Item Type | Attachment |
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Link Mode | 0 |
MIME Type | application/pdf |
Item Type | Journal Article |
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Author | Christina Clark-Kazak |
URL | https://www.jstor.org/stable/48649574 |
Volume | 33 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 11-17 |
Publication | Refuge: Canada's Journal on Refugees |
ISSN | 0229-5113 |
Date | 2017 |
Extra | Publisher: Centre for Refugee Studies, York University |
Accessed | 2023-09-13 13:26:16 |
Library Catalog | JSTOR |
Short Title | Ethical Considerations |
Item Type | Report |
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Author | Marie-Eve Sylvestre |
Author | Céline Bellot |
Author | Nicholas Blomley |
Author | Véronique Fortin |
Author | Alexandre Duchesne Blondin |
Date | 2018-04-01 |
Extra | DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.13313.30561 |
Library Catalog | ResearchGate |
Abstract | Rapport de recherche sur les conditions géographiques imposées lors de la mise en liberté et à la peine à des personnes marginalisées qui utilisent les espaces publics à Montréal. Basé sur un travail de terrain effectué entre 2013 et 2015 à Montréal y compris des entretiens auprès de personnes judiciarisées et d'acteurs judiciaires et une analyse d'une base de données de 50 324 jugements rendus par la Cour municipale de Montréal entre 2002 et 2014 dans 88 911 dossiers et ayant généré 507 775 conditions de probation et d'emprisonnement avec sursis. |
Item Type | Book |
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URL | https://luxediteur.com/catalogue/la-societe-de-provocation/ |
Series | Lettres libres |
Publisher | Lux |
ISBN | 978-2-89833-081-0 |
Date | 2023 |
Accessed | 2023-09-13 12:25:42 |
Language | fr-FR |
Abstract | Pendant que l’on contraint les migrants à errer dans des camps ou àsombrer dans la mer, des traders de bitcoin et des pirates libertariensperfectionnent l’art de la fuite et se réfugient sur leurs mégayachts,leurs îles artificielles, voire dans des fusées à l’allure phallique. Tandisque la terre brûle, Elon Musk envoie une voiture flotter dans l’espace etrêve de coloniser Mars. Alors que le prix des aliments de base ne cessede grimper, l’industrie agroalimentaire gonfle ses profits et, à la télé,on célèbre des chefs qui transforment la cuisine paysanne en hautegastronomie. Bernés par les prestidigitations des ultrariches, nous les regardons,stupéfaits, dilapider les ressources de la planète. Dans son roman Chien blanc, Romain Gary appelle « société de provocation » cet ordresocial où l’exhibitionnisme de la richesse érige en vertu la démesureet le luxe ostentatoire tout en privant une part de plus en plus largede la population des moyens de satisfaire ses besoins réels. Ce pamphlet cinglant énumère et analyse les mille façons qu’ontles ultrariches de nous nuire, et invite à rompre avec cette sociétéde provocation. Dahlia Namian est sociologue. Elle enseigne à l’École de travail socialde l’Université d’Ottawa. Ses travaux de recherche portent sur lapauvreté et l’exclusion. |
# of Pages | 240 |
Item Type | Journal Article |
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Author | Wanda Thomas Bernard |
Author | Holly Smith |
URL | https://www.jstor.org/stable/26593197 |
Volume | 35 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 147-156 |
Publication | Canadian Social Work Review / Revue canadienne de service social |
ISSN | 0820-909X |
Date | 2018 |
Extra | Publisher: Canadian Association for Social Work Education (CASWE) |
Accessed | 2023-09-07 18:07:57 |
Library Catalog | JSTOR |
Abstract | CELEBRATION OF DIVERSITY has long been touted as the foundation of Canadian identity; however, more careful reflection into our nation’s central institutions reveals a more troubling character. Racism and discrimination have been ever-present in our society’s framework, evolving with policy and dominant discourse to remain concealed from exposure. To elucidate the insidiousness of such attitudes, we will explore the formation of the school to prison pipeline, which connects the educational and criminal justice systems through discriminatory policies and practices specifically targeting African Canadian youth, and making it a human rights issue that should concern all Canadians. The focus of this paper, therefore is the experience of African Canadians: a group of Canadians that comprise a diversity of identities and experiences, a long history in Canada, and a binding experience of anti-black racism (James, Este, Bernard, Benjamin, Lloyd, & Turner, 2010). We conclude with a discussion regarding how we may address these systemic issues, using Africentric practice as a foundation. Our dominant discourse has effectively denied the basic human rights of marginalized populations throughout our history, and must be addressed publicly at the individual, community, and institutional levels if we are to live up to our imagined identity of a just and equitable nation. |
Item Type | Journal Article |
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Author | Catherine E. Harnois |
Author | João L. Bastos |
URL | https://www.jstor.org/stable/48588817 |
Volume | 59 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 283-299 |
Publication | Journal of Health and Social Behavior |
ISSN | 0022-1465 |
Date | 2018 |
Extra | Publisher: [American Sociological Association, Sage Publications, Inc.] |
Accessed | 2023-09-07 18:06:04 |
Library Catalog | JSTOR |
