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Instead, they started a relationship. Then came a rape allegation, a lawsuit and an investigation at one of the nation’s top universities.", "publicationTitle": "The New York Times", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2015-02-11", "volume": "", "issue": "", "edition": "", "section": "", "pages": "", "ISSN": "0362-4331", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/15/magazine/the-stanford-undergraduate-and-the-mentor.html", "accessDate": "2015-02-20T23:13:57Z", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NYTimes.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Clougherty, Ellie", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Colleges and Universities", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Dating and Relationships", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Lonsdale, Joe", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Palantir Technologies", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Sex Crimes", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Sexual Harassment", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Stanford University", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], 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"accessDate": "2015-02-20T23:13:57Z", "url": "http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/15/magazine/the-stanford-undergraduate-and-the-mentor.html?_r=0", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-02-20T23:13:57Z", "dateModified": "2015-02-20T23:13:57Z" } }, { "key": "8XJDRF2X", "version": 129, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 273663, "name": "Sexual Assault", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sexual_assault", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/273663/items/8XJDRF2X", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sexual_assault/items/8XJDRF2X", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 34746, "username": "cstabile", "name": "carol stabile", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cstabile", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Yung", "parsedDate": "2015", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "8XJDRF2X", "version": 129, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Concealing campus sexual assault: An empirical examination.", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Corey Rayburn", "lastName": "Yung" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Psychology, Public Policy, and Law", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2015", "volume": "21", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1-9", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1037/law0000037", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/law0000037", "accessDate": "2015-02-20T19:57:25Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1939-1528, 1076-8971", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Concealing campus sexual assault", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "CrossRef", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-02-20T19:57:25Z", "dateModified": "2015-02-20T19:57:25Z" } }, { "key": "IUTVDSDA", "version": 128, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 273663, "name": "Sexual Assault", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sexual_assault", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/273663/items/IUTVDSDA", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sexual_assault/items/IUTVDSDA", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/273663/items/AX45VQXN", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 34746, "username": "cstabile", "name": "carol stabile", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cstabile", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "IUTVDSDA", "version": 128, "parentItem": "AX45VQXN", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Amazon.com Link", "accessDate": "2015-02-19T19:35:50Z", "url": "http://www.amazon.com/At-Dark-End-Street-Resistance--/dp/0307389243/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1424374531&sr=1-1&keywords=at+the+dark+end+of+the+street", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-02-19T19:35:50Z", "dateModified": "2015-02-19T19:35:50Z" } }, { "key": "AX45VQXN", "version": 128, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 273663, "name": "Sexual Assault", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sexual_assault", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/273663/items/AX45VQXN", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sexual_assault/items/AX45VQXN", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 34746, "username": "cstabile", "name": "carol stabile", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cstabile", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "McGuire", "parsedDate": "2011-10-04", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "AX45VQXN", "version": 128, "itemType": "book", "title": "At the Dark End of the Street: Black Women, Rape, and Resistance--A New History of the Civil Rights Movement from Rosa Parks to the Rise of Black Power", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Danielle L.", "lastName": "McGuire" } ], "abstractNote": "Rosa Parks was often described as a sweet and reticent elderly woman whose tired feet caused her to defy segregation on Montgomery’s city buses, and whose supposedly solitary, spontaneous act sparked the 1955 bus boycott that gave birth to the civil rights movement. The truth of who Rosa Parks was and what really lay beneath the 1955 boycott is far different from anything previously written. In this groundbreaking and important book, Danielle McGuire writes about the rape in 1944 of a twenty-four-year-old mother and sharecropper, Recy Taylor, who strolled toward home after an evening of singing and praying at the Rock Hill Holiness Church in Abbeville, Alabama. Seven white men, armed with knives and shotguns, ordered the young woman into their green Chevrolet, raped her, and left her for dead. The president of the local NAACP branch office sent his best investigator and organizer to Abbeville. Her name was Rosa Parks. In taking on this case, Parks launched a movement that ultimately changed the world.The author gives us the never-before-told history of how the civil rights movement began; how it was in part started in protest against the ritualistic rape of black women by white men who used economic intimidation, sexual violence, and terror to derail the freedom movement; and how those forces persisted unpunished throughout the Jim Crow era when white men assaulted black women to enforce rules of racial and economic hierarchy. Black women’s protests against sexual assault and interracial rape fueled civil rights campaigns throughout the South