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            "abstractNote": "The Erosion Productivity Impact Calculator model (EPIC) was recently altered to include algorithms based upon concepts found in the Century model with the exception of a daily time step. We compared measured soil organic car- bon (SOC) content values with simulated values to validate the new EPIC simulation model carbon sequestration routine. The simulations were based upon detailed soils data for three clay soils (Udic Haplusterts) and actual weather data recorded near the sample sites. Historical cropping systems for central Texas were simulated for a period of 120 years, the period from the original breaking of the native prairie sod to modern times. In addition, the effect of tilling the soil for 60 or more years and then returning the site to grass was simulated. Periods of re- stored grass were 6, 26, and 60 years. It was necessary to adjust a parameter, the fraction of humus in the passive pool, to make realistic simulations. Once adjusted, EPIC simulated the decline in SOC with agriculture well at all three sites in central Texas. EPIC also simulated the relative difference in SOC content occurring between continuously tilled sites and sites with restored grass well.",
            "publicationTitle": "Environmental Management",
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            "pages": "",
            "series": "",
            "seriesTitle": "",
            "seriesText": "",
            "journalAbbreviation": "Environmental Management",
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            "title": "Modeling the impacts of soil management practices on runoff, sediment yield, maize productivity, and soil organic carbon using APEX",
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                    "firstName": "X.",
                    "lastName": "Wang"
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                    "lastName": "Gassman"
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            "abstractNote": "Simulation models are increasingly used to analyze the impact of agricultural management at the watershed-scale. In this study, the Agricultural Policy/Environmental eXtender (APEX) model was tested using long-term (1976-1995) data from two watersheds (W2 and W3) at the USDA Deep Loess Research Station near Treynor, Iowa. The two watersheds were cropped with continuous corn (Zea mays L.) and managed with conventional-tillage at W2 (34.4 ha) and ridge-till at W3 (43.3 ha). The monthly runoff and sediment yield were calibrated for the two watersheds during 1976-1987 by adjusting the curve numbers, curve number index coefficient, RUSLE C factor exponential residue and height coefficients, and erosion control practice factor for grassed waterways. Soil organic carbon values in the top 0.15 m soil layer were calibrated for the two watersheds in 1984 by adjusting the microbial decay rate coefficient. Model validation was conducted from 1988 to 1995. The calibrated model was able to reasonably replicate the monthly and yearly surface runoff and sediment yield for both watersheds for the validation period, with Nash-Sutcliffe efficiencies (EF) larger than 0.62 except for the EF of 0.41 for monthly sediment yield comparison at W3. The errors between the predicted and observed means were all within ±6% for runoff and sediment yield; predicted soil organic carbon in the 0.15 m soils in 1994 were within 10% of the observed values for both watersheds. The percentage error between the predicted and observed average corn grain yields was -5.3% at W2 and -2.7% at W3 during the 20-year simulation period. Scenario analyses were also conducted to assess the benefits of ridge-till over conventional-tillage. Over the 20 years, the predicted benefit of ridge-till versus conventional-tillage on surface runoff reduction was 36% in W2 and 39% in W3, and about 82-86% sediment yield reduction in both watersheds. The cumulative soil organic carbon losses from sediment were reduced about 63-67%. The long-term benefit of ridge-till over conventional-tillage was also quantified as a minimum corn grain yield increase of 3.8%. The results of this study indicate that APEX has the ability to predict differences between the two tillage systems. The modeling approach can be extended to other watersheds to examine the impacts of different tillage systems.",
            "publicationTitle": "Soil and Tillage Research",
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            "date": "September",
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            "pages": "78-88",
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            "DOI": "10.1016/j.still.2008.07.014",
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                    "tag": "Conservation tillage",
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            "title": "An approach for estimating soil carbon using the national nutrient loss database",
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                    "lastName": "Potter"