Abstract | This study examines the extent to which discrimination and harassment contribute to gendered health disparities. Analyzing data from the 2006, 2010, and 2014 General Social Surveys (N = 3,724), we ask the following: (1) To what extent are perceptions of workplace gender discrimination and sexual harassment associated with self-reported mental and physical health? (2) How do multiple forms of workplace mistreatment (e.g., racism, ageism, and sexism) combine to structure workers’ self-assessed health? and (3) To what extent do perceptions of mistreatment contribute to the gender gap in self-assessed health? Multivariate analyses show that among women, but not men, perceptions of workplace gender discrimination are negatively associated with poor mental health, and perceptions of sexual harassment are associated with poor physical health. Among men and women, perceptions of multiple forms of mistreatment are associated with worse mental health. Gender discrimination partially explains the gender gap in self-reported mental health. |
Short Title | Discrimination, Harassment, and Gendered Health Inequalities |
Item Type | Journal Article |
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Author | Sarah Golabek-Goldman |
URL | https://www.jstor.org/stable/44867953 |
Volume | 126 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 1788-1868 |
Publication | The Yale Law Journal |
ISSN | 0044-0094 |
Date | 2017 |
Extra | Publisher: The Yale Law Journal Company, Inc. |
Accessed | 2023-09-07 18:04:27 |
Library Catalog | JSTOR |
Abstract | This Note presents a study of obstacles to employment faced by homeless job applicants and offers potential solutions. Homeless job applicants confront discrimination when they provide the address of a shelter or do not have an address to provide on applications. Advocates should seek to protect homeless job applicants by encouraging businesses, nonprofits, and government agencies to provide homeless applicants with addresses or P.O. boxes. Most significantly, the proposed "Ban the Address" campaign would discourage employers from inquiring about an applicant's address or residency history until after granting a provisional offer of employment. Advocacy efforts such as these can serve as a foundation for successful legal claims under new homeless person's bills of rights, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, and the Americans with Disabilities Act. This Note explains why requesting residency information might be deemed illegal under both state and federal causes of action. A combination of both legal and nonlegal tactics has the best chance of permitting homeless job applicants to obtain employment and to regain self-sufficiency. |
Short Title | Ban the Address |
Item Type | Journal Article |
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Author | Norweeta G. Milburn |
Author | Philip Batterham |
Author | George Ayala |
Author | Eric Rice |
Author | Rosa Solorio |
Author | Kate Desmond |
Author | Lynwood Lord |
Author | Javier Iribarren |
Author | Mary Jane Rotheram-Borus |
URL | https://www.jstor.org/stable/41434749 |
Volume | 125 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 61-67 |
Publication | Public Health Reports (1974-) |
ISSN | 0033-3549 |
Date | 2010 |
Extra | Publisher: Association of Schools of Public Health |
Accessed | 2023-09-07 18:03:27 |
Library Catalog | JSTOR |
Abstract | Objective. We examined the associations among perceived discrimination, racial/ethnic identification, and emotional distress in newly homeless adolescents. Methods. We assessed a sample of newly homeless adolescents (n=254) in Los Angeles, California, with measures of perceived discrimination and racial/ethnic identification. We assessed emotional distress using the Brief Symptom Inventory and used multivariate linear regression modeling to gauge the impact of discrimination and racial identity on emotional distress. Results. Controlling for race and immigration status, gender, and age, young people with a greater sense of ethnic identification experienced less emotional distress. Young people with a history of racial/ethnic discrimination experienced more emotional distress. Conclusion. Intervention programs that contextualize discrimination and enhance racial/ethnic identification and pride among homeless young people are needed. |
Item Type | Journal Article |
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Author | Cari Fais |
URL | https://www.jstor.org/stable/40041797 |
Volume | 108 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 1181-1225 |
Publication | Columbia Law Review |
ISSN | 0010-1958 |
Date | 2008 |
Extra | Publisher: Columbia Law Review Association, Inc. |
Accessed | 2023-09-07 18:02:01 |
Library Catalog | JSTOR |
Abstract | Chronic nuisance laws impose fines or other sanctions on property owners based on the number of times police respond to the property. These ordinances aim to recover the cost of what the government considers to be excessive police service, and to encourage property owners to prevent criminal activity from occurring on the premises. This Note argues that domestic violence calls for police service should not trigger liability under chronic nuisance laws. Applying chronic nuisance laws to victims of intimate partner violence exacerbates the barriers that many victims already face in accessing housing, and blames the victim for criminal activity that she cannot control. Imposing sanctions that discourage domestic violence victims from calling the police is also incompatible with other government policies that address domestic violence, including mandatory arrest, evidence-based prosecution, and the housing protections in the Violence Against Women Act. This Note proposes several legal challenges to the application of chronic nuisance laws in domestic violence cases. It also explores legislative reforms that would protect victims ' access to the police, while still allowing local governments to target actual nuisance activity. |
