[ { "key": "M3E9INAE", "version": 2615, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 2746254, "name": "IES_r4r", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ies_r4r", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/2746254/items/M3E9INAE", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ies_r4r/items/M3E9INAE", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 6832925, "username": "federico-wipo", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/federico-wipo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 15335838, "username": "carlottanani", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/carlottanani", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Hoisl and Mariani", "parsedDate": "2016", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "M3E9INAE", "version": 2615, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "It’s a Man’s Job: Income and the Gender Gap in Industrial Research", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Karin", "lastName": "Hoisl" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Myriam", "lastName": "Mariani" } ], "abstractNote": "This study examines differences in income and job performance between women and men in creative, highly skilled jobs tasked with achieving technological inventions. By building on data pertaining to 9,692 inventors from 23 countries, this study shows that female inventors represent only 4.2% of total inventors, and they earn about 14% less than their male peers. The gap persists even when controlling for sources of heterogeneity, the selection of inventors into types of jobs and tasks, and potential parenthood, instrumented by exploiting a source of variation related to religious practices. The income gap is not associated with differences in the quality of the inventions that female and male inventors produce. Thus, even in this human capital–intensive profession, where capabilities and education are important assets, and productivity differentials can be observed, women earn less than men, though they contribute to the development of high-quality inventions as much as men do.", "publicationTitle": "Management Science", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2016", "volume": "63", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "766–790", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2015.2357", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/10.1287/mnsc.2015.2357", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Theme: Gender" }, { "tag": "Type of resource: Literature" }, { "tag": "iwd26" }, { "tag": "keynotes Mariani" } ], "collections": [ "GPPVVX9N" ], "relations": { "owl:sameAs": "http://zotero.org/groups/2551265/items/7TP3GC6E" }, "dateAdded": "2025-02-12T16:00:41Z", "dateModified": "2026-03-06T11:04:52Z" } }, { "key": "MLJQENWD", "version": 2614, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 2746254, "name": "IES_r4r", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ies_r4r", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/2746254/items/MLJQENWD", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ies_r4r/items/MLJQENWD", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 6832925, "username": "federico-wipo", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/federico-wipo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 15335838, "username": "carlottanani", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/carlottanani", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Hunt", "parsedDate": "2016", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "MLJQENWD", "version": 2614, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Why do women leave science and engineering", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jennifer", "lastName": "Hunt" } ], "abstractNote": "The author uses the 2003 and 2010 National Survey of College Graduates to examine the higher exit rate of women compared to men from science and engineering relative to other fields. The author finds that the higher relative exit rate is driven by engineering rather than science, and that half the gap can be explained by the relatively greater exit rate from engineering of women dissatisfied with pay and promotion opportunities. Family-related constraints and dissatisfaction with working conditions are found to be only secondary factors. The relative exit rate by gender from engineering does not differ from that of other fields once women's relatively high exit rates from male fields generally are taken into account.", "publicationTitle": "ILR Review", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2016", "volume": "69", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "199-226", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/24810300", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/24810300", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Theme: Gender" }, { "tag": "Type of resource: Literature" }, { "tag": "iwd26" }, { "tag": "keynotes Mariani" } ], "collections": [ "GPPVVX9N" ], "relations": { "owl:sameAs": "http://zotero.org/groups/2551265/items/NVDCUCFI" }, "dateAdded": "2025-02-12T16:00:41Z", "dateModified": "2026-03-06T11:03:29Z" } }, { "key": "X9IABKCD", "version": 2613, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 2746254, "name": "IES_r4r", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ies_r4r", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/2746254/items/X9IABKCD", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ies_r4r/items/X9IABKCD", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 6832925, "username": "federico-wipo", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/federico-wipo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 15335838, "username": "carlottanani", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/carlottanani", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Koning et al.", "parsedDate": "2021", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "X9IABKCD", "version": 