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Notes

\n

 

\n

- Discusses the separation of reproductive from general health for women and not men;

\n

and the over-representation of certain kinds of health issues in studies - e.g. breast cancer over other kinds of cancer... (class and racism??)

\n

 

\n

Includes a section on sexuality-> 311 readings

\n

    - the \"human sexual response cycle\" -> \"machines without motors\"? (p. 249)

\n

 

\n

    - attitudes and behaviours -> a double standard?

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Reading diary entry (2008)

\n

 

\n

Reading Set 14: Violence – a textbook introduction

\n

Yoder, (1999)

\n

As you say at the start, this is not one of the most pleasant topics. Further, as the author states, it’s hard to get your head around the numbers, being sometimes hard to see in your own life because it can be so invisible. I can see the problems involved in definitions and terminology, too. It’s hard to find one’s that don’t involve problems.

\n

I think what I found particularly useful were the exploration of responses to abuse- how the reality differs from what we expect in others and ourselves, with problems for how we treat ‘victims’, and why that might be. That’s something that I find quite difficult to understand and Yoder helped give a perspective from which to understand ‘coping strategies’ like ignoring and minimising it, and why wives stay with/return to abusive husbands.

\n

As something of an aside, I found her discussion of ‘false memories’ the most challenging: it’s an area where I haven’t heard this alternate perspective before, a challenge to the mainstream challenge to ‘recovering’ memories of childhood abuse. The mainstream challenge is something we’re taught in other psych classes- I’m still not sure I’m convinced, she seemed to be underplaying the evidence against as I understood it, but I guess I’ll take it less on faith now.

\n

I find it interesting that this is one of the few bits that have surprised me/been unfamiliar. I often find it difficult doing critical papers like this one and trying to contrast with a mainstream view, when I feel that mainstream psych classes do at least touch on the critical issues involved. I understand the importance of strong critiques but I sometimes find them a little overly enthusiastic...

\n

 

\n

 

\n

Thoughts... (2013)

\n

 

\n

Funny that I found the 'recovered' memories stuff so challenging... I found it quite interesting and fairly convincing on this read-through... Past Ria has some interesting thoughts...

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Outlines three feminist approaches:

\n

 

\n\n

                    (see also feminist empiricism)

\n\n

                    (see also feminist standpoint approaches)

\n\n

                    (see also feminist postmodernism)

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Reading Diary (2008)

\n

 

\n

Reading Set 4: Feminist Research

\n

Paludi (1992)

\n

I found this reading useful in considering the more practical elements of feminism and feminist research within psychology, although much of it was familiar from studying other critical perspectives, such as critical social psychology. It highlighted some important issues within feminist psychological research though, and I think it’s useful to have an outline of “non-sexist guidelines for psychological research”. I found it helpful in thinking about gender differences and similarities, and how Hare-Mustin and Maracek’s notion of alpha and beta biases relate to research methods and issues. I also particularly like the idea touched on in the article that there should be an adherence to finding the truth rather than clinging to a particular method- this is how I see psychology and science generally. I think the critical paradigms and methodologies have a lot to offer in terms of opening up the floor for alternate and multiple truths, but I find it hard to think about them as opposing traditional understandings, although I guess they are. To me it seems just that they are expanding traditional science to create a fuller “truth”. I think this article will be useful to come back to when considering any research around (specifically or more generally affected by) gender.

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Summary

\n

\"In this chapter I review the ways in which men control the practice and knowledge claims of psychology...\"

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Summary notes

\n

 

\n

Covers some central concepts in the psychology of women...

\n

- sex vs gender

\n

- social biases- sexism?

\n

- three strands of feminism:

\n

            - liberal feminism, cultural feminism and radical feminism

\n

- The similarities perspective; the differences perspective

\n

- A brief history of the psychology of women

\n

- women and ethnicity: white-as-normative? ; women of color; US-centrism

\n

- problems and biases in research

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Reading diary (2008)

\n

 

\n

Reading Set 15: Violence – Example of standpoint research

\n

Kelly & Radford, (1996)

\n

I found this reading both sad and a little challenging. It seemed to go over in more depth some of the ideas mentioned in the previous article- using more examples, and particularly focusing on legal definitions.

