[ { "key": "3QCXC6I8", "version": 8032, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 27161, "name": "weiss_aplysia_lab", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/weiss_aplysia_lab", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/27161/items/3QCXC6I8", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/weiss_aplysia_lab/items/3QCXC6I8", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 51137, "username": "matthewperkins", "name": "Matthew Perkins", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/matthewperkins", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Lorenzetti et al.", "parsedDate": "2008-09-11", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "3QCXC6I8", "version": 8032, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Molecular mechanisms underlying a cellular analog of operant reward learning", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Fred D", "lastName": "Lorenzetti" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Douglas A", "lastName": "Baxter" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "John H", "lastName": "Byrne" } ], "abstractNote": "Operant conditioning is a ubiquitous but mechanistically poorly understood form of associative learning in which an animal learns the consequences of its behavior. Using a single-cell analog of operant conditioning in neuron B51 of Aplysia, we examined second-messenger pathways engaged by activity and reward and how they may provide a biochemical association underlying operant learning. Conditioning was blocked by Rp-cAMP, a peptide inhibitor of PKA, a PKC inhibitor, and by expressing a dominant-negative isoform of Ca2+-dependent PKC (apl-I). Thus, both PKA and PKC were necessary for operant conditioning. Injection of cAMP into B51 mimicked the effects of operant conditioning. Activation of PKC also mimicked conditioning but was dependent on both cAMP and PKA, suggesting that PKC acted at some point upstream of PKA activation. Our results demonstrate how these molecules can interact to mediate operant conditioning in an individual neuron important for the expression of the conditioned behavior.", "publicationTitle": "Neuron", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Sep 11, 2008", "volume": "59", "issue": "5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "815-828", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Neuron", "DOI": "10.1016/j.neuron.2008.07.019", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://eresources.library.mssm.edu:2115/pubmed/18786364", "accessDate": "2009-12-03T23:59:11Z", "PMID": "18786364", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1097-4199", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Behavior, Animal", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Calcium", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Cells, Cultured", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Conditioning, Operant", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Cyclic AMP", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Dopamine", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Membrane Potentials", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Motor Activity", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Patch-Clamp Techniques", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Peptide Fragments", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Protein Kinase C", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Protein Kinase Inhibitors", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Protein Transport", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Reward", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Serine", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Thionucleotides", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "E5SJ2XCG" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-03-09T16:38:42Z", "dateModified": "2011-03-09T16:38:42Z" } }, { "key": "8WTSTBBM", "version": 8033, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 27161, "name": "weiss_aplysia_lab", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/weiss_aplysia_lab", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/27161/items/8WTSTBBM", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/weiss_aplysia_lab/items/8WTSTBBM", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 51137, "username": "matthewperkins", "name": "Matthew Perkins", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/matthewperkins", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Jing and Weiss", "parsedDate": "2005-10-11", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "8WTSTBBM", "version": 8033, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Generation of variants of a motor act in a modular and hierarchical motor network", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jian", "lastName": "Jing" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Klaudiusz R", "lastName": "Weiss" } ], "abstractNote": "BACKGROUND: Most motor systems can generate a variety of behaviors, including categorically different behaviors and variants of a single motor act within the same behavioral category. Previous work indicated that many pattern-generating interneuronal networks may have a modular organization and that distinct categories of behaviors can be generated through flexible combinations of a small number of modules or building blocks. However, it is unclear whether and how a small number of modules could possibly generate a large number of variants of one behavior. RESULTS: We show that the modular feeding motor network of Aplysia mediates variations in protraction duration in biting-like programs. Two descending commands are active during biting behavior and trigger biting-like responses in a semiintact preparation. In the isolated CNS, when activated alone, the two commands produce biting-like programs of either long or short protraction duration by acting specifically on two modules that have opposite effects on protraction duration. More importantly, when