2JN9938D", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/black_women_2.0/items/2JN9938D", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2006345, "username": "winklewagner", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/winklewagner", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Thomas", "parsedDate": "1997", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "2JN9938D", "version": 98, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The Virtue of Defeat: Plessy v. Ferguson in Retrospect", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Clarence", "lastName": "Thomas" } ], "abstractNote": "The Virtue of Defeat:wvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXW Plessy v. Ferguson in Retrospect C larence Thom as As we near the end ofthis century, I would like to discuss a decision that came at the close of the last: ZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA P lessy v. F erg u so n , the notorious 1896 case that helped usher in (or at least sanc­ tion) more than half-a-centuiy oflegalized rac­ ism.' In particular, I would like to discuss it from the standpoint of those who were on the losing side and the virtues oflosing, especially in the face ofinsurmountable odds. I must say, in passing, that, as virtuous as it may be, losing is not an experience to which I hope to become that accustomed on this Court. The hundredth anniversary of P lessy has passed with almost the same lack of general interest that the decision received when Jus­ tice Henry Billings Brown delivered the opin­ ion for a 7-1 Court on May 18, 1896. As the historian C. Van Woodward describes it, in con­ trast to the great controversy that arose when the Court struck down much ofthe 1875 Civil Rights Act in the C ivil R ig h ts C a ses,1 “the P lessy decision was accorded only short, in­ conspicuous news coverage and virtually no editorial comment outside the Negro press.”3 Reviewing the newspapers of the day, one writer of today observes that several papers ignored P lessy in favor of decisions involving an heiress’s million-dollar inheritance and a claim ofplagiarismby a well-knownplaywright.4 Progressive journals such as the H a rva rd L a w R eview and the Y ale L a w Jo u rn a l busied them­ selves with articles such as “The Law of Icy Sidewalks in New York State,”5 and “Two Years’ Experience ofthe NewYork State Board of Law Examiners,”6 but paid no attention to P lessy. Aside from a sprinkling of law review ar­ ticles and law school addresses, P lessy’s cen­ tenary also has passed with little attention.7 This may be the case (at least in part) because the excellent scholarly work on P lessy done by Professor Charles Lofgren and by Professor Owen Fiss8 has discouraged others from en­ tering the field. P lessy, however, may be re- 16 JO U R N A L 1997V O L .ilwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQP 26th. he will speak hi Algiers. Should the hall ate to accommodate the platform at the head of et will be utilized. g at an early hour M. id Joseph Rainey, residida and Morgan streets. from that corner and drunkeness and disturbThey pleaded not guElta were ordered againstZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA g at 4:45 o'clock the male rla Alien, colored, of No. eet, died without mediThe coroner was notl- :he State against Andrew ed with the murder of was called before Judge a preliminary hearing By agreement the ease 1 until Thursday week, was crowded when the id. ase was called to-day stenographer in court, )le noted this as being a as Mr. Borden should een on hand. IE C IT Y H A L L . fr M urphy P rom u lF ew A ppointm entK— C om m ittee M eeting;.. In a com m unication to the •e. notified that body that the lion of a school building on betw een Lafayette and Cyixam lncd. The bid of O 'Neill* • $25,940 and that of John M c25 ,493. A s the specifications ird of the contract to the lotvtell Recom m ended that the btd >e accepted. papers it w as m ade fo appear aphlcal error and transposition IcN ally'B bid w as for $25,943, itance w as suggested. It m ay le bid of M cN ally w hile very that of the other bidders, does rice of filling, but Inasm uch as h the school Is intended to be inires grading, this item is not very im portant. lie order committee met last night and passed upon some minor matters. JIMCROWLAW. U PH E L D B Y T H E U N IT E D ST A T E S SU...", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Supreme Court History", "publisher": "Johns Hopkins University Press", "place": "", "date": "1997", "volume": "22", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "15-24", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/876344", "accessDate": "2024-12-19T18:50:00Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1540-5818", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "The Virtue of Defeat", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Project MUSE", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "IJG23NQX" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2024-12-19T18:50:00Z", "dateModified": "2024-12-19T18:50:00Z" } }, { "key": "7UHVG5UB", "version": 98, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 293980, "name": "Black Women 2.0", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/black_women_2.0", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/293980/items/7UHVG5UB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/black_women_2.0/items/7UHVG5UB", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2006345, "username": "winklewagner", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/winklewagner", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Thomas", "parsedDate": "1997", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "7UHVG5UB", "version": 98, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The Virtue of Defeat: Plessy v. Ferguson in Retrospect", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Clarence", "lastName": "Thomas" } ], "abstractNote": "The Virtue of Defeat:wvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXW Plessy v. Ferguson in Retrospect C larence Thom as As we near the end ofthis century, I would like to discuss a decision that came at the close of the last: ZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA P lessy v. F erg u so n , the