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            "abstractNote": "Agricultural lands have the potential to contribute to greenhouse gas mitigation by sequestering organic carbon within the soil. Credible and consistent estimates will be necessary to design programs and policies to encourage management practices that increase carbon sequestration. Because a nationwide survey of soil carbon by the wide range of natural resources and management conditions of the United States is prohibitively expensive, a simulation modeling approach must be used. The National Nutrient Loss Database (NNLD) is a modeling and database system designed and built jointly by the USDA- Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) and Texas A&M University to provide science-based inferences on environmental impacts from changes in agricultural management practices and programs at the regional and national level. Currently, the NNLD simulates 16 crops and covers approximatel 1.35 x 10^ 8 ha. For estimating soil carbon sequestration, the database will be populated with  1.5 x 10 ^6 ﬁeld-level model runs using the EPIC (Environmental Policy Impact Calculator) model, which includes newly incorporated carbon equations consistent with those in the Century model. Each run will represent a unique situation deﬁned by state, crop, climate, soil, irrigation type, conservation practice, tillage system, and nutrient management treatment (nutrient rate, application frequency, application timing, and manure category). Results are to be assigned to speciﬁc National Resource Inventory points (NRI) to simulate regional and national baselines. In this article we present the modeling approach and\ndiscuss the strengths and limitations.",
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            "date": "APR 2004",
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            "title": "Nitrogen in the Central Grasslands Region of the United States",
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                    "firstName": "Ingrid C.",
                    "lastName": "Burke"
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            "title": "A National Assessment of Soil Carbon Sequestration on Cropland: A Microsimulation Modeling Approach",
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            "title": "Sensitivity analysis of APEX for national assessment",
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                    "firstName": "X.",
                    "lastName": "Wang"
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                {
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            "abstractNote": "Sensitivity analysis for mathematical simulation models is helpful in identifying influential parameters for model outputs. Representative sets of APEX (Agricultural Policy/Environmental extender) model data from across the U.S. were used for sensitivity analysis to identify influential parameters for APEX outputs of crop grain yields, runoff/water yield, water and wind erosion, nutrient loss, and soil carbon change for a national assessment project: the Conservation Effects Assessment Project (CEAP). The analysis was based on global sensitivity analysis techniques. A test case, randomly selected from the representative sets of APEX model data, was first analyzed using both the variance-based sensitivity analysis technique and the enhanced Morris method. The analysis confirmed the reliability of the enhanced Morris measure in screening subsets of influential and non-influential parameters. Therefore, the enhanced Morris method was used for the national assessment, where the cost of applying variance-based techniques would be excessive. Although sensitivities are dynamic in both temporal and spatial dimensions, the very influential parameters (ranking 1st and 2nd) appear very influential in most cases. Statistical analyses identified that the NRCS curve number index coefficient is very influential for runoff and water-related output variables, such as soil loss by water, N and P losses in runoff. The Hargreaves PET equation exponent, moisture fraction required for seed germination, RUSLE C factor coefficient, and the potential heat units are influential for more than two APEX outputs studied.",
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            "creatorSummary": "Potter et al.",
            "parsedDate": "1998-07-06",
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        "data": {
            "key": "BHXKNUKK",
            "version": 4766,
            "itemType": "journalArticle",
            "title": "Distribution and amount of soil organic C in long-term management systems in Texas",
            "creators": [
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "K. N.",
                    "lastName": "Potter"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "H. A.",
                    "lastName": "Torbert"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "O. R.",
                    "lastName": "Jones"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "J. E.",
                    "lastName": "Matocha"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "J. E.",
                    "lastName": "Morrison"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "P. W.",
                    "lastName": "Unger"
                }
            ],
            "abstractNote": "Soil organic carbon (SOC) distribution is altered by residue management practices, but the effect on total C mass is not well understood, especially in warm regions. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of residue management practices on SOC distribution and amount across an 1100 km transect (northwest to southeast) of Texas. Long-term (>10 years) continuous cropping rotation and residue management plots located near Bushland, Temple, and Corpus Christi, Texas, were sampled incrementally with depth for SOC distribution and mass. The mass of SOC varied among locations depending on management, and climatic conditions. No-tillage management resulted in increased SOC concentration and mass in the surface 0.07 m in comparison to more intensive tillage management (e.g., sweep, chisel plow, moldboard plow). Fertilization had little effect on C sequestration at any site. Carbon sequestration decreased as mean annual temperature increased. Carbon may be sequestered in soil under Texas climatic conditions, but the amounts may be quite small.",