\n

On the one hand, I think that it is really interesting how women in their descriptions of these events tend to minimise them, and to state that “nothing happened”. It does seem worrying that our (“male-stream”) stereotypes and legal definitions make it so difficult for women to negotiate an understanding of their experiences. It seems too from the article that lack of reporting incidents to the police is due not just to internalising of these social discourses and difficulty defining the events to themselves let alone others, but a perfectly logical response from women when the current system is likely to ignore and/or ridicule them if they do complain. It’s something of a vicious cycle perhaps: women don’t report incidents because the system doesn’t really allow them to, and a lack of reporting is used to reinforce/justify the system.

\n

I guess Kelly & Radford’s discussion most obviously relates to psychology in their assertion that women are not referred to any type of counselling unless their complaint is established as ‘real’ abuse- that seems fairly appalling...

\n

Some of the incidents described do seem pretty shocking to me, especially the ones that combine with racism and anti-gay sentiments etc. It smacks a little to me of more profound levels of racism etc that I’ve read about, particularly around wars...

\n

it all seems different levels of the same thing- all start to make my gut roil with fear and horror when I read accounts of them... I think that’s what I fear most: Witch-hunts and angry mobs... Sorry, a bit off topic- obviously, sexism like this is very different- I think; I just mean it sometimes starts to evoke a very similar feeling- that awareness of powerlessness before the beliefs and actions of a faceless crowd. I find it hard to believe that this kind of thing still exists now, and here in NZ, but I guess it might well...

\n

On the other hand though, I’m not quite sure what the authors are advocating in terms of the law, and so am not sure if I entirely agree with them. While it is important that ‘lesser’ forms of (sexual) violence- particularly I mean the purely verbal threatening and abuse- are acknowledged as abuse, with profound effects on women’s lives, I think these are lesser abuses than actual/physical (‘real’) rape (although I don’t think marital rape etc should be distinguished, despite the difficulties that may be involved in identifying it). I’m not sure what the penalty is for rape but I imagine it is fairly severe, not something to be placed on someone lightly. Other types of ‘rape’ (in the wider sense) and abuse should certainly be acknowledged and able to be prosecuted, but I don’t think they should be seen as the same.

\n

I can see that it is a fine line, but it is easy to see the men’s side too. I’m not sure how it works in other offenses but it seems tricky to rely solely on the word and feelings of the victim (it’s a pretty horrible thing to be accused of if false). Yet I can see the difficulty in defining what constitutes ‘real’, and how attempting this sort of distinction can exclude women’s experiences... I like the idea of the continuum that the authors suggest, although they don’t go into much detail. Surely such a construction could be used to inform more appropriate legal practise than the current model?

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Reading Notes 04/05/2011

\n

It was really interesting to read this again ready to mark the 175.311 essay assignment.

\n

Lots of good descriptions of postmodern thought, and some framework of how different theories relate to each other (e.g. constructivism, social constructionism, deconstruction). Also some interesting reference to (and analysis of) authors who would have been unfamiliar to me on first reading but ring a few more bells now from further study of Family Therapy, psychoanalysis etc...

\n

I like the notes about active language...

\n

And about women's 'otherness'...

\n

Also relates more to therapy than i had remembered, using deconstruction (originating for literary works) on the language of therapy in relation to gender. Discusses the process and function of therapy from a postmodern perspective with some similarities to narrative therapy etc...

\n

And of course some really good discussion of the paradoxes and limitations of mainstream ways of considering gender, drawing attention to the way that alpha and beta bias here remain on the same continuum of viewing gender in terms of difference, and hinting at how you might begin to move beyond this...