notorious 1896 case that helped usher in (or at least sanc­ tion) more than half-a-centuiy oflegalized rac­ ism.' In particular, I would like to discuss it from the standpoint of those who were on the losing side and the virtues oflosing, especially in the face ofinsurmountable odds. I must say, in passing, that, as virtuous as it may be, losing is not an experience to which I hope to become that accustomed on this Court. The hundredth anniversary of P lessy has passed with almost the same lack of general interest that the decision received when Jus­ tice Henry Billings Brown delivered the opin­ ion for a 7-1 Court on May 18, 1896. As the historian C. Van Woodward describes it, in con­ trast to the great controversy that arose when the Court struck down much ofthe 1875 Civil Rights Act in the C ivil R ig h ts C a ses,1 “the P lessy decision was accorded only short, in­ conspicuous news coverage and virtually no editorial comment outside the Negro press.”3 Reviewing the newspapers of the day, one writer of today observes that several papers ignored P lessy in favor of decisions involving an heiress’s million-dollar inheritance and a claim ofplagiarismby a well-knownplaywright.4 Progressive journals such as the H a rva rd L a w R eview and the Y ale L a w Jo u rn a l busied them­ selves with articles such as “The Law of Icy Sidewalks in New York State,”5 and “Two Years’ Experience ofthe NewYork State Board of Law Examiners,”6 but paid no attention to P lessy. Aside from a sprinkling of law review ar­ ticles and law school addresses, P lessy’s cen­ tenary also has passed with little attention.7 This may be the case (at least in part) because the excellent scholarly work on P lessy done by Professor Charles Lofgren and by Professor Owen Fiss8 has discouraged others from en­ tering the field. P lessy, however, may be re- 16 JO U R N A L 1997V O L .ilwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQP 26th. he will speak hi Algiers. Should the hall ate to accommodate the platform at the head of et will be utilized. g at an early hour M. id Joseph Rainey, residida and Morgan streets. from that corner and drunkeness and disturbThey pleaded not guElta were ordered againstZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA g at 4:45 o'clock the male rla Alien, colored, of No. eet, died without mediThe coroner was notl- :he State against Andrew ed with the murder of was called before Judge a preliminary hearing By agreement the ease 1 until Thursday week, was crowded when the id. ase was called to-day stenographer in court, )le noted this as being a as Mr. Borden should een on hand. IE C IT Y H A L L . fr M urphy P rom u lF ew A ppointm entK— C om m ittee M eeting;.. In a com m unication to the •e. notified that body that the lion of a school building on betw een Lafayette and Cyixam lncd. The bid of O 'Neill* • $25,940 and that of John M c25 ,493. A s the specifications ird of the contract to the lotvtell Recom m ended that the btd >e accepted. papers it w as m ade fo appear aphlcal error and transposition IcN ally'B bid w as for $25,943, itance w as suggested. It m ay le bid of M cN ally w hile very that of the other bidders, does rice of filling, but Inasm uch as h the school Is intended to be inires grading, this item is not very im portant. lie order committee met last night and passed upon some minor matters. JIMCROWLAW. U PH E L D B Y T H E U N IT E D ST A T E S SU...", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Supreme Court History", "publisher": "Johns Hopkins University Press", "place": "", "date": "1997", "volume": "22", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "15-24", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/876344", "accessDate": "2024-12-19T18:49:09Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1540-5818", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "The Virtue of Defeat", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Project MUSE", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "IJG23NQX" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2024-12-19T18:49:09Z", "dateModified": "2024-12-19T18:49:09Z" } }, { "key": "NQIFFD4C", "version": 90, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 293980, "name": "Black Women 2.0", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/black_women_2.0", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/293980/items/NQIFFD4C", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/black_women_2.0/items/NQIFFD4C", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/293980/items/7CUJFPLW", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2006345, "username": "winklewagner", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/winklewagner", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "NQIFFD4C", "version": 90, "parentItem": "7CUJFPLW", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Google Books Link", "accessDate": "2024-12-19T18:46:15Z", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?id=YiSIEAAAQBAJ", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2024-12-19T18:46:15Z", "dateModified": "2024-12-19T18:46:15Z" } }, { "key": "7CUJFPLW", "version": 90, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 293980, "name": "Black Women 2.0", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/black_women_2.0", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/293980/items/7CUJFPLW", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/black_women_2.0/items/7CUJFPLW", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2006345, "username": "winklewagner", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/winklewagner", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Lewis and Lewis", "parsedDate": "2009-03-01", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "7CUJFPLW", "version": 90, "itemType": "book", "title": "Jim Crow America: A Documentary History", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Catherine M.", "lastName": "Lewis" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J. Richard", "lastName": "Lewis" } ], "abstractNote": "The term “Jim Crow” has had multiple meanings and a dark and complex past. It was first used in the early nineteenth century. After the Civil War it referred to the legal, customary, and often extralegal system