2613, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Who do we invent for? Patents by women focus more on women’s health, but few women get to invent", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Rembrand", "lastName": "Koning" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sampsa", "lastName": "Samila" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "John-Paul", "lastName": "Ferguson" } ], "abstractNote": "Women engage in less commercial patenting and invention than do men, which may affect what is invented. Using text analysis of all U.S. biomedical patents filed from 1976 through 2010, we found that patents with all-female inventor teams are 35% more likely than all-male teams to focus on women’s health. This effect holds over decades and across research areas. We also found that female researchers are more likely to discover female-focused ideas. These findings suggest that the inventor gender gap is partially responsible for thousands of missing female-focused inventions since 1976. More generally, our findings suggest that who benefits from innovation depends on who gets to invent.", "publicationTitle": "Science", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2021", "volume": "372", "issue": "6548", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1345-1348", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "DOI: 10.1126/science.aba6990", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aba6990", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Theme: Gender" }, { "tag": "Type of resource: Literature" }, { "tag": "iwd26" }, { "tag": "keynotes Mariani" } ], "collections": [ "GPPVVX9N" ], "relations": { "owl:sameAs": "http://zotero.org/groups/2551265/items/4KQVDMKR" }, "dateAdded": "2025-02-12T16:00:41Z", "dateModified": "2026-03-06T11:03:01Z" } }, { "key": "2USDR3WJ", "version": 2612, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 2746254, "name": "IES_r4r", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ies_r4r", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/2746254/items/2USDR3WJ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ies_r4r/items/2USDR3WJ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 6832925, "username": "federico-wipo", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/federico-wipo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 15335838, "username": "carlottanani", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/carlottanani", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Bell et al.", "parsedDate": "2019", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "2USDR3WJ", "version": 2612, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Who Becomes an Inventor in America? The Importance of Exposure to Innovation", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Alex", "lastName": "Bell" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Raj", "lastName": "Chetty" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Xavier", "lastName": "Jaravel" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Neviana", "lastName": "Petkova" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "John Van", "lastName": "Reenen" } ], "abstractNote": "We characterize the factors that determine who becomes an inventor in the United States, focusing on the role of inventive ability (“nature”) versus environment (“nurture”). Using deidentified data on 1.2 million inventors from patent records linked to tax records, we first show that children’s chances of becoming inventors vary sharply with characteristics at birth, such as their race, gender, and parents’ socioeconomic class. For example, children from high-income (top 1%) families are 10 times as likely to become inventors as those from below-median income families. These gaps persist even among children with similar math test scores in early childhood—which are highly predictive of innovation rates—suggesting that the gaps may be driven by differences in environment rather than abilities to innovate. We directly establish the importance of environment by showing that exposure to innovation during childhood has significant causal effects on children’s propensities to invent. Children whose families move to a high-innovation area when they are young are more likely to become inventors. These exposure effects are technology class and gender specific. Children who grow up in a neighborhood or family with a high innovation rate in a specific technology class are more likely to patent in exactly the same class. Girls are more likely to invent in a particular class if they grow up in an area with more women (but not men) who invent in that class. These gender- and technology class–specific exposure effects are more likely to be driven by narrow mechanisms, such as role-model or network effects, than factors that only affect general human capital accumulation, such as the quality of schools. Consistent with the importance of exposure effects in career selection, women and disadvantaged youth are as underrepresented among high-impact inventors as they are among inventors as a whole. These findings suggest that there are many “lost Einsteins”—individuals who would have had highly impactful inventions had they been exposed to innovation in childhood—especially among women, minorities, and children from low-income families.", "publicationTitle": "The Quarterly Journal of Economics", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2019", "volume": "134", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "647-713", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjy028", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/qje/article/134/2/647/5218522", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Theme: Gender" }, { "tag": "Type of resource: Literature" }, { "tag": "iwd26" }, { "tag": "keynotes Mariani" } ], "collections": [ "GPPVVX9N" ], "relations": { "owl:sameAs": "http://zotero.org/groups/2551265/items/GMVBVBT6" }, "dateAdded": "2025-02-12T16:00:41Z", "dateModified": "2026-03-06T11:02:46Z" } }, { "key": "R2EUZ9BK", "version": 