that began during World War II and went through to the Black Power movement. The Montgomery bus boycott was the baptism, not the birth, of that struggle. At the Dark End of the Street describes the decades of degradation black women on the Montgomery city buses endured on their way to cook and clean for their white bosses. It reveals how Rosa Parks, by 1955 one of the most radical activists in Alabama, had had enough. “There had to be a stopping place,” she said, “and this seemed to be the place for me to stop being pushed around.” Parks refused to move from her seat on the bus, was arrested, and, with fierce activist Jo Ann Robinson, organized a one-day bus boycott.The protest, intended to last twenty-four hours, became a yearlong struggle for dignity and justice. It broke the back of the Montgomery city bus lines and bankrupted the company.We see how and why Rosa Parks, instead of becoming a leader of the movement she helped to start, was turned into a symbol of virtuous black womanhood, sainted and celebrated for her quiet dignity, prim demeanor, and middle-class propriety—her radicalism all but erased. And we see as well how thousands of black women whose courage and fortitude helped to transform America were reduced to the footnotes of history.A controversial, moving, and courageous book; narrative history at its best.From the Hardcover edition.", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "Reprint edition", "date": "October 4, 2011", "publisher": "Vintage", "place": "New York", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "416", "ISBN": "9780307389244", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "At the Dark End of the Street", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "Amazon.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-02-19T19:35:50Z", "dateModified": "2015-02-19T19:35:50Z" } }, { "key": "P8XBA7CM", "version": 127, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 273663, "name": "Sexual Assault", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sexual_assault", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/273663/items/P8XBA7CM", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sexual_assault/items/P8XBA7CM", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/273663/items/9JMAFTQE", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 34746, "username": "cstabile", "name": "carol stabile", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cstabile", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "P8XBA7CM", "version": 127, "parentItem": "9JMAFTQE", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "PubMed entry", "accessDate": "2015-02-19T19:34:00Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23417879", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-02-19T19:34:00Z", "dateModified": "2015-02-19T19:34:00Z" } }, { "key": "9JMAFTQE", "version": 127, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 273663, "name": "Sexual Assault", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sexual_assault", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/273663/items/9JMAFTQE", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sexual_assault/items/9JMAFTQE", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 34746, "username": "cstabile", "name": "carol stabile", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cstabile", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Smith and Freyd", "parsedDate": "2013-02", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "9JMAFTQE", "version": 127, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Dangerous safe havens: institutional betrayal exacerbates sexual trauma", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Carly Parnitzke", "lastName": "Smith" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jennifer J.", "lastName": "Freyd" } ], "abstractNote": "Research has documented the profound negative impact of betrayal within experiences of interpersonal trauma such as sexual assault (Freyd, 1994, 1996; Freyd, DePrince, & Gleaves, 2007). In the current study of college women (N = 345, 79% Caucasian; mean age = 19.69 years, SD = 2.55), we examined whether institutional failure to prevent sexual assault or respond supportively when it occurs may similarly exacerbate posttraumatic symptomatology-what we call \"institutional betrayal.\" Almost half (47%) of the women reported at least one coercive sexual experience and another 21% reported no coercion, but at least one unwanted sexual experience (total reporting unwanted sexual experiences, N = 233). Institutional betrayal (e.g., creating an environment where these experiences seemed more likely, making it difficult to report these experiences) was reported across different unwanted sexual experiences (47% and 45% of women reporting coercion and no coercion, respectively). Those women who reported institutional betrayal surrounding their unwanted sexual experience reported increased levels of anxiety (R(2) = .10), trauma-specific sexual symptoms (R(2) = .17), dissociation (R(2) = .11), and problematic sexual functioning (R(2) = .12). These results suggest that institutions have the power to cause additional harm to assault survivors.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Traumatic Stress", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Feb 2013", "volume": "26", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "119-124", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J Trauma Stress", "DOI": "10.1002/jts.21778", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1573-6598", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Dangerous safe havens", "language": "eng", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 23417879", "tags": [ { "tag": "Adolescent", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Anxiety Disorders", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Coercion", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Dangerous Behavior", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Deception", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Dissociative Disorders", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Ethics, Institutional", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Psychometrics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Questionnaires", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Rape", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Risk Factors", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Safety", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Sex Offenses", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Sleep Disorders", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Social Environment", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Trust", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Young