Short Title | Denying Access to Justice |
Item Type | Journal Article |
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Author | Craig Proulx |
URL | https://www.jstor.org/stable/24469643 |
Volume | 56 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 83-100 |
Publication | Anthropologica |
ISSN | 0003-5459 |
Date | 2014 |
Extra | Publisher: Canadian Anthropology Society |
Accessed | 2023-09-07 18:01:05 |
Library Catalog | JSTOR |
Abstract | This article addresses the range and prevalence of continuing surveillance forms and practices imposed on indigenous peoples wherein indigenous peoples are constructed as potential insurgents, terrorists and criminals collectively or individually threatening the security of the Canadian oligarchic state. I discuss how "securitization spreads out to connect diverse issues together" and how "the discursive framework of securitization therefore links issues in a selective way that reflects an underlying political ralionality" (Gledhill 2008: 4–5, emphasis added). That underlying state rationality is colonialism. Cet article décrit la portée et la prévalence des formes et pratiques de surveillance continue imposées aux populations autochtones, où celles-ci sont mises en scène tels des insurgés, des terroristes et des criminels potentiels qui, à titre individuel ou collectif, menacent la sécurité de l'État oligarchique canadien. Je discute comment « la sécurisation s'étend pour relier entre eux divers enjeux » et comment « le cadre discursif de la sécurisation relie donc des eiyeux de manière sélective reflétant une rationalité politique sous-jacente » (Gledhill 2008: 4–5, nous soulignons). Cette rationalité d'État sous-jacente n'est autre que le colonialisme. |
Short Title | Colonizing Surveillance |
Item Type | Journal Article |
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Author | Bonnie Janzen |
Author | Chandima Karunanayake |
Author | Donna Rennie |
Author | Tarun Katapally |
Author | Roland Dyck |
Author | Kathleen McMullin |
Author | Mark Fenton |
Author | Laurie Jimmy |
Author | Judy MacDonald |
Author | Vivian R. Ramsden |
Author | James Dosman |
Author | Sylvia Abonyi |
Author | Punam Pahwa |
Author | The First Nations Lung Health Project Research Team |
URL | https://www.jstor.org/stable/26586106 |
Volume | 108 |
Issue | 5-6 |
Pages | e482-e487 |
Publication | Canadian Journal of Public Health / Revue Canadienne de Santé Publique |
ISSN | 0008-4263 |
Date | 2017 |
Extra | Publisher: Canadian Public Health Association |
Accessed | 2023-09-07 18:00:14 |
Library Catalog | JSTOR |
Abstract | OBJECTIVES: To determine among rural-dwelling on-reserve Saskatchewan First Nations people whether racial discrimination is associated with depression, and in turn, if this relationship is moderated by gender. METHODS: As a component of a community-based participatory research project, a cross-sectional, interviewer-administered survey of 874 adults living on 2 Cree First Nation reserves in rural north-central Saskatchewan was conducted during May–August in 2012 and 2013. Self-reported, health-provider diagnosis of depression was the dependent variable and experiences of interpersonal racial discrimination was the primary exposure. Chi-square and multiple logistic regression were the main analytic techniques. Generalized estimating equations were applied to account for clustering within households. RESULTS: Overall, 64% of participants reported being treated unfairly in 1 or more situations because of their ethnicity; 38% indicated discrimination occurring in 3 or more situations. Nineteen percent reported a diagnosis of depression. Adjusted analyses indicated that compared to those with no experience of racial discrimination, those reporting 1–2 and 3 or more situations were 1.77 times (95% CI: 1.06–2.95) and 1.91 times (95% CI: 1.19–3.04) more likely to have diagnosed depression respectively. The relationship between racial discrimination and depression was not modified by gender, although women were 1.85 times (95% CI: 1.24–2.76) more likely to report depression than men. CONCLUSION: Interpersonal racial discrimination was associated with depression among First Nations women and men in rural Saskatchewan. Research directed at identifying the most efficacious interventions, programs and policies to combat racism is required to advance the goal of health equity. OBJECTIFS : Déterminer, chez les membres des Premières Nations de la Saskatchewan vivant dans des réserves en zone rurale, si la discrimination raciale est associée à la dépression et si, en retour, cette relation est modulée par le sexe. MÉTHODE : Dans le cadre d’un projet de recherche participative communautaire, nous avons mené une enquête transversale administrée par un intervieweur auprès de 874 adultes vivant dans deux réserves de la Première Nation crie dans le centre-nord rural de la Saskatchewan entre mai et août en 2012 et en 2013. La variable dépendante était un diagnostic de dépression autodéclaré posé par un dispensateur de soins de santé, et l’exposition directe était l’expérience de la discrimination raciale interpersonnelle. Nos principales techniques étaient l’analyse du khi-carré et l’analyse de régression logistique multiple. Nous avons appliqué des équations d’estimation généralisées pour tenir compte des regroupements au sein des ménages. RÉSULTATS : Dans l’ensemble, 64 % des participants ont déclaré avoir été traités injustement dans une situation ou plus en raison de leur ethnicité; 38 % ont fait état de