2611, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 2746254, "name": "IES_r4r", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ies_r4r", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/2746254/items/R2EUZ9BK", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ies_r4r/items/R2EUZ9BK", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 15335838, "username": "carlottanani", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/carlottanani", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Rossiter", "parsedDate": "1993", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "R2EUZ9BK", "version": 2611, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The Matthew Matilda Effect in Science", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Margaret", "lastName": "Rossiter" } ], "abstractNote": "Recent work has brought to light so many cases, historical and contemporary, of women scientists who have been ignored, denied credit or otherwise dropped from sight that a sex-linked phenomenon seems to exist, as has been documented to be the case in other fields, such as medicine, art history and literary criticism. Since this systematic bias in scientific information and recognition practices fits the second half of Matthew 13:12 in the Bible, which refers to the under-recognition accorded to those who have little to start with, it is suggested that sociologists of science and knowledge can add to the 'Matthew Effect', made famous by Robert K. Merton in 1968, the 'Matilda Effect', named for the American suffragist and feminist critic Matilda J. Gage of New York, who in the late nineteenth century both experienced and articulated this phenomenon. Calling attention to her and this age-old tendency may prod future scholars to include other such 'Matildas' and thus to write a better, because more comprehensive, history and sociology of science.", "publicationTitle": "", "publisher": "Social Studies of Science", "place": "", "date": "1993", "volume": "23", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "325-341", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "EUIPO. 2023. “Women in Design”.", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/285482", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Theme: Gender" }, { "tag": "Type of resource: Literature" }, { "tag": "iwd26" } ], "collections": [ "GPPVVX9N" ], "relations": { "owl:sameAs": "http://zotero.org/groups/2551265/items/4JVZGN6X" }, "dateAdded": "2026-03-06T07:55:27Z", "dateModified": "2026-03-06T11:02:05Z" } }, { "key": "JT9GNVBW", "version": 2610, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 2746254, "name": "IES_r4r", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ies_r4r", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/2746254/items/JT9GNVBW", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ies_r4r/items/JT9GNVBW", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 6832925, "username": "federico-wipo", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/federico-wipo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 15335838, "username": "carlottanani", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/carlottanani", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Toivanen and Väänänen", "parsedDate": "2012", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "JT9GNVBW", "version": 2610, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Returns to Inventors", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Otto", "lastName": "Toivanen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Lotta", "lastName": "Väänänen" } ], "abstractNote": "A key input to inventive activity is human capital. Hence, it is important to understand the monetary incentives of inventors. We estimate the effect of patented inventions on individual earnings by linking data on U.S. patents and their inventors to Finnish employer-employee data. Returns are heterogeneous: inventors get a temporary reward of 3% of annual earnings for a patent grant and for highly cited patents a longer-lasting premium of 30% in earnings three years later. Similar medium-term premium's accrue to inventors who initially hold the patent rights, although they forgo earnings at the time of the grant.", "publicationTitle": "The Review of Economics and Statistics", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2012", "volume": "94", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1173-1190", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "https://doi.org/10.1162/REST_a_00269", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/23355348", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Theme: Gender" }, { "tag": "Type of resource: Literature" }, { "tag": "iwd26" }, { "tag": "keynotes Mariani" } ], "collections": [ "GPPVVX9N" ], "relations": { "owl:sameAs": "http://zotero.org/groups/2551265/items/89JFKSJF" }, "dateAdded": "2025-02-12T16:00:41Z", "dateModified": "2026-03-06T11:01:52Z" } }, { "key": "C2DKDLLE", "version": 2609, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 2746254, "name": "IES_r4r", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ies_r4r", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/2746254/items/C2DKDLLE", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ies_r4r/items/C2DKDLLE", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 6832925, "username": "federico-wipo", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/federico-wipo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 15335838, "username": "carlottanani", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/carlottanani", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Hoisl et al.", "parsedDate": "2022", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "C2DKDLLE", "version": 2609, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Lost Marie Curies: Parental Impact on the Probability of Becoming an Inventor", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Karin", "lastName": "Hoisl" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Hans