Adult", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "students", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-02-19T19:34:00Z", "dateModified": "2015-02-19T19:34:00Z" } }, { "key": "BCK4JUUD", "version": 126, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 273663, "name": "Sexual Assault", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sexual_assault", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/273663/items/BCK4JUUD", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sexual_assault/items/BCK4JUUD", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/273663/items/MQVTD5GZ", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 34746, "username": "cstabile", "name": "carol stabile", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cstabile", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "BCK4JUUD", "version": 126, "parentItem": "MQVTD5GZ", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "APA PsycNET Snapshot", "accessDate": "2015-02-19T19:32:23Z", "url": "http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/2006-22817-001", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-02-19T19:32:23Z", "dateModified": "2015-02-19T19:32:23Z" } }, { "key": "MQVTD5GZ", "version": 126, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 273663, "name": "Sexual Assault", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sexual_assault", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/273663/items/MQVTD5GZ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sexual_assault/items/MQVTD5GZ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 34746, "username": "cstabile", "name": "carol stabile", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cstabile", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Armstrong et al.", "parsedDate": "2006", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "MQVTD5GZ", "version": 126, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Sexual Assault on Campus: A Multilevel, Integrative Approach to Party Rape", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Elizabeth A.", "lastName": "Armstrong" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Laura", "lastName": "Hamilton" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Brian", "lastName": "Sweeney" } ], "abstractNote": "This article explains why rates of sexual assault remain high on college campuses. Data are from a study of college life at a large midwestern university involving nine months of ethnographic observation of a women's floor in a \"party dorm,\" in-depth interviews with 42 of the floor residents, and 16 group interviews with other students. We show that sexual assault is a predictable outcome of a synergistic intersection of processes operating at individual, organizational, and interactional levels. Some processes are explicitly gendered, while others appear to be gender neutral. We discuss student homogeneity, expectations that partiers drink heavily and trust their party-mates, and residential arrangements. We explain how these factors intersect with more obviously gendered processes such as gender differences in sexual agendas, fraternity control of parties, and expectations that women be nice and defer to men. We show that partying produces fun as well as sexual assault, generating student resistance to criticizing the party scene or men's behavior in it. We conclude with implications for policy.", "publicationTitle": "Social Problems", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2006", "volume": "53", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "483-499", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1525/sp.2006.53.4.483", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1533-8533(Electronic);0037-7791(Print)", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Sexual Assault on Campus", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "APA PsycNET", "callNumber": "", "rights": "(c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "*College Students", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "*Colleges", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "*Dormitories", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "*Sexual Abuse", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "*Social Interaction", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Rape", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-02-19T19:32:23Z", "dateModified": "2015-02-19T19:32:23Z" } }, { "key": "VEEBKEUW", "version": 125, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 273663, "name": "Sexual Assault", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sexual_assault", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/273663/items/VEEBKEUW", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sexual_assault/items/VEEBKEUW", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 34746, "username": "cstabile", "name": "carol stabile", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cstabile", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Freyd", "parsedDate": "2014", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "VEEBKEUW", "version": 125, "itemType": "report", "title": "The UO Sexual Violence and Institutional Behavior Campus Survey", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jennifer", "lastName": "Freyd" } ], "abstractNote": "", "reportNumber": "", "reportType": "", "institution": "University of Oregon", "place": "Eugene, Oregon", "date": "2014", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-10-18T21:37:42Z", "dateModified": "2014-10-22T02:09:57Z" } }, { "key": "SFRQ5K3T", "version": 123, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 273663, "name": "Sexual Assault", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sexual_assault", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/273663/items/SFRQ5K3T", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sexual_assault/items/SFRQ5K3T", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 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"", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-10-18T23:11:07Z", "dateModified": "2014-10-22T00:39:43Z" } }, { "key": "GFVVEHIC", "version": 119, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 273663, "name": "Sexual Assault", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sexual_assault", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/273663/items/GFVVEHIC", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sexual_assault/items/GFVVEHIC", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/273663/items/RUPG6ZRV", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 34746, "username": "cstabile", "name": "carol stabile", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cstabile", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "GFVVEHIC", "version": 