discrimination dans trois situations ou plus. Dix-neuf p. cent ont dit avoir un diagnostic de dépression. Les analyses ajustées ont indiqué que comparativement aux répondants n’ayant aucune expérience de discrimination raciale, ceux qui ont déclaré une ou deux situations et trois situations ou plus étaient 1,77 fois (IC de 95 % : 1,06–2,95) et 1,91 fois (IC de 95 % : 1,19–3,04) plus susceptibles d’avoir un diagnostic de dépression, respectivement. La relation entre la discrimination raciale et la dépression n’était pas modulée par le sexe, mais les femmes étaient 1,85 fois (IC de 95 % : 1,24–2,76) plus susceptibles de déclarer un diagnostic de dépression que les hommes. CONCLUSION : La discrimination raciale interpersonnelle était associée à la dépression chez les femmes et les hommes des Premières nations vivant en zone rurale en Saskatchewan. Pour atteindre l’objectif de l’équité en santé, il faut faire de la recherche pour déterminer quels sont les interventions, les programmes et les politiques les plus efficaces pour combattre le racisme. |
Item Type | Journal Article |
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Author | Teresa Janevic |
Author | Naissa Piverger |
Author | Omara Afzal |
Author | Elizabeth A. Howell |
URL | https://www.jstor.org/stable/48668025 |
Volume | 30 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 533-542 |
Publication | Ethnicity & Disease |
ISSN | 1049-510X |
Date | 2020 |
Extra | Publisher: Ethnicity & Disease, Inc. |
Accessed | 2023-09-07 17:59:42 |
Library Catalog | JSTOR |
Abstract | Background: Black and Latina women in New York City are twice as likely to experience a potentially life-threatening morbidity during childbirth than White women. Health care quality is thought to play a role in this stark disparity, and patient-provider communication is one aspect of health care quality targeted for improvement. Perceived health care discrimination may influence patient-provider communication but has not been adequately explored during the birth hospitalization. Purpose: Our objective was to investigate the impact of perceived racial-ethnic discrimination on patient-provider communication among Black and Latina women giving birth in a hospital setting. Methods: We conducted four focus groups of Black and Latina women (n=27) who gave birth in the past year at a large hospital in New York City. Moderators of concordant race/ethnicity asked a series of questions on the women’s experiences and interactions with health care providers during their birth hospitalizations. One group was conducted in Spanish. We used an integrative analytic approach. We used the behavioral model for vulnerable populations adapted for critical race theory as a starting conceptual model. Two analysts deductively coded transcripts for emergent themes, using constant comparison method to reconcile and refine code structure. Codes were categorized into themes and assigned to conceptual model categories. Results: Predisposing patient factors in our conceptual model were intersectional identities (eg, immigrant/Latina or Black/Medicaid recipient), race consciousness (“… as a woman of color, if I am not assertive, if I am not willing to ask, then they will not make an effort to answer”), and socially assigned race (eg, “what you look like, how you talk”). We classified themes of differential treatment as impeding factors, which included factors overlooked in previous research, such as perceived differential treatment due to the relationship with the infant’s father and room assignment. Themes for differential treatment co-occurred with negative provider communication attributes (eg, impersonal, judgmental) or experience (eg, not listened to, given low priority, preferences not respected). Conclusions: Perceived racial-ethnic discrimination during childbirth influences patient-provider communication and is an important and potentially modifiable aspect of the patient experience. Interventions to reduce obstetric health care disparities should address perceived discrimination, both from the provider and patient perspectives. |
Item Type | Journal Article |
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Author | Jenny Godley |
URL | https://www.jstor.org/stable/26633527 |
Volume | 43 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 111-142 |
Publication | The Canadian Journal of Sociology / Cahiers canadiens de sociologie |
ISSN | 0318-6431 |
Date | 2018 |
Extra | Publisher: Canadian Journal of Sociology |
Accessed | 2023-09-07 17:57:02 |
Library Catalog | JSTOR |
Abstract | Using nationally representative data from the 2013 Canadian Community Health Survey, this article examines the prevalence and patterning of self-reported everyday discrimination in Canada. Almost twenty-three percent of Canadians report experiencing everyday discrimination. The most common types reported are gender, age, and race, followed by discrimination based on physical characteristics such as weight. Sex, age, marital status, race, place of birth, and body mass index all contribute to individuals’ reported experiences of discrimination. Gay men report particularly high levels of discrimination based on sexual orientation; Blacks, Asians, and Aboriginals report particularly high levels of racial discrimination; and Arabs, South and West Asians, and Aboriginals report particularly high levels of religious discrimination. There is strong evidence of the persistence of everyday discrimination in Canada, across multiple social groups, despite legal protections for marginalized groups. Suggestions are made for addressing the roots of discrimination at both the individual and the collective levels. Utilisant