Christian", "lastName": "Kongsted" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Myriam", "lastName": "Mariani" } ], "abstractNote": "This research investigates the role of parents in explaining the surprisingly low presence of women among inventors despite their increase among graduates from science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) subjects. With Danish registry data on the population born between 1966 and 1985 and an experimental setting crafted on siblings’ gender composition, we find that the transmission of inventorship from parents to children disfavors daughters if they have a (second-born) brother. We complement this analysis with evidence about the role of parental factors at different stages of children’s education. Overall, our results confirm that parental role models matter for children’s education, especially at early stages and, through this, increase the probability of a child’s becoming an inventor. However, the direct transmission of inventorship that favors boys much more than girls seems to be affected by gendered expectations developed by parents about daughters’ and sons’ returns from inventorship. Our study contributes to explaining who becomes an inventor and why by adding an important boundary condition to the literature: Parents are intermediaries who, based on their own interpretation of external information about inventive jobs, contribute to create or limit opportunities for their children.", "publicationTitle": "Management Science", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2022", "volume": "69", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1714 - 1738", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.4432", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/10.1287/mnsc.2022.4432", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0025-1909", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Theme: Gender" }, { "tag": "Type of resource: Literature" }, { "tag": "iwd26" }, { "tag": "keynotes Mariani" } ], "collections": [ "GPPVVX9N" ], "relations": { "owl:sameAs": "http://zotero.org/groups/2551265/items/9XGN44J8" }, "dateAdded": "2025-02-12T16:00:41Z", "dateModified": "2026-03-06T11:01:27Z" } }, { "key": "X5D27FFD", "version": 2608, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 2746254, "name": "IES_r4r", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ies_r4r", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/2746254/items/X5D27FFD", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ies_r4r/items/X5D27FFD", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 6832925, "username": "federico-wipo", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/federico-wipo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 15335838, "username": "carlottanani", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/carlottanani", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Jensen et al.", "parsedDate": "2018", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "X5D27FFD", "version": 2608, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Gender differences in obtaining and maintaining patent rights", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kyle", "lastName": "Jensen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Balázs", "lastName": "Kovács" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Olav", "lastName": "Sorenson" } ], "abstractNote": "An examination of the prosecution and maintenance histories of approximately 2.7 million US patent applications indicates that women have less favorable outcomes than men.", "publicationTitle": "Nature Biotechnology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2018", "volume": "36", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "307-309", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.4120", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/nbt.4120", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Theme: Gender" }, { "tag": "Type of resource: Literature" }, { "tag": "iwd26" }, { "tag": "keynotes Mariani" } ], "collections": [ "GPPVVX9N" ], "relations": { "owl:sameAs": "http://zotero.org/groups/2551265/items/QEQCNKUX" }, "dateAdded": "2025-02-12T16:00:41Z", "dateModified": "2026-03-06T11:00:35Z" } }, { "key": "DB534R77", "version": 2607, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 2746254, "name": "IES_r4r", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ies_r4r", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/2746254/items/DB534R77", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ies_r4r/items/DB534R77", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 6832925, "username": "federico-wipo", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/federico-wipo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 15335838, "username": "carlottanani", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/carlottanani", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Carpentier et al.", "parsedDate": "2024", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "DB534R77", "version": 2607, "itemType": "manuscript", "title": "Closing Innovation and Intellectual Property Diversity Gaps: A Global Literature Review", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Elodie", "lastName": "Carpentier" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jennifer", "lastName": "Brant" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Utsav", "lastName": "Bahl" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Aikaterini", "lastName": "Kanellia" } ], "abstractNote": "Innovation is a driver of competitive advantage and economic growth, with patent rights playing a critical supporting role. However, differential access to patent rights and relatively less participation in innovation can affect women and people from other historically underrepresented groups, thereby hindering progress and limiting the potential economic benefits generated by innovation. This paper reviews