that segregated and isolated African Americans from mainstream American life. In response to the increasing loss of their rights of citizenship and the rising tide of violence, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People was founded in 1909. The federal government eventually took an active role in dismantling Jim Crow toward the end of the Depression. But it wasn’t until the Lyndon Johnson years and all the work that led up to them that the end of Jim Crow finally came to pass. This unique book provides readers with a wealth of primary source materials from 1828 to 1980 that reveal how the Jim Crow era affects how historians practice their craft. The book is chronologically organized into five sections, each of which focuses on a different historical period in the story of Jim Crow: inventing, building, living, resisting, and dismantling. Many of the fifty-six documents and eighteen images and cartoons, many of which have not been published before, reveal something significant about this subject or offer an unconventional or unexpected perspective on this era. Some of the historical figures whose words are included are Abraham Lincoln, Marcus Garvey, Booker T. Washington, Richard Wright, Paul Robeson, Langston Hughes, Adam Clayton Powell, and Marian Anderson. The book also has an annotated bibliography, a list of key players, a timeline, and key topics for consideration.", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2009-03-01", "publisher": "University of Arkansas Press", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "314", "ISBN": "978-1-61075-213-8", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Jim Crow America", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Google Books", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "Google-Books-ID: YiSIEAAAQBAJ", "tags": [ { "tag": "Political Science / Civil Rights", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Social Science / Ethnic Studies / American / African American & Black Studies", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Social Science / General", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "IJG23NQX" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2024-12-19T18:46:12Z", "dateModified": "2024-12-19T18:46:12Z" } }, { "key": "7INHDT2J", "version": 98, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 293980, "name": "Black Women 2.0", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/black_women_2.0", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/293980/items/7INHDT2J", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/black_women_2.0/items/7INHDT2J", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2006345, "username": "winklewagner", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/winklewagner", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Mitchell", "parsedDate": "2012-06-13", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "7INHDT2J", "version": 98, "itemType": "book", "title": "Seeing Through Race", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "W. J. T.", "lastName": "Mitchell" } ], "abstractNote": "According to W. J. T. Mitchell, a “color-blind” post-racial world is neither achievable nor desirable. Against popular claims that race is an outmoded construct that distracts from more important issues, Mitchell contends that race remains essential to our understanding of social reality. Race is not simply something to be seen but is among the fundamental media through which we experience human otherness. Race also makes racism visible and is thus our best weapon against it. The power of race becomes most apparent at times when pedagogy fails, the lesson is unclear, and everyone has something to learn. Mitchell identifies three such moments in America’s recent racial history. First is the post–Civil Rights moment of theory, in which race and racism have been subject to renewed philosophical inquiry. Second is the moment of blackness, epitomized by the election of Barack Obama and accompanying images of blackness in politics and popular culture. Third is the “Semitic Moment” in Israel-Palestine, where race and racism converge in new forms of anti-Semitism and Islamophobia. Mitchell brings visual culture, iconology, and media studies to bear on his discussion of these critical turning points in our understanding of the relation between race and racism.", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2012-06-13", "publisher": "Harvard University Press", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "", "ISBN": "978-0-674-06535-2", "DOI": "10.4159/harvard.9780674065352", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.4159/harvard.9780674065352/html", "accessDate": "2024-12-19T18:44:34Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "www.degruyter.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "De Gruyter expressly reserves the right to use all content for commercial text and data mining within the meaning of Section 44b of the German Copyright Act.", "extra": "", "tags": [], 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association with Lyndhurst Books of the Center for Documentary Studies at Duke University.Remembering Jim Crow: African Americans Tell About Life in the Segregated South is the \"viscerally powerful... compilation of firsthand accounts of the Jim Crow era\" (Publisher's Weekly). Based on interviews collected by the Behind the Veil Project at Duke University's Center for Documentary Studies, this remarkable book presents for the first time the most extensive oral history ever compiled of African American life under segregation.Men and women from all walks of life tell how their most ordinary activities were subjected to profound and unrelenting racial oppression. Yet Remembering Jim Crow is also a testament to how black southerners fought back against the system--raising children, building churches and schools, running businesses, and struggling for respect in a society that denied them the most basic rights. The result is a powerful story of individual and community survival.Praise for Remembering Jim Crow\"A 'landmark book.'\" —Publisher's Weekly, \"The Year in Books\"\"This is not just an oral history for the South, but for us all. 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