119, "parentItem": "RUPG6ZRV", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "PubMed entry", "accessDate": "2014-10-22T00:38:57Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23727500", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-10-22T00:38:57Z", "dateModified": "2014-10-22T00:38:57Z" } }, { "key": "RUPG6ZRV", "version": 119, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 273663, "name": "Sexual Assault", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sexual_assault", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/273663/items/RUPG6ZRV", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sexual_assault/items/RUPG6ZRV", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 34746, "username": "cstabile", "name": "carol stabile", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cstabile", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Sinclair et al.", "parsedDate": "2013-09", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "RUPG6ZRV", "version": 119, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "A self-defense program reduces the incidence of sexual assault in Kenyan adolescent girls", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jake", "lastName": "Sinclair" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Lee", "lastName": "Sinclair" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Evans", "lastName": "Otieno" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Munyae", "lastName": "Mulinge" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Cynthia", "lastName": "Kapphahn" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Neville H.", "lastName": "Golden" } ], "abstractNote": "PURPOSE: To determine the effect of a standardized 6-week self-defense program on the incidence of sexual assault in adolescent high school girls in an urban slum in Nairobi, Kenya.\nMETHODS: Population-based survey of 522 high school girls in the Korogocho-Kariobangi locations in Nairobi, Kenya, at baseline and 10 months later. Subjects were assigned by school attended to either a \"No Means No Worldwide\" self-defense course (eight schools; N = 402) or to a life-skills class (two schools; N = 120). Both the intervention and the life-skills classes were taught in the schools by trained instructors. Participants were administered the same survey at baseline and follow-up.\nRESULTS: A total of 522 girls (mean age, 16.7 ± 1.5 years; range, 14-21 years) completed surveys at baseline, and 489 at 10-month follow-up. At baseline, 24.5% reported sexual assault in the prior year, with the majority (90%) reporting assault by someone known to them (boyfriend, 52%; relative, 17%; neighbor, 15%; teacher or pastor, 6%). In the self-defense intervention group, the incidence of sexual assault decreased from 24.6% at baseline to 9.2% at follow-up (p < .001), in contrast to the control group, in which the incidence remained unchanged (24.2% at baseline and 23.1% at follow-up; p = .10). Over half the girls in the intervention group reported having used the self-defense skills to avert sexual assault in the year after the training. Rates of disclosure increased in the intervention group, but not in controls.\nCONCLUSIONS: A standardized 6-week self-defense program is effective in reducing the incidence of sexual assault in slum-dwelling high school girls in Nairobi, Kenya.", "publicationTitle": "The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Sep 2013", "volume": "53", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "374-380", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J Adolesc Health", "DOI": "10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.04.008", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1879-1972", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "eng", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 23727500", "tags": [ { "tag": "Adolescent", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Crime Victims", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Cross-Sectional Studies", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Curriculum", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Health Behavior", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Intervention Studies", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Kenya", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Poverty Areas", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Questionnaires", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Rape", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "School Health Services", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Urban Population", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Women's Health", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Young Adult", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-10-22T00:38:57Z", "dateModified": "2014-10-22T00:38:57Z" } }, { "key": "PTERKVFX", "version": 118, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 273663, "name": "Sexual Assault", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sexual_assault", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/273663/items/PTERKVFX", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sexual_assault/items/PTERKVFX", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/273663/items/4ZXKT6ZZ", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 34746, "username": "cstabile", "name": "carol stabile", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cstabile", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "PTERKVFX", "version": 118, "parentItem": "4ZXKT6ZZ", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "PubMed entry", "accessDate": "2014-10-22T00:38:26Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24733880", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-10-22T00:38:26Z", "dateModified": "2014-10-22T00:38:26Z" } }, { "key": "PQEUF5HH", "version": 118, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 273663, "name": "Sexual Assault", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sexual_assault", 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"version": 118, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 273663, "name": "Sexual Assault", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sexual_assault", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/273663/items/K2ZVG8NX", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sexual_assault/items/K2ZVG8NX", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/273663/items/4ZXKT6ZZ", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 34746, "username": "cstabile", "name": "carol stabile", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cstabile", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "K2ZVG8NX", "version": 118, "parentItem": "4ZXKT6ZZ", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2014-10-22T00:38:26Z", "url": "http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2014/04/09/peds.2013-3414.full.