            "publicationTitle": "Soil and Tillage Research",
            "publisher": "",
            "place": "",
            "date": "July 6, 1998",
            "volume": "47",
            "issue": "3-4",
            "section": "",
            "partNumber": "",
            "partTitle": "",
            "pages": "309-321",
            "series": "",
            "seriesTitle": "",
            "seriesText": "",
            "journalAbbreviation": "",
            "DOI": "10.1016/S0167-1987(98)00119-6",
            "citationKey": "",
            "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6TC6-3V4KP4W-1K/2/e6f2949946250fb648a8e244b460cbf5",
            "accessDate": "2010-10-19T00:31:01Z",
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            "PMCID": "",
            "ISSN": "0167-1987",
            "archive": "",
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            "shortTitle": "",
            "language": "",
            "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect",
            "callNumber": "0135",
            "rights": "",
            "extra": "",
            "tags": [
                {
                    "tag": "Carbon sequestration",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Climate",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "No-till",
                    "type": 1
                }
            ],
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            "relations": {},
            "dateAdded": "2010-10-19T03:49:56Z",
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            },
            "creatorSummary": "Baron et al.",
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        "data": {
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            "version": 4766,
            "itemType": "journalArticle",
            "title": "Ecosystem responses to nitrogen deposition in the Colorado Front Range",
            "creators": [
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "J. S",
                    "lastName": "Baron"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "H. M",
                    "lastName": "Rueth"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "A. M",
                    "lastName": "Wolfe"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "K. R",
                    "lastName": "Nydick"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "E. J",
                    "lastName": "Allstott"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "J. T",
                    "lastName": "Minear"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "B.",
                    "lastName": "Moraska"
                }
            ],
            "abstractNote": "We asked whether 3–5 kg N y−1 atmospheric N deposition was sufficient to have influenced natural, otherwise undisturbed, terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems of the Colorado Front Range by comparing ecosystem processes and properties east and west of the Continental Divide. The eastern side receives elevated N deposition from urban, agricultural, and industrial sources, compared with 1–2 kg N y−1 on the western side. Foliage of east side old-growth Englemann spruce forests have significantly lower C:N and lignin:N ratios and greater N:Mg and N:P ratios. Soil % N is higher, and C:N ratios lower in the east side stands, and potential net N mineralization rates are greater. Lake NO3 concentrations are significantly higher in eastern lakes than western lakes. Two east side lakes studied paleolimnologically revealed rapid changes in diatom community composition and increased biovolumes and cell concentrations. The diatom flora is now representative of increased disturbance or eutrophication. Sediment nitrogen isotopic ratios have become progressively lighter over the past 50 years, coincident with the change in algal flora, possibly from an influx of isotopically light N volatilized from agricultural fields and feedlots. Seventy-five percent of the increased east side soil N pool can be accounted for by increased N deposition commensurate with human settlement. Nitrogen emissions from fixed, mobile, and agricultural sources have increased dramatically since approximately 1950 to the east of the Colorado Front Range, as they have in many parts of the world. Our findings indicate even slight increases in atmospheric deposition lead to measurable changes in ecosystem properties.\n\nKey words: nitrogen; Rocky Mountains; Colorado; subalpine forests; alpine and subalpine lakes; paleolimnology; diatoms; N isotopes.",
            "publicationTitle": "Ecosystems",
            "publisher": "",
            "place": "",
            "date": "2000",
            "volume": "3",
            "issue": "4",
            "section": "",
            "partNumber": "",
            "partTitle": "",
            "pages": "352–368",
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            "language": "",
            "libraryCatalog": "Google Scholar",
            "callNumber": "0190",
            "rights": "",
            "extra": "",
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            "collections": [