\n

 

\n

 

\n

See also notes in OneNote (marking)

\n

 

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Reading Notes

\n

Explores the question of a distinctive feminist method…

\n

 Discusses the difference but also interrelatedness between method, methodology and epistemology. Argues that the important aspects of great feminist inquiry involves asking questions drawn from women's experiences, interests and particularly political struggles and oppression, as well as exploring diversity (women are not homogenous), and including the researcher as an object of examination- reflexivity. Finally, explores the notion of male feminist research (not sure what I think of her  stance in terms of relativism… but might be about what you define as feminist or not feminist research…?)

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Reading Diary (2008)

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Reading Set 9: The Mothering Experience – Example of standpoint research

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Gray, (1992)

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It’s fascinating to read such personal accounts of the lives of other women. This reading helps to highlight the longer-term issues around motherhood, motherhood as a lifelong relationship that is both constant and evolves. I like that they’re kiwi (it’s always nice to read something from home rather than the US), although a topic like mothers and daughters really highlights generational differences. Like the sample diary mentions, the women’s stories in this extract seem quite tied up in the differences between the times- Marion for example talking about how much more freedom she feels she has compared to her mother in negotiating a more active and equal role in her marriage. I wonder what differences in social context would be highlighted between my generation and my mother’s? In some ways I feel that our generations are not so very different in terms of restrictions on women; but I suppose it is a continuum, changes occurring slowly but constantly. And I’m sure there are lots of little social differences that may have deeper effects than you would expect- fashions are always changing...

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I find it interesting the way the different women have been shaped by their relationship with their mother, especially in their relationships with their own children. There seems to be those alternate stories about whether they want to emulate or reject their mother’s “mothering” style. It’s particularly interesting to see this across the three or four generations that get talked about in each pair- how do the daughters feel about their mother’s attempts to do better? Are there more/different things that they themselves want to change when they have kids?

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I find that there are both things that  I would like to do differently from my mother, and things that I think she did really well, or that I am thankful for because I know they helped to shape me into who I am and give me the skills I have. I can relate too to the fear that some of the women expressed that (whichever they want to do) they won’t be able- to live up to the example, or to overcome habits deeply engrained through modelling of parents and family. This is particularly the case with characteristics I’d want to change, but that I see surfacing in all the women of my mum’s family, including sometimes myself and my sisters.

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Reading Diary (2008)

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Reading Set 1: Feminist? Feminism? A textbook introduction

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Donelson, (1999) & Matlin, (2004)

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Feminism and gender are I think areas where I feel quite a lot of confusion about what I think, and my reaction to these first readings reflects that. For the most part I don’t find myself too shocked by the examples of sexism because the ideas are generally fairly familiar. However, I do find myself torn a bit between disbelief and confusion as I try to decide how outdated such sexism is- I know I have had similar discussions where they insist that sexism is still strong, and harmful to the everyday lives of women, feeling that they have come across it personally- whereas my feeling is that it is for the most part a thing of the past, or of the stubborn and unenlightened, with no material effects on how I live my life. I think this tends to characterise my readings of anything too strongly ‘feminist’: a sort of ‘yes, sure, sexism is ridiculous, now let’s move on...’

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I found the discussion of what ‘feminism’ is quite interesting because I can see that although technically it is just a belief that “men and women should be treated the same”, it does have some fairly negative connotations. For me I think because of the tendency for it to be taken too far for me to relate it to my own experiences. I’m aware that it exists/has existed but I don’t feel oppressed (or don’t notice any oppression). I thought the 3 types of feminism seemed pretty insufficient in themselves- it’s easy to sort of look at the surface and box us as either the same or different- but for me it seems like some sort of complex interaction between both. I both want equality and enjoy being different, enjoy playing with the gender roles or some parts of them... I’m not sure if that’s a contradiction or not? Surely it doesn’t have to be?

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The women and ethnicity section was fascinating. I wondered though in terms of the “white as normative” and US nationalism- is it natural to consider ‘normal’ to be what you grew up with, to believe your country is special? Where is the line between harmful/exclusive nationalism and healthy feelings of pride in your cultural identity? Does America take it too far or is it just the same as other cultural groups feeling a special sort of connection with those who are the same? Certainly the US is fairly outspoken and influential in its national pride...