the global literature on these “diversity gaps”, identifies their key drivers, and documents international policies and initiatives that show promise in addressing them. Building upon Shapanka and Fechner (2018), it expands the geographic scope and reinforces the scientific basis of their analysis. The paper also provides recommendations for a wide range of stakeholders and offers insights for fostering more inclusive and equitable innovation ecosystems.", "manuscriptType": "", "institution": "", "place": "WIPO Economic Research Working Paper No.86", "date": "2024", "numPages": "", "number": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?id=4743&plang=EN", "accessDate": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Theme: Gender" }, { "tag": "Type of resource: Literature" }, { "tag": "grem24" }, { "tag": "iwd26" } ], "collections": [ "GPPVVX9N" ], "relations": { "owl:sameAs": "http://zotero.org/groups/2551265/items/4UFGI4TA" }, "dateAdded": "2025-02-07T09:00:34Z", "dateModified": "2026-03-06T10:58:08Z" } }, { "key": "R6H9BJNF", "version": 2606, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 2746254, "name": "IES_r4r", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ies_r4r", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/2746254/items/R6H9BJNF", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ies_r4r/items/R6H9BJNF", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 6832925, "username": "federico-wipo", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/federico-wipo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 15335838, "username": "carlottanani", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/carlottanani", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Bloom et al.", "parsedDate": "2020", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "R6H9BJNF", "version": 2606, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Are Ideas Getting Harder to Find?", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Nicholas", "lastName": "Bloom" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Charles I.", "lastName": "Jones" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "John", "lastName": "Van Reenen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michael", "lastName": "Webb" } ], "abstractNote": "Long-run growth in many models is the product of two terms: the effective number of researchers and their research productivity. We present evidence from various industries, products, and firms showing that research effort is rising substantially while research productivity is declining sharply. A good example is Moore's Law. The number of researchers required today to achieve the famous doubling of computer chip density is more than 18 times larger than the number required in the early 1970s. More generally, everywhere we look we find that ideas, and the exponential growth they imply, are getting harder to find.", "publicationTitle": "American Economic Review", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2020", "volume": "110", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1104–44", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "DOI: 10.1257/aer.20180338", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/aer.20180338", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Theme: Gender" }, { "tag": "Type of resource: Literature" }, { "tag": "iwd26" }, { "tag": "keynotes Mariani" } ], "collections": [ "GPPVVX9N" ], "relations": { "owl:sameAs": "http://zotero.org/groups/2551265/items/2DCAJJ5E" }, "dateAdded": "2025-02-12T16:00:41Z", "dateModified": "2026-03-06T10:57:16Z" } }, { "key": "XR74F9NU", "version": 2605, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 2746254, "name": "IES_r4r", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ies_r4r", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/2746254/items/XR74F9NU", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ies_r4r/items/XR74F9NU", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 15335838, "username": "carlottanani", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/carlottanani", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Arias Burgos and Kazimierczak", "parsedDate": "2023", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "XR74F9NU", "version": 2605, "itemType": "report", "title": "Women in Design", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Carolina", "lastName": "Arias Burgos" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michal", "lastName": "Kazimierczak" } ], "abstractNote": "Gender equality is one of the fundamental aims of the European Union. To contribute to the current body of knowledge regarding women’s participation in the IP system, the EUIPO has analysed the gender gap in designs from three different perspectives: the participation of women designers in the labour market; the gender pay gap between male and female designers; and the participation of women designers in the creation of Registered Community Designs. The report finds that women designers are under-represented in the design profession and among RCD creators, and they earn less than their male colleagues", "reportNumber": "", "reportType": "", "institution": "", "place": "", "date": "2023", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.euipo.europa.eu/en/publications/women-in-design", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Theme: Gender" }, { "tag": "Type of resource: Literature" }, { "tag": "iwd26" } ], "collections": [ "GPPVVX9N" ], "relations": { "owl:sameAs": "http://zotero.org/groups/2551265/items/M6HFFP3Z" }, "dateAdded": "2026-03-06T07:56:51Z", "dateModified": "2026-03-06T07:56:51Z" } }, { "key": "3K2XN5BQ", "version": 2601, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 2746254, "name": "IES_r4r", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ies_r4r", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/2746254/items/3K2XN5BQ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ies_r4r/items/3K2XN5BQ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 15335838, "username": "carlottanani", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/carlottanani", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Osei-Tutu", "parsedDate": "2018", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "3K2XN5BQ", "version": 2601, "itemType": "manuscript", "title": "Using Intellectual Property Law to Promote Human Flourishing for\nMarket Women", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Janewa", "lastName": "Osei-Tutu" } ], "abstractNote": "", "manuscriptType": "", "institution": "", "place": "", "date": "2018", "numPages": "", "number": "", "DOI": "EUIPO. 