coactivated at different frequencies, the two commands produce biting programs with an intermediate protraction duration. CONCLUSIONS: It was previously hypothesized that behavioral variants may be produced by combining different activity levels of multiple descending commands. Our data provide direct evidence for such a scheme and show how it is implemented in a modularly organized network. Thus, within a modular and hierarchical architecture, in addition to generating different categories of behavior, a small number of modules also efficiently implements variants of a single behavior.", "publicationTitle": "Current Biology: CB", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Oct 11, 2005", "volume": "15", "issue": "19", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1712-1721", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Curr. Biol", "DOI": "10.1016/j.cub.2005.08.051", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16213817", "accessDate": "2010-10-08T13:48:37Z", "PMID": "16213817", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0960-9822", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Analysis of Variance", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Animals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Aplysia", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Efferent Pathways", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Electrophysiology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Feeding Behavior", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Interneurons", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Models, Neurological", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Motor Neurons", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Nerve Net", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "AC54J7HX" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-10-08T13:48:51Z", "dateModified": "2010-10-08T13:48:51Z" } }, { "key": "PEX9RPPT", "version": 8034, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 27161, "name": "weiss_aplysia_lab", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/weiss_aplysia_lab", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/27161/items/PEX9RPPT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/weiss_aplysia_lab/items/PEX9RPPT", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 51137, "username": "matthewperkins", "name": "Matthew Perkins", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/matthewperkins", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Lorenzetti et al.", "parsedDate": "2008-09-11", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "PEX9RPPT", "version": 8034, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Molecular mechanisms underlying a cellular analog of operant reward learning", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Fred D", "lastName": "Lorenzetti" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Douglas A", "lastName": "Baxter" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "John H", "lastName": "Byrne" } ], "abstractNote": "Operant conditioning is a ubiquitous but mechanistically poorly understood form of associative learning in which an animal learns the consequences of its behavior. Using a single-cell analog of operant conditioning in neuron B51 of Aplysia, we examined second-messenger pathways engaged by activity and reward and how they may provide a biochemical association underlying operant learning. Conditioning was blocked by Rp-cAMP, a peptide inhibitor of PKA, a PKC inhibitor, and by expressing a dominant-negative isoform of Ca2+-dependent PKC (apl-I). Thus, both PKA and PKC were necessary for operant conditioning. Injection of cAMP into B51 mimicked the effects of operant conditioning. Activation of PKC also mimicked conditioning but was dependent on both cAMP and PKA, suggesting that PKC acted at some point upstream of PKA activation. Our results demonstrate how these molecules can interact to mediate operant conditioning in an individual neuron important for the expression of the conditioned behavior.", "publicationTitle": "Neuron", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Sep 11, 2008", "volume": "59", "issue": "5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "815-828", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Neuron", "DOI": "10.1016/j.neuron.2008.07.019", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://eresources.library.mssm.edu:2115/pubmed/18786364", "accessDate": "2009-12-03T23:59:11Z", "PMID": "18786364", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1097-4199", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Behavior, Animal", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Calcium", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Cells, Cultured", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Conditioning, Operant", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Cyclic AMP", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Dopamine", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Membrane Potentials", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Motor Activity", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Patch-Clamp Techniques", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Peptide Fragments", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Protein Kinase C", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Protein Kinase Inhibitors", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Protein Transport", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Reward", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Serine", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Thionucleotides", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "E5SJ2XCG" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-09-24T13:34:08Z", "dateModified": "2010-09-24T13:34:08Z" } }, { "key": "ASXCDQKJ", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 