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-10-22T00:38:26Z", "dateModified": "2014-10-22T00:38:26Z" } }, { "key": "4ZXKT6ZZ", "version": 118, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 273663, "name": "Sexual Assault", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sexual_assault", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/273663/items/4ZXKT6ZZ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sexual_assault/items/4ZXKT6ZZ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 34746, "username": "cstabile", "name": "carol stabile", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cstabile", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Sarnquist et al.", "parsedDate": "2014-04-14", "numChildren": 3 }, "data": { "key": "4ZXKT6ZZ", "version": 118, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Rape Prevention Through Empowerment of Adolescent Girls", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Clea", "lastName": "Sarnquist" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Benjamin", "lastName": "Omondi" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jake", "lastName": "Sinclair" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Carolinah", "lastName": "Gitau" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Lee", "lastName": "Paiva" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Munyae", "lastName": "Mulinge" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David N.", "lastName": "Cornfield" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Yvonne", "lastName": "Maldonado" } ], "abstractNote": "BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Sexual assault is a major cause of injury, unplanned pregnancy, HIV infection, and mental health problems worldwide. In parts of sub-Saharan Africa, sexual assault has reached epidemic proportions. This study evaluated the efficacy of an empowerment and self-defense intervention for adolescent girls to decrease the incidence of sexual assault and harassment in Nairobi’s large informal settlements.\nMETHODS: A prospective cohort of 1978 adolescents from 4 neighborhoods near Nairobi were taught empowerment, deescalation, and self-defense skills in six 2-hour sessions. The standard-of-care (SOC) group (n = 428) received a life skills class. Self-reported, anonymous survey data were collected at baseline and 10.5 months after intervention.\nRESULTS: Annual sexual assault rates decreased from 17.9/100 person-years at baseline to 11.1 at follow-up (rate ratio = 1.61; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.26–1.86; P < .001); there was no significant change in the SOC group (14.3 to 14.0, rate ratio = 1.02; 95% CI, 0.67–1.57, P = .92). Sexual assault disclosure in the intervention group increased from 56% to 75% (P = .006), compared with a constant incidence of disclosure (53%) in the SOC group. The majority (52.3%) of adolescents in the intervention group reported using skills learned to stop an assault.\nCONCLUSIONS: This intervention decreased sexual assault rates among adolescent girls in Kenya. The intervention was also associated with an increase in the disclosure of assaults, thereby enabling survivors to seek care and support and possibly leading to the identification and prosecution of perpetrators. This model should be adaptable to other settings both in Africa and globally.", "publicationTitle": "Pediatrics", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2014-04-14", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "peds.2013-3414", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Pediatrics", "DOI": "10.1542/peds.2013-3414", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2014/04/09/peds.2013-3414", "accessDate": "2014-10-22T00:38:26Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0031-4005, 1098-4275", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "pediatrics.aappublications.org", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 24733880", "tags": [ { "tag": "Africa", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Sexual violence", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "adolescent health", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "empowerment", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "intervention", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "prevention", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-10-22T00:38:26Z", "dateModified": "2014-10-22T00:38:26Z" } }, { "key": "TSIBDCK6", "version": 117, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 273663, "name": "Sexual Assault", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sexual_assault", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/273663/items/TSIBDCK6", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sexual_assault/items/TSIBDCK6", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/273663/items/IZ3RAENT", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 34746, "username": "cstabile", "name": "carol stabile", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cstabile", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "TSIBDCK6", "version": 117, "parentItem": "IZ3RAENT", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "EBSCO Full Text", "accessDate": "2014-10-22T00:36:00Z", "url": "http://content.ebscohost.com.libproxy.uoregon.edu/ContentServer.asp?T=P&P=AN&K=20785654&S=R&D=aph&EbscoContent=dGJyMNLr40SeqK84zdnyOLCmr0yeqK5Ssau4TbaWxWXS&ContentCustomer=dGJyMPGuslGwrbVNuePfgeyx34vu", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-10-22T00:36:00Z", "dateModified": "2014-10-22T00:36:00Z" } }, { "key": "IZ3RAENT", "version": 117, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 273663, "name": "Sexual Assault", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sexual_assault", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/273663/items/IZ3RAENT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sexual_assault/items/IZ3RAENT", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 34746, "username": "cstabile", "name": "carol stabile", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cstabile", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Gidycz et al.", "parsedDate": "2006-06", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "IZ3RAENT", "version": 117, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The Evaluation of a Sexual Assault Self-Defense and Risk-Reduction Program for College Women: A Prospective Study", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Christine A.", "lastName": "Gidycz" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Cindy L.", "lastName": "Rich" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Lindsay", "lastName": "Orchowski" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Carrie", "lastName": "King" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Audrey