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It introduces the polynomial inverse lag (PIL) framework so that the impacts of inequality on investment, education, and ultimately on growth can be measured at precisely defined time lags. Combining PIL with simultaneous systems of equations, we analyze the growth–inequality relationship in postreform China, finding that this relationship is nonlinear and is negative irrespective of time horizons. 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Empirically, baseline estimations and a sensitivity analysis show that income inequality is positively, and most of the time significantly, associated with economic growth. These findings stand in sharp contrast to the negative association between inequality and growth propounded by Alesina and Rodrik and by Persson and Tabellini.", "publicationTitle": "Review of Development Economics", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "October 1, 1998", "volume": "2", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "318-334", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1111/1467-9361.00045", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9361.00045/abstract", "accessDate": "2014-09-05T15:07:38Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1467-9361", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Income Inequality is not Harmful for Growth", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Wiley Online Library", "callNumber": "", "rights": "Blackwell Publishers Ltd 1998", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-09-05T15:07:38Z", "dateModified": "2014-09-05T15:07:38Z" } }, { "key": "K5KZ5D5W", "version": 82, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 282749, "name": "Salma", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/salma", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/282749/items/K5KZ5D5W", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/salma/items/K5KZ5D5W", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/282749/items/WMEPAZAE", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2041212, "username": "saithssayene15", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/saithssayene15", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "K5KZ5D5W", "version": 82, "parentItem": "WMEPAZAE", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Educational inequality and income inequality: An empirical study on China - ResearchGate", "accessDate": "2014-09-05T05:22:20Z", "url": "http://www.researchgate.net/publication/226620575_Educational_inequality_and_income_inequality_An_empirical_study_on_China", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "226620575_Educational_inequality_and_income_inequality_An_empirical_study_on_China.html", "md5": "e2d5241342476870e443dda791218836", "mtime": 1409894541000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-09-05T05:22:20Z", "dateModified": "2014-09-05T05:22:20Z" } }, { "key": "3CHZ92BZ", "version": 80, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 282749, "name": "Salma", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/salma", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/282749/items/3CHZ92BZ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/salma/items/3CHZ92BZ", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/282749/items/F63Q8D5H", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2041212, "username": "saithssayene15", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/saithssayene15", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "3CHZ92BZ", "version": 80, "parentItem": "F63Q8D5H", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2014-09-05T05:20:05Z", "url": "http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11516-009-0022-1", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "10.html", "md5": "a1b82718c46690a1004064a7138395e1", "mtime": 1409894405000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-09-05T05:20:05Z", "dateModified": "2014-09-05T05:20:05Z" } }, { "key": "F63Q8D5H", "version": 79, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 282749, "name": "Salma", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/salma", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/282749/items/F63Q8D5H", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/salma/items/F63Q8D5H", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2041212, "username": "saithssayene15", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/saithssayene15", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Yang et al.", "parsedDate": "2009-09-01", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "F63Q8D5H", "version": 79, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Educational inequality and income inequality: An empirical study on China", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jun", "lastName": "Yang" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Xiao", "lastName": "Huang" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Xiaoyu", "lastName": "Li" } ], "abstractNote": "Based on the endogenous growth theory, this paper uses the Gini coefficient to measure educational inequality and studies the empirical relationship between educational inequality and income inequality through a simultaneous equation model. The results show that: (1) Income inequality leads to educational inequality while the reduction of educational equality does not contribute to the decrease of income inequality, and there is no simple casual effect between them. However education expansion is beneficial to reduce educational inequality and income inequality. (2) Education relates to income inequality through the human capital transmission mechanism, but this mechanism does not automatically translate into a virtuous cycle of “educational equality↔income equality”. (3) In the long run, the reduction of educational inequality does not reduce income inequality, but income inequality has a negative instant-impact on educational equality. (4) At present, the level of educational investment and urbanization do not effectively promote educational equality. In addition, the robustness of the model used in this paper has been partly proved.", "publicationTitle": "Frontiers of Education in China", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2009/09/01", "volume": "4", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "413-434", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Front. Educ. China", "DOI": "10.1007/s11516-009-0022-1", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11516-009-0022-1", "accessDate": "2014-09-05T05:20:05Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1673-341X, 1673-3533", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Educational inequality and income inequality", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "link.springer.