27161, "name": "weiss_aplysia_lab", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/weiss_aplysia_lab", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/27161/items/ASXCDQKJ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/weiss_aplysia_lab/items/ASXCDQKJ", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/27161/items/PEX9RPPT", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 51137, "username": "matthewperkins", "name": "Matthew Perkins", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/matthewperkins", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "ASXCDQKJ", "version": 1, "parentItem": "PEX9RPPT", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_file", "title": "sdarticle(2).pdf", "accessDate": "", "url": "", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "sdarticle(2).pdf", "md5": "9aa55a515cc97cbe8c9a342b4671a564", "mtime": 2147483647, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-09-24T13:34:08Z", "dateModified": "2010-09-24T13:34:08Z" } }, { "key": "T4ZV2Z8P", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 27161, "name": "weiss_aplysia_lab", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/weiss_aplysia_lab", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/27161/items/T4ZV2Z8P", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/weiss_aplysia_lab/items/T4ZV2Z8P", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/27161/items/DZEGE4UJ", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 51137, "username": "matthewperkins", "name": "Matthew Perkins", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/matthewperkins", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "T4ZV2Z8P", "version": 1, "parentItem": "DZEGE4UJ", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_file", "title": "fulltext.pdf", "accessDate": "", "url": "", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "fulltext.pdf", "md5": "2cc1f4ae5bee3ac0a75eb12e56050314", "mtime": 2147483647, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-09-24T13:31:00Z", "dateModified": "2010-09-24T13:31:00Z" } }, { "key": "DZEGE4UJ", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 27161, "name": "weiss_aplysia_lab", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/weiss_aplysia_lab", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/27161/items/DZEGE4UJ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/weiss_aplysia_lab/items/DZEGE4UJ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 51137, "username": "matthewperkins", "name": "Matthew Perkins", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/matthewperkins", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Scott et al.", "parsedDate": "1991", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "DZEGE4UJ", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Neuromuscular organization of the buccal system in Aplysia californica", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Marsha L.", "lastName": "Scott" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C. K.", "lastName": "Govind" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mark D.", "lastName": "Kirk" } ], "abstractNote": "The intrinsic muscles and peripheral nerves in the buccal system of the sea hare Aplysia californica were studied to build a foundation on which to base future investigations of feeding in intact animals. A detailed description of the bilaterally paired intrinsic muscles is given identifying previously unreported muscles. Each of the six buccal nerves (n1-n6) and the cerebrobuccal connective (CBC) have been characterized in several respects. Cell bodies in the buccal ganglion with projections into each of the buccal nerves have been identified via the cobalt backfilling technique. All nerves contain axons of cell bodies in the ipsilateral as well as the contralateral ganglia. For each nerve, there is a consistent pattern in the distribution of cell bodies in the paired ganglia with the number of cell bodies in the contralateral ganglion being less than or equal to the number in the ipsilateral ganglion. Although the total number of backfilled cell bodies varies among the nerves, their size ranges are similar with the majority being small. Nerves 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6 provide motor innervation to the intrinsic buccal muscles in varying degrees with nerve 4 supplying all the intrinsic muscles; nerve 2 supplies only one. The axon composition of each nerve was scrutinized and revealed large numbers of axon profiles, the majority of which were less than 2 mum in diameter. The present study provides a framework for analysis of feeding behavior in Aplysia californica.", "publicationTitle": "The Journal of Comparative Neurology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1991", "volume": "312", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "207-222", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1002/cne.903120204", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903120204", "accessDate": "2009-11-11T16:46:26Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Wiley InterScience", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "PUHP9GD3" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-09-24T13:31:00Z", "dateModified": "2010-09-24T13:31:00Z" } }, { "key": "JT8QK6EU", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 27161, "name": "weiss_aplysia_lab", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/weiss_aplysia_lab", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/27161/items/JT8QK6EU", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/weiss_aplysia_lab/items/JT8QK6EU", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/27161/items/KQ8H5WXV", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 51137, "username": "matthewperkins", "name": "Matthew Perkins", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/matthewperkins", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "JT8QK6EU", "version": 1, "parentItem": "KQ8H5WXV", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "HighWire