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            ],
            "relations": {},
            "dateAdded": "2010-10-19T16:59:06Z",
            "dateModified": "2013-03-11T19:01:37Z"
        }
    },
    {
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        "version": 4766,
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            },
            "creatorSummary": "Frolking et al.",
            "parsedDate": "1998",
            "numChildren": 0
        },
        "data": {
            "key": "AJ6PBBIU",
            "version": 4766,
            "itemType": "journalArticle",
            "title": "Comparison of N 2 O emissions from soils at three temperate agricultural sites: simulations of year-round measurements by four models",
            "creators": [
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "S. E.",
                    "lastName": "Frolking"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "A. R.",
                    "lastName": "Mosier"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "D. S.",
                    "lastName": "Ojima"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "C.",
                    "lastName": "Li"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "W. J.",
                    "lastName": "Parton"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "C. S.",
                    "lastName": "Potter"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "E.",
                    "lastName": "Priesack"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "R.",
                    "lastName": "Stenger"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "C.",
                    "lastName": "Haberbosch"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "P.",
                    "lastName": "D\\örsch"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "",
                    "lastName": "others"
                }
            ],
            "abstractNote": "",
            "publicationTitle": "Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems",
            "publisher": "",
            "place": "",
            "date": "1998",
            "volume": "52",
            "issue": "2",
            "section": "",
            "partNumber": "",
            "partTitle": "",
            "pages": "77–105",
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            "url": "",
            "accessDate": "",
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            "ISSN": "",
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            "archiveLocation": "",
            "shortTitle": "Comparison of N 2 O emissions from soils at three temperate agricultural sites",
            "language": "",
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            "callNumber": "0157",
            "rights": "",
            "extra": "",
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            ],
            "relations": {},
            "dateAdded": "2010-10-19T18:13:41Z",
            "dateModified": "2013-03-11T19:01:36Z"
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    },
    {
        "key": "9C7VJDNT",
        "version": 4766,
        "library": {
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            "id": 29100,
            "name": "Soil Organic Carbon",
            "links": {
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                    "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/soil_organic_carbon",
                    "type": "text/html"
                }
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        },
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                }
            },
            "creatorSummary": "Alexander and Smith",
            "parsedDate": "1990",
            "numChildren": 0
        },
        "data": {
            "key": "9C7VJDNT",
            "version": 4766,
            "itemType": "journalArticle",
            "title": "County-level estimates of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer use in the United States, 1945 to 1985",
            "creators": [
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "R. B.",
                    "lastName": "Alexander"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "R. A.",
                    "lastName": "Smith"
                }
            ],
            "abstractNote": "Estimates of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer use were made for counties in the United States for the period 1945-1985. County-level estimates of N and P fertilizer use (expressed as kg/yr) were generated and identified by the standard FIPS code designation. Data for Alaska and Hawaii are not included. County N fertilizer use for 1985 was mostly between 640,000 kg/yr (25%) and 4.7 million kg/yr (75%) with a media of nearly 2 million kg/yr. County P fertilizer use for 1985 is typically abut 15% of that estimated for N. P fertilizer use for 1985 ranged mostly from 128,000 kg/yr to 833,000 kg/yr with a median of 272,000 kg/yr. Nationally, the spatial pattern of fertilizer use for 1985 is very similar for N and P. As expected, the highest fertilizer use was observed in those states with the greatest amounts of cropland. These included states in the northern portions of the Midwest, many throughout the Central Plains, and several in the extreme western and northwestern portions of the US. The highest N application rates were found in states in the northern midwest, central plains, and far west. The highest P fertilizer application rates were found largely in states in New England, the Mid-Atlantic, and the Great Lakes region. (Lantz-PTT) 35 041619000\n\nDescriptors: *Fertilizers | *Nitrogen | *Nonpoint pollution sources | *Phosphorus | *United States | *Water pollution sources | Agricultural chemicals | Agricultural runoff | Central Plains | Data collections | Graphical analysis | Great Lakes | Mid-Atlantic States | New England",