2023. “Women in Design”.", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://repository.law.miami.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2204&context=fac_articles", "accessDate": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Theme: Gender" }, { "tag": "Type of resource: Literature" }, { "tag": "iwd26" } ], "collections": [ "GPPVVX9N" ], "relations": { "owl:sameAs": "http://zotero.org/groups/2551265/items/ZA4S8U2W" }, "dateAdded": "2026-03-06T07:55:58Z", "dateModified": "2026-03-06T07:55:58Z" } }, { "key": "4R5GX2GF", "version": 2600, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 2746254, "name": "IES_r4r", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ies_r4r", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/2746254/items/4R5GX2GF", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ies_r4r/items/4R5GX2GF", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 15335838, "username": "carlottanani", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/carlottanani", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Balahadia et al.", "parsedDate": "2022", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "4R5GX2GF", "version": 2600, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "University students’ awareness on intellectual property rights", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Francis", "lastName": "Balahadia" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Rainer", "lastName": "Fiscal" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jayson", "lastName": "Olayta" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Maricon", "lastName": "Pablo" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Marjean", "lastName": "Valmote" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Joseph", "lastName": "Ganibo" } ], "abstractNote": "The study aimed to determine the level of students’ awareness regarding intellectual property rights at one state university in the Philippines. This study used the descriptive research method, employing the online instrument distributed to the 506 students from different colleges. The study used a modified adapted survey questionnaire. Descriptive statistics was used such percent, mean, frequency count, and inferential data using the Kruskal Wallis H-Test. The study revealed that the respondents were aware of the aspects of copyrights, patents, trademarks, industrial designs and geographical indications. However, the respondents were neither aware nor unaware on the aspects of the utility model. Moreover, the study revealed significant difference in the level of students’ awareness when grouped according to different IP rights. Therefore, full awareness on the intellectual property rights is vital as there are implications on the protected materials, works and inventions that may lead to infringement for its improper use. Hence, to maintain the level of awareness of students regarding intellectual property rights, it is recommended that the university adopt tactics and resources for wide dissemination, such as an intellectual property rights manual, to enhance the knowledge of its students.", "publicationTitle": "International Journal of Academe and Industry Research", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2022", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "https://doi.org/10.53378/352910", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://iiari.org/journal_article/university-students-awareness-on-intellectual-property-rights/", "accessDate": "2026-05-03", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "2719-0617", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "DOI.org (Crossref)", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Theme: Gender" }, { "tag": "Type of resource: Literature" }, { "tag": "iwd26" } ], "collections": [ "GPPVVX9N" ], "relations": { "owl:sameAs": "http://zotero.org/groups/2551265/items/DG5NPU43" }, "dateAdded": "2026-03-06T07:55:46Z", "dateModified": "2026-03-06T07:55:46Z" } }, { "key": "EP8BFNPC", "version": 2595, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 2746254, "name": "IES_r4r", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ies_r4r", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/2746254/items/EP8BFNPC", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ies_r4r/items/EP8BFNPC", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 15335838, "username": "carlottanani", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/carlottanani", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Pitkethly", "parsedDate": "2012", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "EP8BFNPC", "version": 2595, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Intellectual property awareness", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Robert", "lastName": "Pitkethly" } ], "abstractNote": "Intellectual property (IP) systems depend on awareness of intellectual property yet study and measurement of this has hitherto been neglected. Components of and measures for IP awareness are discussed and studied using a large scale survey of UK industry. This addressed three main issues of:\n\nIP knowledge and understanding\nIP management practises\nawareness and use of IP information and advice.