K.", "lastName": "Miller" } ], "abstractNote": "The present study evaluated the efficacy of a sexual assault risk-reduction program that included a physical self-defense component for college women ( N= 500). Program group women significantly increased their protective behaviors over the 6-month follow-up period compared to the waiting-list control group. However, there were no significant differences between the two groups regarding rates of sexual victimization, assertive communication, or feelings of self-efficacy over the follow-up periods. Program group women who were victimized during the 3-month follow-up period evidenced less self-blame and greater offender blame for their assaults than control group women who were victimized following the program. Given that program women evidenced a greater awareness of sexual assault at the end of the study than control group women, the difficulty in addressing the impact of programming on rates of sexual victimization is discussed.", "publicationTitle": "Psychology of Women Quarterly", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "June 2006", "volume": "30", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "173-186", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Psychology of Women Quarterly", "DOI": "10.1111/j.1471-6402.2006.00280.x", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=20785654&site=ehost-live&scope=site", "accessDate": "2014-10-22T00:36:00Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "03616843", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "The Evaluation of a Sexual Assault Self-Defense and Risk-Reduction Program for College Women", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "EBSCOhost", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "ADJUSTMENT (Psychology)", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "APPLIED psychology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "CRIMES against", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "ERGONOMICS", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "PSYCHOLOGY", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Rape", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "SELF-defense", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "SELF-help techniques", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Sex Crimes", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "WOMEN college students", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-10-22T00:36:00Z", "dateModified": "2014-10-22T00:36:00Z" } }, { "key": "8FQNAZRP", "version": 116, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 273663, "name": "Sexual Assault", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sexual_assault", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/273663/items/8FQNAZRP", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sexual_assault/items/8FQNAZRP", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 34746, "username": "cstabile", "name": "carol stabile", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cstabile", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Krebs et al.", "parsedDate": "2007-12", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "8FQNAZRP", "version": 116, "itemType": "report", "title": "The Campus Sexual Assault (CSA) Study", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Christopher P.", "lastName": "Krebs" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Christine H.", "lastName": "Lindquist" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Tara D.", "lastName": "Warner" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Bonnie S.", "lastName": "Fisher" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sandra L.", "lastName": "Martin" } ], "abstractNote": "", "reportNumber": "221153", "reportType": "Grant", "institution": "NCJRS", "place": "Washington, D.C.", "date": "December 2007", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/221153.pdf", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-10-22T00:18:34Z", "dateModified": "2014-10-22T00:21:17Z" } }, { "key": "SCVKR4Q3", "version": 113, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 273663, "name": "Sexual Assault", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sexual_assault", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/273663/items/SCVKR4Q3", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sexual_assault/items/SCVKR4Q3", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 34746, "username": "cstabile", "name": "carol stabile", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cstabile", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Humphrey and Kahn", "parsedDate": "2000-12-01", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "SCVKR4Q3", "version": 113, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Fraternities, Athletic Teams, and Rape Importance of Identification With a Risky Group", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Stephen E.", "lastName": "Humphrey" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Arnold S.", "lastName": "Kahn" } ], "abstractNote": "This study examined the relationship between sexual assault and membership in high-risk fraternities and athletic teams. Although past research has identified fraternities and athletic teams as high-risk groups for sexual assault, the findings have been inconclusive. Based on student perceptions, we separated fraternities and athletic teams into high-risk and low-risk groups. A survey of 182 male students, including those who were members of three fraternities and five athletic teams as well as nonmembers, indicated that the high-risk groups scored significantly higher than the low-risk groups on measures of sexual aggression, hostility toward women, and male peer support endorsing sexual aggression. These findings showed that some fraternity or athletic team members are more likely to commit sexual assault than males in the general student population, but this is not true for all such groups. The results help explain inconsistencies reported by previous researchers.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Interpersonal Violence", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "12/01/2000", "volume": "15", "issue": "12", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1313-1322", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J Interpers Violence", "DOI": "10.1177/088626000015012005", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://jiv.sagepub.com/content/15/12/1313", "accessDate": "2014-10-20T03:53:19Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0886-2605, 1552-6518", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "jiv.sagepub.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-10-20T03:53:19Z", "dateModified": "2014-10-20T03:53:19Z" } } ]