            "publicationTitle": "Available from Books and Open Files Reports Section, USGS Box 25425, Denver, CO 80225. USGS Open File Report 90-130, 1990. 12 p, 7 fig, 2 tab, 4 ref.",
            "publisher": "",
            "place": "",
            "date": "1990",
            "volume": "",
            "issue": "",
            "section": "",
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            "shortTitle": "",
            "language": "",
            "libraryCatalog": "Google Scholar",
            "callNumber": "0138",
            "rights": "",
            "extra": "",
            "tags": [],
            "collections": [
                "6PB3EB2N"
            ],
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            "dateAdded": "2010-10-19T16:59:06Z",
            "dateModified": "2013-03-11T19:01:35Z"
        }
    },
    {
        "key": "87ED7RRV",
        "version": 4766,
        "library": {
            "type": "group",
            "id": 29100,
            "name": "Soil Organic Carbon",
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            },
            "creatorSummary": "Kisselle et al.",
            "parsedDate": "2001",
            "numChildren": 0
        },
        "data": {
            "key": "87ED7RRV",
            "version": 4766,
            "itemType": "journalArticle",
            "title": "Budgets for root-derived C and litter-derived C: comparison between conventional tillage and no tillage soils",
            "creators": [
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "K. W.",
                    "lastName": "Kisselle"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "C. J.",
                    "lastName": "Garrett"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "S.",
                    "lastName": "Fu"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "P. F.",
                    "lastName": "Hendrix"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "D. A.",
                    "lastName": "Crossley Jr"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "D. C.",
                    "lastName": "Coleman"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "R. L.",
                    "lastName": "Potter"
                }
            ],
            "abstractNote": "",
            "publicationTitle": "Soil Biology and Biochemistry",
            "publisher": "",
            "place": "",
            "date": "2001",
            "volume": "33",
            "issue": "7-8",
            "section": "",
            "partNumber": "",
            "partTitle": "",
            "pages": "1067–1075",
            "series": "",
            "seriesTitle": "",
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            "citationKey": "",
            "url": "",
            "accessDate": "",
            "PMID": "",
            "PMCID": "",
            "ISSN": "",
            "archive": "",
            "archiveLocation": "",
            "shortTitle": "Budgets for root-derived C and litter-derived C",
            "language": "",
            "libraryCatalog": "Google Scholar",
            "callNumber": "0037",
            "rights": "",
            "extra": "",
            "tags": [],
            "collections": [
                "WJ8F9TME"
            ],
            "relations": {},
            "dateAdded": "2010-10-19T18:13:41Z",
            "dateModified": "2013-03-11T19:01:34Z"
        }
    },
    {
        "key": "7RZN4AV3",
        "version": 4766,
        "library": {
            "type": "group",
            "id": 29100,
            "name": "Soil Organic Carbon",
            "links": {
                "alternate": {
                    "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/soil_organic_carbon",
                    "type": "text/html"
                }
            }
        },
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                "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/29100/items/7RZN4AV3",
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                "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/soil_organic_carbon/items/7RZN4AV3",
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                "username": "spotone",
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                }
            },
            "creatorSummary": "Sherrod et al.",
            "parsedDate": "2005",
            "numChildren": 0
        },
        "data": {
            "key": "7RZN4AV3",
            "version": 4766,
            "itemType": "journalArticle",
            "title": "Soil Organic Carbon Pools After 12 Years in No-Till Dryland Agroecosystems",
            "creators": [
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "L. A.",
                    "lastName": "Sherrod"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "G. A.",
                    "lastName": "Peterson"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "D. G.",
                    "lastName": "Westfall"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "L. R.",
                    "lastName": "Ahuja"
                }
            ],
