Gerhard Nierhaus: Algorithmic Composition - Paradigms of Automated Music Generation. Springer 2008. - ISBN 978-3-211-75539-6
", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-01-06T11:30:32Z", "dateModified": "2011-01-06T11:30:32Z" } }, { "key": "VR6UZ5AC", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 28348, "name": "RhythmEngine", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rhythmengine", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/28348/items/VR6UZ5AC", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rhythmengine/items/VR6UZ5AC", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 374880, "username": "SonicDivergence", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sonicdivergence", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Antcliffe", "parsedDate": "1922-03-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "VR6UZ5AC", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Modern Theme-Transformation", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Herbert", "lastName": "Antcliffe" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "The Musical Times", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "March 01, 1922", "volume": "63", "issue": "949", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "169-171", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.2307/910089", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/910089", "accessDate": "2011-01-06T11:02:31Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "00274666", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "JSTOR", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "ArticleType: research-article / Full publication date: Mar. 1, 1922 / Copyright © 1922 Musical Times Publications Ltd.", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-01-06T11:30:32Z", "dateModified": "2011-01-06T11:30:32Z" } }, { "key": "DGG5535D", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 28348, "name": "RhythmEngine", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rhythmengine", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/28348/items/DGG5535D", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rhythmengine/items/DGG5535D", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 374880, "username": "SonicDivergence", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sonicdivergence", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Englert et al.", "parsedDate": "1981-12-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "DGG5535D", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Automated Composition and Composed Automation", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Giuseppe", "lastName": "Englert" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Otto", "lastName": "Laske" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C.", "lastName": "Roads" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Computer Music Journal", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "December 01, 1981", "volume": "5", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "30-35", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.2307/3679504", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/3679504", "accessDate": "2011-01-06T11:04:44Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "01489267", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "JSTOR", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "ArticleType: research-article / Full publication date: Winter, 1981 / Copyright © 1981 The MIT Press", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-01-06T11:30:32Z", "dateModified": "2011-01-06T11:30:32Z" } }, { "key": "XXS2EZAH", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 28348, "name": "RhythmEngine", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rhythmengine", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/28348/items/XXS2EZAH", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rhythmengine/items/XXS2EZAH", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 374880, "username": "SonicDivergence", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sonicdivergence", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Fry", "parsedDate": "1980-10-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "XXS2EZAH", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Computer Improvisation", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C.", "lastName": "Fry" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Computer Music Journal", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "October 01, 1980", "volume": "4", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "48-58", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.2307/3679638", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/3679638", "accessDate": "2011-01-06T11:00:09Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "01489267", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "JSTOR", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "ArticleType: research-article / Issue Title: Artificial Intelligence and Music Part 2 / Full publication date: Autumn, 1980 / Copyright © 1980 The MIT Press", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-01-06T11:30:32Z", "dateModified": "2011-01-06T11:30:32Z" } }, { "key": "ZHWBIR56", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 28348, "name": "RhythmEngine", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rhythmengine", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/28348/items/ZHWBIR56", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rhythmengine/items/ZHWBIR56", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 374880, "username": "SonicDivergence", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sonicdivergence", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Honing and Haas", "parsedDate": "2008-06-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "ZHWBIR56", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Swing Once More: Relating Timing and Tempo in Expert Jazz Drumming", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Henkjan", "lastName": "Honing" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "W. Bas De", "lastName": "Haas" } ], "abstractNote": "SWING REFERS TO A CHARACTERISTIC LONG-SHORT subdivision of the beat that is generally considered a crucial aspect that