Snapshot", "accessDate": "2009-11-11T18:41:17Z", "url": "http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/content/full/205/20/3177#FIG20", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "windows-1252", "filename": "3177.html", "md5": null, "mtime": 2147483647, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-09-24T13:30:43Z", "dateModified": "2010-09-24T13:30:43Z" } }, { "key": "KQ8H5WXV", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 27161, "name": "weiss_aplysia_lab", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/weiss_aplysia_lab", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/27161/items/KQ8H5WXV", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/weiss_aplysia_lab/items/KQ8H5WXV", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 51137, "username": "matthewperkins", "name": "Matthew Perkins", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/matthewperkins", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Neustadter et al.", "parsedDate": "2002-10-15", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "KQ8H5WXV", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "A kinematic model of swallowing in Aplysia californica based on radula/odontophore kinematics and in vivo magnetic resonance images", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David M.", "lastName": "Neustadter" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Richard F.", "lastName": "Drushel" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Patrick E.", "lastName": "Crago" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Benjamin W.", "lastName": "Adams" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Hillel J.", "lastName": "Chiel" } ], "abstractNote": "A kinematic model of the buccal mass of Aplysia californica during swallowing has been developed that incorporates the kinematics of the odontophore, the muscular structure that underlies the pincer-like grasping structure, the radula. The model is based on real-time magnetic resonance images (MRIs) of the mid-sagittal cross section of the buccal mass during swallowing. Using kinematic relationships derived from isolated odontophores induced to perform feeding-like movements, the model generates predictions about movement of the buccal mass in the medio-lateral dimension during the feeding cycle that are well-matched to corresponding coronal MRIs of the buccal mass during swallowing. The model successfully reproduces changes in the lengths of the intrinsic (I) buccal muscles I2 and I3 measured experimentally. The model predicts changes in the length of the radular opener muscle I7 throughout the swallowing cycle, generates hypotheses about the muscular basis of radular opening prior to the onset of forward rotation during swallowing and suggests possible context-dependent functions for the I7 muscle, the radular stalk and the I5 (ARC) muscle during radular opening and closing.", "publicationTitle": "J Exp Biol", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "October 15, 2002", "volume": "205", "issue": "20", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "3177-3206", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/content/abstract/205/20/3177", "accessDate": "2009-11-11T18:41:16Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "HighWire", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "PUHP9GD3" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-09-24T13:30:43Z", "dateModified": "2010-09-24T13:30:43Z" } }, { "key": "VQNI57VS", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 27161, "name": "weiss_aplysia_lab", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/weiss_aplysia_lab", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/27161/items/VQNI57VS", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/weiss_aplysia_lab/items/VQNI57VS", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/27161/items/HJGFTIGG", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 51137, "username": "matthewperkins", "name": "Matthew Perkins", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/matthewperkins", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "VQNI57VS", "version": 1, "parentItem": "HJGFTIGG", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "SpringerLink Snapshot", "accessDate": "2010-03-13T14:26:08Z", "url": "http://eresources.library.mssm.edu:2351/content/w95534l283735084/", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "w95534l283735084.html", "md5": null, "mtime": 2147483647, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-09-24T13:29:41Z", "dateModified": "2010-09-24T13:29:41Z" } }, { "key": "AKN2FU5Z", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 27161, "name": "weiss_aplysia_lab", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/weiss_aplysia_lab", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/27161/items/AKN2FU5Z", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/weiss_aplysia_lab/items/AKN2FU5Z", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 51137, "username": "matthewperkins", "name": "Matthew Perkins", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/matthewperkins", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Feustel et al.", "parsedDate": "1983", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "AKN2FU5Z", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Episodic and lexical contributions to the repetition effect in word identification", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "T. C", "lastName": "Feustel" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R. M", "lastName": "Shiffrin" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A.", "lastName": "Salasoo" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Experimental Psychology: General", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1983", "volume": "112", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "309–346", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Google Scholar", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "Q9HQUCCZ" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-09-24T13:29:41Z", "dateModified": "2010-09-24T13:29:41Z" } }, { "key": "HJGFTIGG", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 