            "abstractNote": "Previous studies of no-till management in the Great Plains have shown that increased cropping intensity increased soil organic carbon (SOC). The objectives of this study were to (i) determine which soil C pools (active, slow, and passive) were impacted by cropping intensity after 12 yr of no-till across potential evapotranspiration (PET) and slope position gradients; (ii) relate C pool sizes to the levels found in total SOC; and (iii) determine C pool sizes relative to C levels found in a grass treatment (G). Cropping systems were wheat (Triticum aestivum)-fallow (WF), wheat-corn (Zea mays L.)-fallow (WCF), wheat-corn-millet (Panicum miliaceum)-fallow (WCMF), and continuous cropping (CC) at three PET sites in Colorado. Active C (Soil microbial biomass C [SMBC]); and slow pool C (particulate organic matter C; POM-C) increased as cropping intensity increased, dependent on PET. Passive C (mineral associated organic C [MAOC]) was strongly influenced by a site-by-slope position interaction but not by cropping system. Toeslope soils had 35% higher POM-C compared with summits and sideslopes. All C pools were strongly correlated with total SOC, with the variability decreasing as C pool turnover time increased. Carbon pool sizes in cropping systems relative to levels found in G were independently influenced by cropping system. The highest were found in the CC system, which had 91, 78, and 90% of the amounts of C found in the perennial G system in the active, slow, and passive C pools, respectively.",
            "publicationTitle": "Soil Science Society of America Journal",
            "publisher": "",
            "place": "",
            "date": "2005",
            "volume": "69",
            "issue": "5",
            "section": "",
            "partNumber": "",
            "partTitle": "",
            "pages": "1600",
            "series": "",
            "seriesTitle": "",
            "seriesText": "",
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                    "firstName": "L.K.",
                    "lastName": "Mann"
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            "abstractNote": "Several estimates of the size of the global pool of organic carbon in soil have been made, but changes in soil carbon following cultivation have not been adequately quantified. In this paper, data from 303 loess-derived soil samples, primarily Alfisols and Mollisols from the central United States, were used to estimate differences in the carbon content of cultivated and uncultivated soils.\nThe 40% average difference in carbon concentration to a 15-cm depth between all cultivated and uncultivated soils in this study confirmed concentration differences previously reported for the plowed layer. The carbon content of the total profile however, was 28% lower in cultivated vs uncultivated Udalfs and 11% greater in cultivated vs uncultivated Udolls. Unvultivated Udolls were from only one soil series and did not adequately represent the region sampled. Series comparisons indicated that the differences in Udolls are similar to the differences in Udalfs.\nCarbon was lost primarily from the plowed layer. The distribution of carbon in some profiles of cultivated and uncultivated soils indicated that losses from the plowed layer may have been partially balanced in some soils by an increase in the carbon content of lower layers.",
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            "place": "",
            "date": "December 1985",
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            "pages": "241-253",
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            "DOI": "10.1016/0016-7061(85)90005-9",
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                    "lastName": "Mausbach"
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                    "firstName": "E.E.",
                    "lastName": "Gamble"
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            "abstractNote": "Data on moist bulk density were summarized for more than 2800 soil horizons of midwestern soils to provide a base for estimating a reasonable value for specific horizons. Histograms of the median bulk density and range between the second and third quartile values are presented for specific clay classes for different parent materials and horizon groups. Median bulk density generally decreases with increasing clay content and increases with increasing sand content. -from Authors Soil Conservation Service, U.S.Dept. of Agriculture, 100 Centennial Mall North, Lincoln, Nebrasaka 68508-3866, USA.",
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            "place": "",
            "date": "1984",
            "volume": "39",
            "issue": "3",
            "section": "",
            "partNumber": "",
            "partTitle": "",
            "pages": "203-205",
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            "url": "http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0021635037&partnerID=40&md5=c93409152cdfad1c9631b4575163dc24",
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            "creators": [
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                    "firstName": "Howard E",
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                    "firstName": "Ingrid C",
                    "lastName": "Burke"
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "William K",
                    "lastName": "Lauenroth"
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            ],