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To what degree do I do this? Is my norm NZ European? Or ‘American’ because  of “McWorld” globalisation? Can I feel special belonging to multiple groups- NZ European or Pākehā, “Kiwi”, Quakers, women, the “Western world”, students, my family and friends...? How do these affect my interactions, the assumptions I make?

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Reading diary (2008)

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Reading Set 18: Example of Postmodern feminist research: Sexuality

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Crawford, Kippax, & Waldby (1994)

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I really liked this practical application of a postmodern approach- it was fascinating to read different accounts and seemed a really useful and positive piece of research. Because its such a personal and somewhat taboo area I guess, reading what different people think is thought-provoking and challenging to you own understandings and experiences, and similarly her analysis was interesting.  

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I really like the concept of ‘negotiation’ so it was interesting to see this explored in greater depth, and see the problems that might be involved in it which I hadn’t really considered. Like the sample diary too I like the idea of a ‘new discourse of heterosexuality’ despite the inherent difficulties. It’s hard to conceptualise, even in changing your own thinking about certain things, and does seem that it would take a long time, yet it’s an inspiring/empowering kind of idea. Really interesting...

\n

 

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[References].", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Margareta", "lastName": "Hyden" } ], "abstractNote": "It is often suggested that battered women do not leave their abusive husbands because of fear. In this article, it is argued that fear of the husband is not only something that hampers women, but that it also could be regarded as a form of resistance on the part of women. Fear does not necessarily include action, but contains an unarticulated knowledge of what is wanted and what is unwanted. Based on interviews with 10 battered women (aged 21-45 yrs) beginning at the time of leaving their abusers and over a 2-yr period, the article analyzes the fear that constituted a major part of the break-up process. Drawing on Foucault's conceptualization of power, the accounts of fear were read as narratives of resistance to violence. Knowledge about the different ways that a battered woman can express her resistance to violence increases the prospects for researchers and professional and lay helpers to more adequately address the complexity of the abuse of women. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved).", "publicationTitle": "Feminism & Psychology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1999", "volume": "9", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "449-469", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959353599009004012", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0959-3535", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "The world of the fearful", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Ovid (PsycINFO)", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "175.311 Psychology of Women" }, { "tag": "Foucauldian analysis" }, { "tag": "Violence and sexuality" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-07-18T02:36:45Z", "dateModified": "2014-07-18T02:36:45Z" } }, { "key": "TQNFKR77", "version": 8993, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 29001, "name": "MU Postgraduate Psychology", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mu_postgraduate_psychology", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/29001/items/TQNFKR77", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mu_postgraduate_psychology/items/TQNFKR77", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 64425, "username": "airria3", "name": "Ria", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/airria3", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Hare-Mustin and Marecek", "parsedDate": "1988", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "TQNFKR77", "version": 8993, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The meaning of difference: Gender theory, postmodernism, and psychology", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Rachel T", "lastName": "Hare-Mustin" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jeanne", "lastName": "Marecek" } ], "abstractNote": "Two recent postmodern movements, constructivism and deconstruction, challenge the idea of a single meaning of reality and suggest that meanings result from social experience. We show how these postmodern approaches can be applied to the psychology of gender. Examining gender theories from a constructivist stand-point, we note that the primary meaning of gender in psychology has been difference. The exaggeration of differences, which we call alpha bias, can be seen in approaches that focus on the contrasting experiences of men and women. The minimizing of differences, beta bias, can be seen in approaches that stress the similarity or equality of men and women. From a deconstructivist position, we examine previously hidden meanings in the discourse of therapy that reveal cultural assumptions about gender relations. Paradoxes in contemporary constructions of gender impel us to go beyond these constructions.", "publicationTitle": "American Psychologist", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1988", "volume": "43", "issue": "6", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "455-464", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "175.311 Psychology of Women" }, { "tag": "Alpha/beta bias" }, { "tag": "Between-group difference" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-07-18T02:36:45Z", "dateModified": "2014-07-18T02:36:45Z" } } ]