27161, "name": "weiss_aplysia_lab", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/weiss_aplysia_lab", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/27161/items/HJGFTIGG", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/weiss_aplysia_lab/items/HJGFTIGG", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 51137, "username": "matthewperkins", "name": "Matthew Perkins", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/matthewperkins", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Heiligenberg and Kramer", "parsedDate": "1972", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "HJGFTIGG", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Aggressiveness as a function of external stimulation", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "W.", "lastName": "Heiligenberg" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "U.", "lastName": "Kramer" } ], "abstractNote": "The attack readiness of a male cichlid, as measured by the rate of attacks directed at small blinded test fish, falls to a very low level if the animal is isolated from adult conspecifics for several weeks. It recovers again within a few days after repeated exposure to adult conspecifics. This readiness to attack could also be restored by repeated presentation of fish dummies, resembling a territorial conspecific male, over a period of 10 successive days. After being raised by this procedure, the attack readiness returned to its prestimulatory level with a half time of 7 days. Theoretical implications and the ecological significance of this long term process are discussed.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Neuroethology, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1972", "volume": "77", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "332-340", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1007/BF00696433", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00696433", "accessDate": "2010-03-13T14:26:06Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "SpringerLink", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "Q9HQUCCZ" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-09-24T13:29:41Z", "dateModified": "2010-09-24T13:29:41Z" } }, { "key": "HX5KXX8Q", "version": 8035, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 27161, "name": "weiss_aplysia_lab", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/weiss_aplysia_lab", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/27161/items/HX5KXX8Q", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/weiss_aplysia_lab/items/HX5KXX8Q", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 51137, "username": "matthewperkins", "name": "Matthew Perkins", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/matthewperkins", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Marder and Calabrese", "parsedDate": "1996-07", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "HX5KXX8Q", "version": 8035, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Principles of rhythmic motor pattern generation", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "E", "lastName": "Marder" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R L", "lastName": "Calabrese" } ], "abstractNote": "Rhythmic movements are produced by central pattern-generating networks whose output is shaped by sensory and neuromodulatory inputs to allow the animal to adapt its movements to changing needs. This review discusses cellular, circuit, and computational analyses of the mechanisms underlying the generation of rhythmic movements in both invertebrate and vertebrate nervous systems. Attention is paid to exploring the mechanisms by which synaptic and cellular processes interact to play specific roles in shaping motor patterns and, consequently, movement.", "publicationTitle": "Physiological Reviews", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Jul 1996", "volume": "76", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "687-717", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Physiol. Rev", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://eresources.library.mssm.edu:2060/pubmed/8757786", "accessDate": "2010-04-14T15:05:19Z", "PMID": "8757786", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0031-9333", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Animals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Circadian Rhythm", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Motor Activity", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Neural Networks (Computer)", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Synaptic Transmission", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "CRB9844Z" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-09-24T13:29:16Z", "dateModified": "2010-09-24T13:29:16Z" } }, { "key": "SHQAZD7W", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 27161, "name": "weiss_aplysia_lab", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/weiss_aplysia_lab", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/27161/items/SHQAZD7W", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/weiss_aplysia_lab/items/SHQAZD7W", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/27161/items/GC8Z6HRD", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 51137, "username": "matthewperkins", "name": "Matthew Perkins", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/matthewperkins", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "SHQAZD7W", "version": 1, "parentItem": "GC8Z6HRD", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Nature Snapshot", "accessDate": "2010-03-09T02:06:41Z", "url": "http://eresources.library.mssm.edu:2072/nrn/journal/v11/n2/full/nrn2787.html", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "nrn2787.html", "md5": null, "mtime": 2147483647, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-09-24T13:29:16Z", "dateModified": "2010-09-24T13:29:16Z" } }, { "key": "GC8Z6HRD", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 