contributes to the quality of a jazz or pop performance. The current study measures this pattern (referred to as the 'swing ratio') at different tempi in jazz drumming. The experimental setup differs from earlier studies in a number of ways. First, swing ratios were systematically measured at different beat durations in a musically realistic range. Second, repeated performances were collected to check for consistency. Third, drummers were asked to perform on a full MIDI drum kit. The results show that professional jazz drummers have enormous control over their timing. Nevertheless, the swing ratio is not kept constant, but it is systematically adapted to a global tempo. As such, this study provides further support for the hypothesis that expressive timing generally does not scale with tempo.", "publicationTitle": "Music Perception: An Interdisciplinary Journal", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "June 01, 2008", "volume": "25", "issue": "5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "471-476", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/40286090", "accessDate": "2011-01-06T11:03:26Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "07307829", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Swing Once More", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "JSTOR", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "ArticleType: research-article / Full publication date: Jun., 2008 / Copyright © 2008 University of California Press", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-01-06T11:30:32Z", "dateModified": "2011-01-06T11:30:32Z" } }, { "key": "UM3BTXKR", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 28348, "name": "RhythmEngine", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rhythmengine", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/28348/items/UM3BTXKR", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rhythmengine/items/UM3BTXKR", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 374880, "username": "SonicDivergence", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sonicdivergence", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Huron and Ommen", "parsedDate": "2006-10-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "UM3BTXKR", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "An Empirical Study of Syncopation in American Popular Music, 1890-1939", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David", "lastName": "Huron" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ann", "lastName": "Ommen" } ], "abstractNote": "A study of syncopation in American popular music was carried out based on analyses of sound recordings spanning the period 1890 to 1939. Sample measures were randomly selected and the presence and rhythmic character of syncopations were tabulated. Several trend-related hypotheses were tested. While some changes in the patterns of syncopation were evident over the 50-year period of the study, the principal change was an increase in the quantity of syncopation rather than an increase in the variety of syncopated patterns.", "publicationTitle": "Music Theory Spectrum", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "October 01, 2006", "volume": "28", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "211-231", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/4499860", "accessDate": "2011-01-06T11:01:58Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "01956167", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "JSTOR", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "ArticleType: research-article / Full publication date: Autumn, 2006 / Copyright © 2006 University of California Press", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-01-06T11:30:32Z", "dateModified": "2011-01-06T11:30:32Z" } }, { "key": "NQCNJUXZ", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 28348, "name": "RhythmEngine", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rhythmengine", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/28348/items/NQCNJUXZ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rhythmengine/items/NQCNJUXZ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 374880, "username": "SonicDivergence", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sonicdivergence", "type": "text/html" } } }, "parsedDate": "1926-12-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "NQCNJUXZ", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "New Books", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "The American Economic Review", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "December 01, 1926", "volume": "16", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "670-675", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/10", "accessDate": "2011-01-06T11:04:02Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "00028282", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "JSTOR", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "ArticleType: research-article / Full publication date: Dec., 1926 / Copyright © 1926 American Economic Association", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-01-06T11:30:32Z", "dateModified": "2011-01-06T11:30:32Z" } }, { "key": "Q8E2VFIS", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 28348, "name": "RhythmEngine", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rhythmengine", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/28348/items/Q8E2VFIS", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rhythmengine/items/Q8E2VFIS", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 374880, "username": "SonicDivergence", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sonicdivergence", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Fabien Gouyon, Lars Fabig, Jordi Bonada", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "Q8E2VFIS", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "RHYTHMIC EXPRESSIVENESS TRANSFORMATIONS OF AUDIO\nRECORDINGS: SWING MODIFICATIONS", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "", "lastName": "Fabien Gouyon, Lars Fabig, Jordi Bonada" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", 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View the Quick Start Guide to learn how to begin collecting, managing, citing, and sharing your research sources.
Thanks for installing Zotero.
", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-01-06T11:30:32Z", "dateModified": "2011-01-06T11:30:32Z" } }, { "key": "WJXMBJD5", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 28348, "name": "RhythmEngine", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rhythmengine", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/28348/items/WJXMBJD5", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rhythmengine/items/WJXMBJD5", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/28348/items/TX92TXFK", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 374880, "username": "SonicDivergence", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sonicdivergence", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "WJXMBJD5", "version": 1, "parentItem": "TX92TXFK", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Algorithmic Composition", "accessDate": "2011-01-06T11:14:52Z", "url": "http://www.scribd.com/doc/27068203/Algorithmic-Composition#", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-01-06T11:30:32Z", "dateModified": "2011-01-06T11:30:32Z" } }, { "key": "QNDU2FDG", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 28348, "name": "RhythmEngine", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rhythmengine", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/28348/items/QNDU2FDG", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rhythmengine/items/QNDU2FDG", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 374880, "username": "SonicDivergence", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sonicdivergence", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Chadabe", "parsedDate": "1984-04-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "QNDU2FDG", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Interactive Composing: An Overview", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Joel", "lastName": "Chadabe" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Computer Music Journal", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "April 01, 1984", "volume": "8", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "22-27", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.2307/3679894", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/3679894", "accessDate": "2011-01-06T11:01:28Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "01489267", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Interactive Composing", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "JSTOR", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "ArticleType: research-article / Full publication date: Spring, 1984 / Copyright © 1984 The MIT Press", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-01-06T11:30:32Z", "dateModified": "2011-01-06T11:30:32Z" } }, { "key": "V9BC9VI9", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 28348, "name": "RhythmEngine", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rhythmengine", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/28348/items/V9BC9VI9", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rhythmengine/items/V9BC9VI9", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 374880, "username": "SonicDivergence", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sonicdivergence", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "FRIBERG and SUNDSTRÖM", "parsedDate": "2002-04-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "V9BC9VI9", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Swing Ratios and Ensemble Timing in Jazz Performance: Evidence for a Common Rhythmic Pattern", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "ANDERS", "lastName": "FRIBERG" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "ANDREAS", "lastName": "SUNDSTRÖM" } ], "abstractNote": "The timing in jazz ensemble performances was investigated in order to approach the question of what makes the music \"swing.\" One well-known aspect of swing is that consecutive eighth notes are performed as long-short patterns. The exact duration ratio (the swing ratio) of the long-short pattern has been largely unknown. In this study, the swing ratio produced by drummers on the ride cymbal was measured. Three well-known jazz recordings and a play-along record were used. A substantial and gradual variation of the drummers' swing ratio with respect to tempo was observed. At slow tempi, the swing ratio was as high as 3.5:1, whereas at fast tempi it reached 1:1. The often-mentioned \"triple-feel,\" that is, a ratio of 2:1, was present only at a certain tempo. The absolute duration of the short note in the long-short pattern was constant at about 100 ms for medium to fast tempi, suggesting a practical limit on tone duration that may be due to perceptual factors. Another aspect of swing is the soloist's timing in relation to the accompaniment. For example, a soloist can be characterized as playing \"behind the beat.\" In the second part, the swing ratio of the soloist and its relation to the cymbal accompaniment was measured from the same recordings. In slow tempi, the soloists were mostly playing their downbeats after the cymbal but were synchronized with the cymbal at the off-beats. This implied that the swing ratio of the soloist was considerably smaller than the cymbal accompaniment in slow tempi. It may give an impression of \"playing behind\" but at the same time keep the synchrony with the accompaniment at the off-beat positions. Finally, the possibilities of using computer tools in jazz pedagogy are discussed.", "publicationTitle": "Music Perception: An Interdisciplinary Journal", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "April 01, 2002", "volume": "19", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "333-349", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/27795761", "accessDate": "2011-01-06T11:03:09Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "07307829", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Swing Ratios and Ensemble Timing in Jazz Performance", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "JSTOR", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "ArticleType: research-article / Issue Title: JAZZ / Full publication date: SPRING 2002 / Copyright © 2002 University of California Press", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-01-06T11:30:32Z", "dateModified": "2011-01-06T11:30:32Z" } }, { "key": "M4EXZ7IS", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 28348, "name": "RhythmEngine", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rhythmengine", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/28348/items/M4EXZ7IS", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rhythmengine/items/M4EXZ7IS", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 374880, "username": "SonicDivergence", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sonicdivergence", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Holtzman", "parsedDate": "1981-04-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "M4EXZ7IS", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Using Generative Grammars for Music Composition", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S. 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