            "abstractNote": "Warmer regions generally exhibit greater rates of soil respiration and organic matter decomposition than colder regions. In the Great Plains of the United States, soil organic matter declines from the northern part of the region to the south, suggesting greater decomposition rates in areas with warmer temperatures. Our study used a regional data set of aboveground net primary production, soil organic carbon, soil texture, and climate to evaluate the environmental controls over areal patterns in decomposition rates, (k; expressed as grams per year per gram of initial mass), throughout the U.S. Great Plains. We conducted multiple regression analyses of steady-state k with respect to mean annual temperature, mean annual precipitation, and percentage soil clay content to examine both the combined and individual effects of these independent variables on regional decomposition rates. Our results indicated that precipitation contributes more than either temperature or soil texture to areal patterns of decomposition rates in the U.S. Great Plains, explaining >30% of the areal variability in k. Decomposition rates increased with increasing precipitation and with decreasing soil clay content. Temperature explained <8% of the regional variability in k. Ancillary analyses that related temperature and aboveground net primary production in the region indicated that plant productivity declines with increasing temperatures. This suggests that the reduction in soil organic matter to the south in the U.S. Great Plains may be due to reduced plant inputs rather than to increases in decomposition rates. The response of decomposition to temperature is probably constrained by moisture in this water-limited region. Therefore, changes in decomposition rates resulting from temperature dynamics are likely to be minimal unless they are accompanied by sufficient changes in precipitation. Keywords: aboveground net primary production, areal patterns, carbon dynamics, decomposition, grasslands, Great Plains (USA), precipitation, regional scale, soil organic matter, soil texture, temperature",
            "publicationTitle": "Ecology",
            "publisher": "",
            "place": "",
            "date": "2002",
            "volume": "83",
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            "pages": "320-327",
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "S. R",
                    "lastName": "Potter"
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                    "firstName": "S.",
                    "lastName": "Andrews"
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                    "firstName": "J. D",
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                    "lastName": "Lemunyon"
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                    "lastName": "Norfleet"
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                    "firstName": "D.",
                    "lastName": "Oman"
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            "publicationTitle": "US Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Conservation Effects Assessment Project Report. URL: http://www. nrcs. usda. gov/technical/nri/ceap/croplandreport",
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            "title": "Analysis of Factors Controlling Soil Organic Matter Levels in Great Plains Grasslands1",
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                    "firstName": "W. J",
                    "lastName": "Parton"
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                    "lastName": "Cole"
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                    "firstName": "D. S",
                    "lastName": "Ojima"
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            "abstractNote": "We analyzed climatic and textural controls of soil organic C and N for soils of the U.S. Great Plains. We used a model of soil organic matter (SOM) quantity and composition to simulate steady-state organic matter levels for 24 grassland locations in the Great Plains. The model was able to simulate the effects of climatic gradients on SOM and productivity. Soil texture was also a major control over organic matter dynamics. The model adequately predicted aboveground plant production and soil C and N levels across soil textures (sandy, medium, and fine); however, the model tended to overestimate soil C and N levels for fine textured soil by 10 to 15%. The impact of grazing on the system was simulated and showed that steady-state soil C and N levels were sensitive to the grazing intensity, with soil C and N levels decreasing with increased grazing rates. Regional trends in SOM can be predicted using four site-specific variables, temperature, moisture, soil texture, and plant lignin content. Nitrogen inputs must also be known. Grazing intensity during soil development is also a significant control over steady-state levels of SOM, and since few data are available on presettlement grazing, some uncertainty is inherent in the model predictions.",
            "publicationTitle": "Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J.",
            "publisher": "",
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            "date": "1987",
            "volume": "51",
            "issue": "5",
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                    "firstName": "C. S",
                    "lastName": "Potter"
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            "publicationTitle": "Environmental information management and analysis: ecosystem to global scales",
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