27161, "name": "weiss_aplysia_lab", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/weiss_aplysia_lab", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/27161/items/GC8Z6HRD", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/weiss_aplysia_lab/items/GC8Z6HRD", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 51137, "username": "matthewperkins", "name": "Matthew Perkins", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/matthewperkins", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Friston", "parsedDate": "2010-02", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "GC8Z6HRD", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The free-energy principle: a unified brain theory?", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Karl", "lastName": "Friston" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Nat Rev Neurosci", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "February 2010", "volume": "11", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "127-138", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Nat Rev Neurosci", "DOI": "10.1038/nrn2787", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://eresources.library.mssm.edu:2087/10.1038/nrn2787", "accessDate": "2010-03-09T02:06:38Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1471-003X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "The free-energy principle", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Nature", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "CRB9844Z" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-09-24T13:29:16Z", "dateModified": "2010-09-24T13:29:16Z" } }, { "key": "DK267VZ7", "version": 8037, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 27161, "name": "weiss_aplysia_lab", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/weiss_aplysia_lab", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/27161/items/DK267VZ7", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/weiss_aplysia_lab/items/DK267VZ7", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 51137, "username": "matthewperkins", "name": "Matthew Perkins", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/matthewperkins", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Sánchez and Kirk", "parsedDate": "2001-12", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "DK267VZ7", "version": 8037, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Cerebral-buccal pathways in Aplysia californica: synaptic connections, cooperative interneuronal effects and feedback during buccal motor programs", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J A", "lastName": "Sánchez" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M D", "lastName": "Kirk" } ], "abstractNote": "Ingestion of seaweed by Aplysia is in part mediated by cerebral-buccal interneurons that drive rhythmic motor output from the buccal ganglia and in some cases cerebral-buccal interneurons act as members of the feeding central pattern generator. Here we document cooperative interactions between cerebral-buccal interneuron 2 and cerebral-buccal interneuron 12, characterize synaptic input to cerebral-buccal interneuron 2 and cerebral-buccal interneuron 12 from buccal peripheral nerve 2,3, describe a synaptic connection between cerebral-buccal interneuron 1 and buccal neuron B34, further characterize connections made by cerebral-buccal interneurons 2 and -12 with B34 and B61/62, and describe a novel, inhibitory connection made by cerebral-buccal interneuron 2 with a buccal neuron. When cerebral-buccal interneurons 2 and 12 were driven synchronously at low frequencies, ingestion-like buccal motor programs were elicited, and if either was driven alone, indirect synaptic input was recruited in the other cerebral-buccal interneuron. Stimulation of BN2,3 recruited both ingestion and rejection-like motor programs without firing in cerebral-buccal interneurons 2 or 12. During motor programs elicited by cerebral-buccal interneurons 2 or 12, high-voltage stimulation of BN2,3 inhibited firing in both cerebral-buccal interneurons. Our results suggest that cerebral-buccal interneurons 2 and 12 use cooperative interactions to modulate buccal motor programs, yet firing in cerebral-buccal interneurons 2 or 12 is not necessary for recruiting motor programs by buccal peripheral nerve BN2,3, even in preparations with intact cerebral-buccal pathways.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Comparative Physiology. A, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Dec 2001", "volume": "187", "issue": "10", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "801-815", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J. Comp. Physiol. A", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11800037", "accessDate": "2010-09-17T14:02:36Z", "PMID": "11800037", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0340-7594", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Cerebral-buccal pathways in Aplysia californica", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Animals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Aplysia", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Feeding Behavior", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Ganglia, Invertebrate", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Interneurons", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Motor Neurons", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Neural Pathways", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Peripheral Nervous System", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Synapses", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "AC54J7HX" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-09-24T13:28:19Z", "dateModified": "2010-09-24T13:28:19Z" } }, { "key": "T2GWNP6Q", "version": 8036, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 27161, "name": "weiss_aplysia_lab", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/weiss_aplysia_lab", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/27161/items/T2GWNP6Q", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/weiss_aplysia_lab/items/T2GWNP6Q", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 