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Education (general)", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Educational inequality", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Income inequality", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "empirical study", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "实证分析", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "收入不平等", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "教育不平等", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-09-05T05:20:05Z", "dateModified": "2014-09-05T05:20:05Z" } }, { "key": "QZ5M4BDW", "version": 78, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 282749, "name": "Salma", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/salma", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/282749/items/QZ5M4BDW", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/salma/items/QZ5M4BDW", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/282749/items/NUFVXU4K", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2041212, "username": "saithssayene15", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/saithssayene15", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "QZ5M4BDW", "version": 78, "parentItem": "NUFVXU4K", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2014-09-05T04:46:30Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304387809000121/pdf?md5=a93dee09f04a42f343dac24eed928829&pid=1-s2.0-S0304387809000121-main.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Fleisher et al. - 2010 - Human capital, economic growth, and regional inequ.pdf", "md5": "a965932c9f1c83f6c1474475068cdb56", "mtime": 1409892396000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-09-05T04:46:30Z", "dateModified": "2014-09-05T04:46:36Z" } }, { "key": "6RFPWFED", "version": 78, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 282749, "name": "Salma", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/salma", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/282749/items/6RFPWFED", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/salma/items/6RFPWFED", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/282749/items/NUFVXU4K", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2041212, "username": "saithssayene15", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/saithssayene15", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "6RFPWFED", "version": 78, "parentItem": "NUFVXU4K", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Snapshot", "accessDate": "2014-09-05T04:46:30Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304387809000121", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "S0304387809000121.html", "md5": "6efa25124bab20930e9aece90bc52e61", "mtime": 1409892392000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-09-05T04:46:30Z", "dateModified": "2014-09-05T04:46:30Z" } }, { "key": "NUFVXU4K", "version": 77, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 282749, "name": "Salma", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/salma", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/282749/items/NUFVXU4K", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/salma/items/NUFVXU4K", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2041212, "username": "saithssayene15", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/saithssayene15", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Fleisher et al.", "parsedDate": "2010-07", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "NUFVXU4K", "version": 77, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Human capital, economic growth, and regional inequality in China", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Belton", "lastName": "Fleisher" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Haizheng", "lastName": "Li" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Min Qiang", "lastName": "Zhao" } ], "abstractNote": "We show how regional growth patterns in China depend on regional differences in physical, human, and infrastructure capital as well as on differences in foreign direct investment (FDI) flows. We also evaluate the impact of market reforms, especially the reforms that followed Deng Xiaoping's “South Trip” in 1992 those that resulted from serious hardening of budget constraints of state enterprises around 1997. We find that FDI had a much larger effect on TFP growth before 1994 than after, and we attribute this to the encouragement of and increasing success of private and quasi-private enterprises. We find that human capital positively affects output and productivity growth in our cross-provincial study. Moreover, we find both direct and indirect effects of human capital on TFP growth. These impacts of education are more consistent than those found in cross-national studies. The direct effect is hypothesized to come from domestic innovation activities, while the indirect impact is a spillover effect of human capital on TFP growth. We conduct cost-benefit analysis of hypothetical investments in human capital and infrastructure. We find that, while investment in infrastructure generates higher returns in the developed, eastern regions than in the interior, investing in human capital generates slightly higher or comparable returns in the interior regions. We conclude that human capital investment in less-developed areas is justified on efficiency grounds and because it contributes to a reduction in regional inequality.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Development Economics", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "July 2010", "volume": "92", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "215-231", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Journal of Development Economics", "DOI": "10.1016/j.jdeveco.2009.01.010", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304387809000121", "accessDate": "2014-09-05T04:46:30Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0304-3878", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Foreign direct investment", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Human Capital", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Regional disparity", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "TFP growth", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-09-05T04:46:30Z", "dateModified": "2014-09-05T04:46:30Z" } }, { "key": "WQQXCS8B", "version": 76, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 