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G. M.", "lastName": "Dirks" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Job M.", "lastName": "Kibii" } ], "abstractNote": "Despite a rich African Plio-Pleistocene hominin fossil record, the ancestry of Homo and its relation to earlier australopithecines remain unresolved. Here we report on two partial skeletons with an age of 1.95 to 1.78 million years. The fossils were encased in cave deposits at the Malapa site in South Africa. The skeletons were found close together and are directly associated with craniodental remains. Together they represent a new species of Australopithecus that is probably descended from Australopithecus africanus. 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1999 - A large male hominin cranium from Sterkfontein, So.pdf", "md5": null, "mtime": null, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-10-20T13:44:12Z", "dateModified": "2014-10-20T13:44:14Z" } }, { "key": "I99MHCWM", "version": 63, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 287724, "name": "ANT388_EHEP", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ant388_ehep", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/287724/items/I99MHCWM", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ant388_ehep/items/I99MHCWM", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1091, "username": "praomys", "name": "Denne Reed", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/praomys", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Lockwood and Tobias", "parsedDate": "1999-06", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "I99MHCWM", "version": 63, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "A large male hominin cranium from Sterkfontein, South Africa, and the status ofAustralopithecus africanus", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Charles A.", "lastName": "Lockwood" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Phillip V.", "lastName": "Tobias" } ], "abstractNote": "Stw 505 is the most complete hominin cranium discovered in Sterkfontein Member 4 since Broom's excavations. It was foundin situin Member 4 breccia in 1989 and is larger, on the whole, than any other cranium from Sterkfontein that has comparable parts. Displacement due to breakage, as well as plastic deformation, has affected Stw 505 in several areas, especially the face and the vault. Diagnosticmorphology is nevertheless abundant in the specimen. In several areas—the distinct anterior pillar, the straight inferior border of the zygoma, the pattern of cresting on the naso-alveolar clivus, the basal aspect of the temporal bone—Stw 505 closely matches the morphology of specimens ofAustralopithecus africanusand is distinct from other hominins. Some isolated characters overlap with other groups, mainly earlyHomoand/orA. robustus. However, only the hypodigm ofA. africanuscan accommodate the entire suite of morphology.\n\nIn some cases, Stw 505 introduces more variation into the Sterkfontein sample. For example, prominent superciliary eminences occupy the medial portions of the supraorbital region and flow medially into a strongly protruding glabellar mound. These characteristics are probably attributable to sexual dimorphism. In many respects, Stw 505 highlights similarities betweenA. africanusand earlyHomo. Comparison with other species suggests that males ofA. africanusdo not show derived features ofA. robustusthat are not also present in females, and that cranial differences betweenA. afarensisandA. africanushave, if anything, been understated.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Human Evolution", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "June 1999", "volume": "36", "issue": "6", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "637-685", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Journal of Human Evolution", "DOI": "10.1006/jhev.1999.0299", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248499902993", "accessDate": "2014-10-20T13:44:12Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0047-2484", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Australopithecus", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "hominids", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "sexual dimorphism", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "systematics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "variation", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-10-20T13:44:12Z", "dateModified": "2014-10-20T13:44:12Z" } }, { "key": "PN8GAHGC", "version": 27, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 287724, "name": "ANT388_EHEP", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ant388_ehep", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/287724/items/PN8GAHGC", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ant388_ehep/items/PN8GAHGC", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/287724/items/P8R3QGTF", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1091, "username": "praomys", "name": "Denne Reed", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/praomys", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "PN8GAHGC", "version": 27, "parentItem": "P8R3QGTF", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Swedell and Plummer - 2012 - A Papionin Multilevel Society as a Model for Homin.pdf", "accessDate": "2014-09-26T16:44:51Z", "url": "http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs10764-012-9600-9.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Swedell and Plummer - 2012 - A Papionin Multilevel Society as a Model for Homin.pdf", "md5": null, "mtime": null, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-09-26T16:44:51Z", "dateModified": "2014-09-26T16:45:04Z" } }, { "key": "FHJB6HBR", "version": 27, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 287724, "name": "ANT388_EHEP", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ant388_ehep", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/287724/items/FHJB6HBR", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ant388_ehep/items/FHJB6HBR", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/287724/items/P8R3QGTF", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1091, "username": "praomys", "name": "Denne Reed", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/praomys", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "FHJB6HBR", "version": 27, "parentItem": "P8R3QGTF", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2014-09-26T16:44:54Z", "url": "http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10764-012-9600-9", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "s10764-012-9600-9.html", "md5": null, "mtime": null, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-09-26T16:44:54Z", "dateModified": "2014-09-26T16:44:54Z" } }, { "key": "P8R3QGTF", "version": 89, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 287724, "name": "ANT388_EHEP", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ant388_ehep", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/287724/items/P8R3QGTF", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ant388_ehep/items/P8R3QGTF", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1091, "username": "praomys", "name": "Denne Reed", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/praomys", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Swedell and Plummer", "parsedDate": "2012-10-01", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "P8R3QGTF", "version": 89, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "A Papionin Multilevel Society as a Model for Hominin Social Evolution", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Larissa", "lastName": "Swedell" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Thomas", "lastName": "Plummer" } ], "abstractNote": "Multilevel societies are unique in their ability to facilitate the maintenance of strong and consistent social bonds among some individuals while allowing separation among others, which may be especially important when social and sexual bonds carry significant and reliable benefits to individuals within social groups. Here we examine the importance of social and sexual bonds in the multilevel society of hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas) and apply these principles to social evolution in Plio-Pleistocene hominins. The behavior, adaptations, and socioecology of baboons (Papio spp.) have long been recognized as providing an important comparative sample to elucidate the processes of human evolution, and the social system of hamadryas baboons in particular shares even more similarities with humans than that of other baboons. Here we draw parallels between processes during the evolution of hamadryas social organization and those characterizing late Pliocene or early Pleistocene hominins, most likely Homo erectus. The higher costs of reproduction faced by female Homo erectus, exacerbated by an increased reliance on difficult to acquire, nutrient-dense foods, are commonly thought to have been alleviated by a strengthening of male–female bonds (via male provisioning and the evolution of monogamy) or by the assistance of older, postreproductive females (via grandmothering). We suggest that both of these social arrangements could have been present in Plio-Pleistocene hominins if we assume the development of a multilevel society such as that in hamadryas baboons. The evolution of a multilevel society thus underlies the adaptive potential for the complexity that we see in modern human social organization.", "publicationTitle": "International Journal of Primatology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2012/10/01", "volume": "33", "issue": "5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1165-1193", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Int J Primatol", "DOI": "10.1007/s10764-012-9600-9", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10764-012-9600-9", "accessDate": "2014-09-26T16:44:51Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0164-0291, 1573-8604", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "link.springer.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Animal Genetics and Genomics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Anthropology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Evolutionary Biology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Grandmother hypothesis", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Homo erectus", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Human Genetics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Human social evolution", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Pair bonding", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Papio hamadryas", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Reproductive strategies", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Social bonds", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Zoology", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-09-26T16:44:51Z", "dateModified": "2014-09-26T16:44:51Z" } }, { "key": "7VV7HGF4", "version": 9, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 287724, "name": "ANT388_EHEP", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ant388_ehep", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/287724/items/7VV7HGF4", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ant388_ehep/items/7VV7HGF4", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/287724/items/PFGDHQE7", "type": "application/json" } }, 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"PFGDHQE7", "version": 4, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 287724, "name": "ANT388_EHEP", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ant388_ehep", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/287724/items/PFGDHQE7", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ant388_ehep/items/PFGDHQE7", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1091, "username": "praomys", "name": "Denne Reed", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/praomys", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "White", "parsedDate": "2003-03-28", "numChildren": 3 }, "data": { "key": "PFGDHQE7", "version": 4, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Early Hominids--Diversity or Distortion?", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Tim", "lastName": "White" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Science", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "03/28/2003", 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"type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/287724/items/BQJ9MTU6", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ant388_ehep/items/BQJ9MTU6", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/287724/items/IG24E23F", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1091, "username": "praomys", "name": "Denne Reed", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/praomys", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "BQJ9MTU6", "version": 9, "parentItem": "IG24E23F", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_file", "title": "Hill_1981.pdf", "accessDate": "", "url": "", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Hill_1981.pdf", "md5": "377fe4d6f3bd110de8841fdcedd7f6f4", "mtime": 1410626599000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-09-13T16:43:19Z", "dateModified": "2014-09-13T16:43:19Z" } }, { "key": "IG24E23F", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 287724, "name": "ANT388_EHEP", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ant388_ehep", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/287724/items/IG24E23F", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ant388_ehep/items/IG24E23F", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1091, "username": "praomys", "name": "Denne Reed", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/praomys", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Hill", "parsedDate": "1981-10-01", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "IG24E23F", "version": 3, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Why study palaeoecology?", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Andrew", "lastName": "Hill" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Nature", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1981-10-1", "volume": "293", "issue": "5831", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "340-340", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1038/293340a0", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/293340a0", "accessDate": "2014-09-13T16:41:39Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0028-0836", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "CrossRef", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-09-13T16:43:19Z", "dateModified": "2014-09-13T16:43:19Z" } } ]