les données nationales de l’enquête de 2013 sur la santé dans les collectivités canadiennes, cet article examine la prévalence et les profils de la discrimination quotidienne auto déclarée au Canada. Près de vingt-trois pourcent des Canadiens disent subir de la discrimination au quotidien. Les cas les plus courants sont ceux liée au genre, à l’âge et à la race. Vient ensuite la discrimination basée sur les caractéristiques physiques telles que le poids. Ainsi, le sexe, l’âge, le statut matrimonial, la race, le lieu de naissance et l’indice de masse corporelle contribuent-ils tous aux expériences discriminatoires rapportées par les individus. Les hommes gay rapportent des niveaux particulièrement élevés de discrimination basée sur l’orientation sexuelle. Les Noirs, les Asiatiques et les Autochtones signalent des niveaux particulièrement élevés de discrimination raciale. Pour leur part, les Arabes, les ressortissants d’Asie du Sud et de l’Ouest, ainsi que les Aborigènes font état de niveaux particulièrement élevés de discrimination religieuse. En dépit de dispositions légales pour protéger les groupes marginalisés, persistent au Canada, de solides preuves de discriminations à travers plusieurs groupes sociaux. Quelques suggestions sont formulées dans le but de s’attaquer aux racines de la discrimination aux niveaux aussi bien individuel que collectif. |
Short Title | Everyday Discrimination in Canada |
Item Type | Journal Article |
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Author | Bronwyn Mcbride |
Author | Kate Shannon |
Author | Brittany Bingham |
Author | Melissa Braschel |
Author | Steffanie Strathdee |
Author | Shira M. Goldenberg |
URL | https://www.jstor.org/stable/27040016 |
Volume | 22 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 257-270 |
Publication | Health and Human Rights |
ISSN | 1079-0969 |
Date | 2020 |
Extra | Publisher: [Harvard School of Public Health/François-Xavier Bagnoud Center for Health and Human Rights, The President and Fellows of Harvard College] |
Accessed | 2023-09-07 17:56:19 |
Library Catalog | JSTOR |
Abstract | Sex workers globally face high levels of violence. In Canada, im/migrant sex workers who work in indoor venues may be uniquely targeted by police due to immigration policies, racialized policing, and the conflation of trafficking and sex work. In 2014, Canada passed end-demand legislation that purportedly encourages sex workers to report violence to police; however, little research has evaluated its impact. Using interrupted time series and multivariable logistic regression, we examined proportions of reporting violent incidents to police among sex workers who had experienced workplace violence (2010–2017), including potential changes prior to and following end-demand legislation. We then modeled the independent effects of im/migrant status and place of work on reporting violence. Among sex workers who experienced recent violence during the 7.5-year study (n=367), 38.2% of all participants and 12.7% of im/migrants reported violence to police, and there was no significant change in violence reporting after end-demand legislation. Our results suggest that end-demand laws do not remove barriers to justice faced by sex workers and instead actually perpetuate harms, particularly for racialized im/migrant and indoor workers. Policy reforms to decriminalize sex work, address discriminatory policing, and promote access to safety and justice are urgently needed. |
Short Title | Underreporting of Violence to Police among Women Sex Workers in Canada |
Item Type | Journal Article |
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Author | Rupa Banerjee |
Author | Jeffrey G. Reitz |
Author | Phil Oreopoulos |
URL | https://www.jstor.org/stable/90019784 |
Volume | 44 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 1-12 |
Publication | Canadian Public Policy / Analyse de Politiques |
ISSN | 0317-0861 |
Date | 2018 |
Extra | Publisher: [University of Toronto Press, Canadian Public Policy] |
Accessed | 2023-09-07 17:55:15 |
Library Catalog | JSTOR |
Abstract | Une analyse des données modifiées d’une vaste étude de vérification en matière d’emploi (Oreopoulos 2011) montre qu’il existe d’importantes différences, selon la taille des entreprises, en matière de discrimination envers les postulants d’un emploi ayant un nom asiatique (chinois, indien ou pakistanais), ces derniers étant moins susceptibles d’être invités à passer une entrevue d’embauche. Dans les entreprises de plus de 500 employés, la probabilité que ces postulants soient invités à une entrevue est de 20 % inférieure, et ce chiffre est de près de 40 % dans les entreprises plus petites. Si les grandes entreprises font preuve de moins de discrimination, c’est possiblement parce qu’elles disposent de plus de ressources en matière de recrutement et de formation, qu’elles font plus de développement des ressources humaines et qu’elles ont une plus grande expérience de la diversité culturelle. Modifier les CV reçus pour qu’ils soient anonymes quand ils sont examinés pourrait être une façon relativement peu coûteuse pour les entreprises de vérifier que leurs procédures d’embauche ne sont pas discriminatoires. Analysis of amended data from a large-scale Canadian employment audit study (Oreopoulos 2011) shows substantial organization size differences in discrimination against skilled applicants with Asian (Chinese, Indian, or Pakistani) names in the decision to call for an interview. In organizations with more than 500 employees, Asian-named applicants are 20 percent less likely to receive a callback; in smaller organizations, the disadvantage is nearly 40 percent. Large organizations may discriminate less frequently because of more resources in recruitment and training, more human resources development, and greater experience with diversity. Anonymized résumé review may allow organizations to test hiring procedures for discrimination fairly inexpensively. |