\nIP awareness scales were constructed using both classical measurement theory and Rasch model scales. The survey showed that larger companies are more IP aware whilst SMEs and the mass of micro-enterprises are often effectively unaware of the IP system. The findings showed the importance of promoting IP awareness not just to firms but also within firms and that promoting IP awareness to smaller companies is vital to the system’s success.", "publicationTitle": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2012", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.inderscienceonline.com/doi/full/10.1504/IJTM.2012.047243", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Theme: Gender" }, { "tag": "Type of resource: Literature" }, { "tag": "iwd26" } ], "collections": [ "GPPVVX9N" ], "relations": { "owl:sameAs": "http://zotero.org/groups/2551265/items/GVAWVNVF" }, "dateAdded": "2026-03-06T07:54:11Z", "dateModified": "2026-03-06T07:54:11Z" } }, { "key": "K72XCT3N", "version": 2593, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 2746254, "name": "IES_r4r", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ies_r4r", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/2746254/items/K72XCT3N", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ies_r4r/items/K72XCT3N", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 15335838, "username": "carlottanani", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/carlottanani", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Shaw and Hess", "parsedDate": "2018", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "K72XCT3N", "version": 2593, "itemType": "report", "title": "Closing the Gender Gap in Patenting, Innovation, and Commercialization: Programs Promoting Equity and Inclusion", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Elyse", "lastName": "Shaw" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Cynthia", "lastName": "Hess" } ], "abstractNote": "This report profiles programs designed to increase gender diversity in patenting, innovation, and entrepreneurship in a variety of settings, including academic institutions, corporations, and government and nonprofit organizations. Drawing on a program scan and interviews of selected program leaders and participants, it describes seven programs in depth and highlights how they were developed, their successes and lessons learned, and their results in promoting gender diversity. The report aims to provide an accessible resource that can help others seeking to increase the number of women who patent and commercialize their inventions. It is one of a series of IWPR research reports examining the underrepresentation of women, including women of color, among patent holders and in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines and occupations. The report was produced with support from Qualcomm, Inc.", "reportNumber": "", "reportType": "", "institution": "IWPR", "place": "", "date": "2018", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://iwpr.org/closing-the-gender-gap-in-patenting-innovation-and-commercialization-programs-promoting-equity-and-inclusion/", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Theme: Gender" }, { "tag": "Type of resource: Literature" }, { "tag": "iwd26" } ], "collections": [ "GPPVVX9N" ], "relations": { "owl:sameAs": "http://zotero.org/groups/2551265/items/T2XT7G88" }, "dateAdded": "2026-03-06T07:53:40Z", "dateModified": "2026-03-06T07:53:40Z" } }, { "key": "UJNBPE88", "version": 2589, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 2746254, "name": "IES_r4r", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ies_r4r", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/2746254/items/UJNBPE88", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ies_r4r/items/UJNBPE88", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 6832925, "username": "federico-wipo", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/federico-wipo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 39519, "username": "julioraffo", "name": "Julio Raffo", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/julioraffo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Pudas", "parsedDate": "2024", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "UJNBPE88", "version": 2589, "itemType": "conferencePaper", "title": "Why Are There So Few Female Inventors?", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Atte", "lastName": "Pudas" } ], "abstractNote": "Women are a small minority among patent inventors. I show that 70% of the gender gap in inventing is explained by two factors: (i) only one-fifth of STEM-educated individuals employed in the most inventive occupations are women, and (ii) even among these potential inventors, men are twice as likely to patent as women. I outline a `leaky inventor pipeline' from high school through college and into inventive occupations, showing that study choices in high school and occupational selection after college are particularly critical points of attrition for women, substantially contributing to the first factor. The second factor is driven by systematic gender gaps in patenting activity within narrowly specified occupations, whereas gender differences in occupation and firm selection, career lengths in inventive occupations, or the career impacts of parenthood cannot substantially explain it. This suggests that other factors within firms are limiting women's patenting activity.", "proceedingsTitle": "", "conferenceName": "", "publisher": "", "place": "Aalto University School of Business, Department of Economics", "date": "2024", "eventPlace": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.wipo.int/en/web/economics/search-details?id=UJNBPE88", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Theme: Gender" }, { "tag": "Type of resource: Literature" }, { "tag": "grem24" }, { "tag": "keynotes Mariani" } ], "collections": [ "GPPVVX9N" ], "relations": { "owl:sameAs": "http://zotero.org/groups/2551265/items/M2XRFXTK" }, "dateAdded": "2025-02-07T09:00:34Z", "dateModified": "2026-03-05T14:54:22Z" } }, { "key": "TA8SVSDZ", 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