282749, "name": "Salma", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/salma", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/282749/items/WQQXCS8B", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/salma/items/WQQXCS8B", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/282749/items/KMXIV6CU", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2041212, "username": "saithssayene15", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/saithssayene15", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "WQQXCS8B", "version": 76, "parentItem": "KMXIV6CU", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Inequality in Education and Economic Growth: Empirical Investigation and Foundations - 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2014 - The impact of China's hukou restrictions on the ag.pdf", "md5": "ba859108e84bb24deb692d8f9f35339d", "mtime": 1409891197000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-09-05T04:26:36Z", "dateModified": "2014-09-05T04:26:37Z" } }, { "key": "C7ZV9RBP", "version": 74, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 282749, "name": "Salma", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/salma", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/282749/items/C7ZV9RBP", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/salma/items/C7ZV9RBP", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/282749/items/2MGDK5MN", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2041212, "username": "saithssayene15", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/saithssayene15", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "C7ZV9RBP", "version": 74, "parentItem": "2MGDK5MN", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2014-09-05T04:26:36Z", "url": "http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/57983/", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "57983.html", "md5": "d2f9e9c2f48aba8c778c4c6e3c01509d", "mtime": 1409891197000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-09-05T04:26:36Z", "dateModified": "2014-09-05T04:26:36Z" } }, { "key": "2MGDK5MN", "version": 73, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 282749, "name": "Salma", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/salma", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/282749/items/2MGDK5MN", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/salma/items/2MGDK5MN", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2041212, "username": "saithssayene15", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/saithssayene15", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Adolfo", "parsedDate": "2014-08-17", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "2MGDK5MN", "version": 73, "itemType": "webpage", "title": "The impact of China's hukou restrictions on the aggregate national saving", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Cristobal Campoamor", "lastName": "Adolfo" } ], "abstractNote": "This paper presents a model accounting for the impact of the Chinese rural-urban migration\non the stock of aggregate saving and the skill composition of the urban labor force. The novel\nmechanism through which immigration affects labor-market outcomes is the availability of new\nloanable funds for investment, which also results in endogenous skill upgrading. Given their\nrural hukou, which determines their higher training costs in the city, migrants skip the financial\ncosts of human capital or residential investment. As a result, they self select as net lenders,\nwhich reduces the equilibrium local interest rates and facilitates the investment mostly of new\ngenerations of urbanites. Consequently, the aggregate labor income of people with urban hukou\nincreases with immigration.", "websiteTitle": "", "websiteType": "MPRA Paper", "date": "2014-08-17", "publisher": "", "place": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/57983/", "accessDate": "2014-09-05T04:26:36Z", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Human Development", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Immigrant Workers", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Income Distribution", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "J61 - Geographic Labor Mobility", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Migration", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "O15 - Human Resources", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "P35 - Public Economics", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-09-05T04:26:36Z", "dateModified": "2014-09-05T04:26:36Z" } }, { "key": "IA9DKJ7V", "version": 71, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 282749, "name": "Salma", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/salma", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/282749/items/IA9DKJ7V", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/salma/items/IA9DKJ7V", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/282749/items/D3547ZSW", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2041212, "username": "saithssayene15", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/saithssayene15", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "IA9DKJ7V", "version": 71, "parentItem": "D3547ZSW", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2014-09-02T04:04:18Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0738059309000492/pdf?md5=229593c8931b7246ddbbc81dac249f2b&pid=1-s2.0-S0738059309000492-main.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Mok et al. - 2009 - When marketisation and privatisation clash with so.pdf", "md5": "098e91cef7d8557f5c8b153cf2c58cc4", "mtime": 1409630662000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-09-02T04:04:18Z", "dateModified": "2014-09-02T04:04:22Z" } }, { "key": "BG8TEKB4", "version": 71, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 282749, "name": "Salma", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/salma", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/282749/items/BG8TEKB4", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/salma/items/BG8TEKB4", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/282749/items/D3547ZSW", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2041212, "username": "saithssayene15", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/saithssayene15", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "BG8TEKB4", "version": 71, "parentItem": "D3547ZSW", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Snapshot", "accessDate": "2014-09-02T04:04:18Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0738059309000492", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "S0738059309000492.html", "md5": "481e677990fefafec62bfc2de2fef9f8", "mtime": 1409630659000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-09-02T04:04:18Z", "dateModified": "2014-09-02T04:04:18Z" } } ]