Short Title | Do Large Employers Treat Racial Minorities More Fairly? |
Item Type | Journal Article |
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Author | Barbara Reskin |
URL | https://www.jstor.org/stable/23254585 |
Volume | 38 |
Pages | 17-35 |
Publication | Annual Review of Sociology |
ISSN | 0360-0572 |
Date | 2012 |
Extra | Publisher: Annual Reviews |
Accessed | 2023-09-07 17:53:40 |
Library Catalog | JSTOR |
Abstract | To understand the persistence of racial disparities across multiple domains (e.g., residential location, schooling, employment, health, housing, credit, and justice) and to develop effective remedies, we must recognize that these domains are reciprocally related and comprise an integrated system. The limited long-run success of government social policies to advance racial justice is due in part to the ad hoc nature of policy responses to various forms of racial discrimination. Drawing on a systems perspective, I show that race discrimination is a system whose emergent properties reinforce the effects of their components. The emergent property of a system of race-linked disparities is über discrimination—a meta-level phenomenon that shapes our culture, cognitions, and institutions, thereby distorting whether and how we perceive and make sense of racial disparities. Viewing within-domain disparities as part of a discrimination system requires better-specified analytic models. While the existence of an emergent system of über discrimination increases the difficulty of eliminating racial disparities, a systems perspective points to strategies to attack that system. These include identifying and intervening at leverage points, implementing interventions to operate simultaneously across subsystems, isolating subsystems from the larger discrimination system, and directly challenging the processes through which emergent discrimination strengthens within-subsystem disparities. |
Item Type | Journal Article |
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Author | L. Elizabeth Sarine |
URL | https://www.jstor.org/stable/23408739 |
Volume | 100 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 1359-1399 |
Publication | California Law Review |
ISSN | 0008-1221 |
Date | 2012 |
Extra | Publisher: California Law Review, Inc. |
Accessed | 2023-09-07 17:52:27 |
Library Catalog | JSTOR |
Abstract | Incidents of discrimination due to implicit bias, or an unconscious prejudice in favor of or against certain groups, are extremely difficult to challenge in court because plaintiffs alleging discrimination in violation of the Equal Protection Clause must prove that the discrimination was purposeful. Since our legal system often fails to provide relief where implicit bias has caused systemic discrimination, advocates for equity and inclusion should explore preventative measures that guard against the harms of this kind of systemic discrimination. This Comment argues that a new term "social pollution" should be used to properly classify systemic discrimination caused by implicit bias as a problem that should be regulated. First, this Comment discusses the pervasiveness of implicit bias. Then it discusses the Intent Doctrine in equal protection cases and explores reform proposals that ineffectively attempt to address the difficulty of proving implicit discrimination in Title VII disparate-treatment cases. Finally, this Comment uses environmental pollution to introduce the concept of social pollution and explores prospects for using environmental statutes as models for regulatory reform proposals that address the social pollution of systemic discrimination caused by implicit bias. |
Item Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Christina Zampas |
Author | Avni Amin |
Author | Lucinda O’Hanlon |
Author | Alisha Bjerregaard |
Author | Hedieh Mehrtash |
Author | Rajat Khosla |
Author | Ӧzge Tunçalp |
URL | https://www.jstor.org/stable/26923490 |
Volume | 22 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 251-264 |
Publication | Health and Human Rights |
ISSN | 1079-0969 |
Date | 2020 |
Extra | Publisher: [Harvard School of Public Health/François-Xavier Bagnoud Center for Health and Human Rights, The President and Fellows of Harvard College] |
Accessed | 2023-09-07 17:51:29 |
Library Catalog | JSTOR |
Abstract | A growing body of evidence reveals that the mistreatment of pregnant women during facility-based childbirth is occurring across the globe. As human rights bodies have increasingly recognized, numerous human rights are implicated in the context of mistreatment of women in childbirth, including the rights to be free from torture and other ill-treatment, privacy, health, non-discrimination, and equality. This paper builds on a previous paper published in this journal by Rajat Khosla, Christina Zampas, and others, and the new body of evidence describing the types of mistreatment that occur during childbirth, to unpack the drivers of the mistreatment of women during childbirth and how they are understood and addressed within human rights. Tracing recent developments, it examines how the United Nations Special Rapporteur on violence against women and the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe have addressed this issue. Understanding the drivers and human rights dimensions of the mistreatment of women during childbirth can contribute to accelerating progress toward universal health coverage, including access to reproductive health services, as mistreatment is a key barrier to women’s access to such services. The article concludes by offering guidance to states on a human rights-based approach to addressing mistreatment against women during facility-based childbirth. |
Item Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Mark Kelman |
URL | https://www.jstor.org/stable/1341713 |
Volume | 104 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 1157-1247 |
Publication | Harvard Law Review |
ISSN | 0017-811X |
Date | 1991 |
Extra | Publisher: The Harvard Law Review Association |
DOI | 10.2307/1341713 |
Accessed | 2023-09-07 17:48:36 |
Library Catalog | JSTOR |
Abstract | Federal civil rights laws prohibit employers from screening potential employees by means of general intelligence tests if the tests are not related to job performance and have a disparate impact on a protected group. Professor Kelman argues that the law takes too narrow a view of discrimination to capture all of the harms caused by such tests. Professor Kelman explores four concepts of discrimination in the context of general ability job testing and argues that in many instances the legal system's distinctions between different types of discrimination are unprincipled, because they are based on false intuitions about desert and unexamined assumptions about the desirability of private ordering. Professor Kelman argues that the use of general ability job tests that have a disparate impact on minorities should pose significant philosophical problems even for those who reject more expansive notions of discrimination. He criticizes testing proponents' claims that general ability job tests are highly predictive of job performance and argues that, even if such tests are both weakly predictive and culturally unbiased, they may fail to comport with the demands of liberal, individualistic meritocracy. This failure is of particular concern when these nonmeritocratic tests burden members of historically oppressed groups. |
Item Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Breea C. Willingham |
URL | https://www.jstor.org/stable/41556431 |
Volume | 23 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 55-66 |
Publication | Critical Survey |
ISSN | 0011-1570 |
Date | 2011 |
Extra | Publisher: Berghahn Books |
Accessed | 2023-09-07 17:47:27 |
Library Catalog | JSTOR |
Abstract | The purpose of this article is to describe the meaning of incarceration for African American women as depicted in the narratives of incarcerated and formerly incarcerated African American women. This article uses black feminist thought as the primary theoretical framework to provide the relevant context for understanding the race, sexual, and gender oppressions that contribute to African American women's experiences with imprisonment. I argue that black women's prison narratives offer a unique insight into interlocking patterns of oppression that contribute to their incarceration, and how discrimination based on race, gender, and sexuality extends into prison. |
Item Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Heather M. Harris |
Author | David J. Harding |
URL | https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7758/rsf.2019.5.1.10 |
Volume | 5 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 223-254 |
Publication | RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences |
ISSN | 2377-8253 |
Date | 2019 |
Extra | Publisher: Russell Sage Foundation |
DOI | 10.7758/rsf.2019.5.1.10 |
Accessed | 2023-09-07 17:46:37 |
Library Catalog | JSTOR |
Abstract | That formerly incarcerated black men experience poor life-course outcomes relative to other subpopulations is well established, yet our ongoing research indicates substantial racial inequality in outcomes among the formerly incarcerated. Young, black former prisoners lag behind their white counterparts in achieving traditional adulthood markers: education, employment, and residential independence. We examine explanations for these inequalities using longitudinal administrative data on a cohort of male parolees age eighteen to twenty-five. We find that early postprison experiences and social context explain some variation. Considerable racial inequality persists, however, even as we control for pre- and postprison life-course conditions, criminal justice contact, and social context. We discuss this in relation to estimates of discrimination, stigma, and social networks not observable in our data. |
Item Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Lydette S. Assefa |
URL | https://www.jstor.org/stable/48572968 |
Volume | 108 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 653-678 |
Publication | The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (1973-) |
ISSN | 0091-4169 |
Date | 2018 |
Extra | Publisher: [Northwestern University, Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law] |
Accessed | 2023-09-07 17:43:40 |
Library Catalog | JSTOR |
Abstract | The problems of mass incarceration in the United States and its burdens on the economic and social well-being of local communities, counties, and states have received increased attention and have spurred conversations on prison and jail reform. More recently, reform efforts have appropriately focused on the bond system and the role of pretrial detention in fueling jail and prison overcrowding. The bond process presents a unique opportunity for reform because defendants at this stage are presumed innocent and, as the Supreme Court has affirmed, these defendants possess fundamental rights to liberty and a presumption towards pretrial release. Yet jurisdictions, such as Cook County, Illinois, overwhelmingly rely on monetary bonds and other restrictive measures to condition or deny a defendant’s release, causing many defendants to remain behind bars for months and even years awaiting trial. As recent research reveals, the use of pretrial detention disproportionately affects black defendants who are more likely to receive higher bond amounts and more restrictive conditions than white defendants facing similar charges. Meaningful bond reform, therefore, must address the role of racial bias in contributing to disparate detention outcomes for black defendants. Bond decisions are particularly susceptible to implicit bias because they often require judges to make quick, on-the-spot, complex, and predictive decisions about a defendant’s threat to the community and likelihood to reappear in court. These decisions occur when judges have very limited information about the individual defendant, leading to a misguided reliance on racial stereotypes. Effective bond reform should include the increased use of unsecured bonds instead of monetary bail as a more reliable and less restrictive means to ensure the defendant’s return to court and community safety. Jurisdictions should also demand more accountability and transparency from bond judges by requiring publicly available data on bond court practices and jail admissions. Reform efforts should further require judges to undergo training on implicit bias and the proper use of risk-assessment instruments to more fairly and accurately evaluate the risks a defendant poses if released to avoid relying on inaccurate racial stereotypes. |
Short Title | Assessing Dangerousness Amidst Racial Stereotypes |
Item Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Michael J. McFarland |
Author | John Taylor |
Author | Cheryl A. S. McFarland |
Author | Katherine L. Friedman |
URL | https://www.jstor.org/stable/48588605 |
Volume | 59 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 585-600 |
Publication | Journal of Health and Social Behavior |
ISSN | 0022-1465 |
Date | 2018 |
Extra | Publisher: [American Sociological Association, Sage Publications, Inc.] |
Accessed | 2023-09-07 17:41:35 |
Library Catalog | JSTOR |
Abstract | Police maltreatment, whether experienced personally or indirectly through one’s family or friends, represents a structurally rooted public health problem that disproportionately affects minorities. Researchers, however, know little about the physiological mechanisms connecting unfair treatment by police (UTBP) to poor health. Shortened telomeres due to exposure to this stressor represent one plausible mechanism. Using data from a community sample of black (n = 262) and white (n = 252) men residing in Nashville-Davidson County, we test four hypotheses: (1) Black men will be more likely to report UTBP than white men, (2) those reporting UTBP will have shorter telomeres than those not reporting UTBP, (3) this association will be more pronounced among black men, and (4) these hypotheses will extend to those who report vicarious UTBP. Results reveal support for all hypotheses. The implications for our findings are discussed as they pertain to debates on policing practices and health disparities research. |
Short Title | Perceived Unfair Treatment by Police, Race, and Telomere Length |
Item Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Arthur Horton |
Author | Jerry Watson |
URL | https://www.jstor.org/stable/26505324 |
Volume | 22 |
Issue | 1-2 |
Pages | 65-76 |
Publication | Race, Gender & Class |
ISSN | 1082-8354 |
Date | 2015 |
Extra | Publisher: Jean Ait Belkhir, Race, Gender & Class Journal |
Accessed | 2023-09-07 17:39:38 |
Library Catalog | JSTOR |
Abstract | African American children made up one-fifth of the population in the State of Illinois yet they made up three-fifths of the population of children in foster care. They make up more than one-third of subjects of maltreatment investigations. This study examines community profiles and characteristics of 77 community areas in the city of Chicago as determinants of the number of African American children that are in the child welfare system. Results yielded ward of the state—concentrated poverty as well as the level of educational attainment were found to be statistically significant. African American residence in particular geographic areas was positively related to placement in the child welfare system in Illinois. |
Item Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Cynthia P. Honoré-Collins |
URL | https://www.jstor.org/stable/41675265 |
Volume | 12 |
Issue | 3/4 |
Pages | 107-118 |
Publication | Race, Gender & Class |
ISSN | 1082-8354 |
Date | 2005 |
Extra | Publisher: Jean Ait Belkhir, Race, Gender & Class Journal |
Accessed | 2023-09-07 17:38:08 |
Library Catalog | JSTOR |
Abstract | Over the past decade, much has been written and discussed on the disproportionate number of African Americans in United States social systems. This paper highlights the issue of the increasing numbers of incarcerated African Americans, and the impact that it has on out-of-home placement for African American children. This paper presents literature that explores and describes the history of this trend. Discussion centers on statistics and trends on African American incarceration and out-of-home placement of children with incarcerated parents. Questions for future research are presented and strategies of advocacy, empowerment, and transformation are suggested to address the disproportionate representation of African Americans in the criminal justice and child welfare systems. This paper also discusses the implications of this problem for social workers, policy makers, and social scientist. |