51137, "username": "matthewperkins", "name": "Matthew Perkins", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/matthewperkins", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Sánchez and Kirk", "parsedDate": "2002-10", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "T2GWNP6Q", "version": 8036, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Ingestion motor programs of Aplysia are modulated by short-term synaptic enhancement in cerebral-buccal interneuron pathways", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "José Antonio D", "lastName": "Sánchez" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mark D", "lastName": "Kirk" } ], "abstractNote": "In the sea slug Aplysia, buccal synapses of cerebral-buccal interneurons (CBIs) CBI-2 and CBI-12 exhibit short-term synaptic enhancement (STE), including frequency-dependent facilitation and augmentation/post-tetanic potentiation (AUG/PTP). The STE that results from driving CBI-2 or CBI-12 is associated with significantly decreased latency to burst onset in buccal premotor neurons and motor neurons, increased cycle frequency of ingestion buccal motor programs (iBMPs) and increased intraburst firing frequency of buccal neurons during iBMPs. Tests of paired-pulse facilitation during AUG/PTP suggest that the locus for this plasticity is presynaptic. The AUG/PTP is not elicited by heterosynaptic pathways, indicating that its origin is homosynaptic. At low CBI-2 and CBI-12 firing frequencies, STE is likely to contribute to iBMP initiation, while at higher firing frequencies, STE is correlated with increased cycle frequency of iBMPs. Thus, STE is an important component of the mechanisms whereby cerebral neurons regulate cyclic feeding programs and likely contributes to observed variations in behavioral responses, including feeding arousal.", "publicationTitle": "Invertebrate Neuroscience: IN", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Oct 2002", "volume": "4", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "199-212", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Invert. Neurosci", "DOI": "10.1007/s10158-002-0021-x", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12488970", "accessDate": "2010-09-17T13:58:46Z", "PMID": "12488970", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1354-2516", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Animals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Aplysia", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Cheek", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Electrophysiology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Feeding Behavior", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Ganglia, Invertebrate", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Interneurons", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Neural Pathways", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Neuronal Plasticity", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Organ Culture Techniques", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Synapses", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "AC54J7HX" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-09-24T13:28:19Z", "dateModified": "2010-09-24T13:28:19Z" } }, { "key": "MQR345US", "version": 8039, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 27161, "name": "weiss_aplysia_lab", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/weiss_aplysia_lab", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/27161/items/MQR345US", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/weiss_aplysia_lab/items/MQR345US", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 51137, "username": "matthewperkins", "name": "Matthew Perkins", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/matthewperkins", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Due et al.", "parsedDate": "2004-03-18", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "MQR345US", "version": 8039, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Dopaminergic contributions to modulatory functions of a dual-transmitter interneuron in Aplysia", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michael R", "lastName": "Due" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jian", "lastName": "Jing" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Klaudiusz R", "lastName": "Weiss" } ], "abstractNote": "The feeding central pattern generator of Aplysia produces motor programs that can differ in the degree to which they are ingestive or egestive. A number of pattern-generating interneurons that play an important role in shaping motor programs have been identified. One of these interneurons, B65, is unusual in that it contains two classical neurotransmitters, dopamine and gamma-aminobutyric acid. Here, we study the role of one of these transmitters, dopamine, using a combination of pharmacological and electrophysiological means. We show that B65 uses dopamine to elicit fast synaptic potentials in several follower neurons. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the dopamine antagonist sulpiride mimics the effect of bilateral B65 hyperpolarization on egestive motor programs. Thus our data suggest that dopaminergic transmission serves to increase the degree of egestiveness of motor programs, and decrease the duration of the protraction phase.", "publicationTitle": "Neuroscience Letters", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Mar 18, 2004", "volume": "358", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "53-57", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Neurosci. Lett", "DOI": "10.1016/j.neulet.2003.12.058", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15016433", "accessDate": "2010-03-08T16:26:13Z", "PMID": "15016433", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0304-3940", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Animals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Aplysia", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Dopamine", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Interneurons", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Mouth Mucosa", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Sulpiride", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "gamma-Aminobutyric Acid", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "9BRWAFZV" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-09-24T13:28:03Z", "dateModified": "2010-09-24T13:28:03Z" } }, { "key": "ZVQUTZ3Q", "version": 8038, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 27161, "name": "weiss_aplysia_lab", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/weiss_aplysia_lab", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/27161/items/ZVQUTZ3Q", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/weiss_aplysia_lab/items/ZVQUTZ3Q", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 51137, "username": "matthewperkins", "name": "Matthew Perkins", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/matthewperkins", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Proekt et al.", "parsedDate": "2007-04", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "ZVQUTZ3Q", "version": 8038, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Multiple contributions of an input-representing neuron to the dynamics of the aplysia feeding network", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Alex", "lastName": "Proekt" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jian", "lastName": "Jing" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Klaudiusz R", "lastName": "Weiss" } ], "abstractNote": "In Aplysia, mutually antagonistic ingestive and egestive behaviors are produced by the same multifunctional central pattern generator (CPG) circuit. Interestingly, higher-order inputs that activate the CPG do not directly specify whether the resulting motor program is ingestive or egestive because the slow dynamics of the network intervene. One input, the commandlike cerebral-buccal interneuron 2 (CBI-2), slowly drives the motor output toward ingestion, whereas another input, the esophageal nerve (EN), drives the motor output toward egestion. When the input is switched from EN to CBI-2, the motor output does not switch immediately and remains egestive. Here, we investigated how these slow dynamics are implemented on the interneuronal level. We found that activity of two CPG interneurons, B20 and B40, tracked the motor output regardless of the input, whereas activity of another CPG interneuron, B65, tracked the input regardless of the motor output. Furthermore, we show that the slow dynamics of the network are implemented, at least in part, in the slow dynamics of the interaction between the input-representing and the output-representing neurons. We conclude that 1) a population of CPG interneurons, recruited during a particular motor program, simultaneously encodes both the input that is used to elicit the motor program and the output elicited by this input; and 2) activity of the input-representing neurons may serve to bias the future motor programs.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Neurophysiology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Apr 2007", "volume": "97", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "3046-3056", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J. Neurophysiol", "DOI": "10.1152/jn.01301.2006", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://eresources.library.mssm.edu:2115/pubmed/17314236", "accessDate": "2009-12-18T12:57:10Z", "PMID": "17314236", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0022-3077", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Animals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Aplysia", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Electric Stimulation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Feeding Behavior", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Instinct", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Interneurons", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Nerve Net", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Neural Pathways", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Neurons", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "9BRWAFZV" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-09-24T13:28:03Z", "dateModified": "2010-09-24T13:28:03Z" } }, { "key": "NEPSD7ZZ", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 27161, "name": "weiss_aplysia_lab", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/weiss_aplysia_lab", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/27161/items/NEPSD7ZZ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/weiss_aplysia_lab/items/NEPSD7ZZ", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/27161/items/ZVQUTZ3Q", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 51137, "username": "matthewperkins", "name": "Matthew Perkins", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/matthewperkins", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "NEPSD7ZZ", "version": 1, "parentItem": "ZVQUTZ3Q", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_file", "title": "3046.pdf", "accessDate": "", "url": "", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "3046.pdf", "md5": "297e89fc60a76193c79d4190b6460682", "mtime": 2147483647, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-09-24T13:28:03Z", "dateModified": "2010-09-24T13:28:03Z" } }, { "key": "PXJTA9IK", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 27161, "name": "weiss_aplysia_lab", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/weiss_aplysia_lab", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/27161/items/PXJTA9IK", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/weiss_aplysia_lab/items/PXJTA9IK", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/27161/items/MQR345US", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 51137, "username": "matthewperkins", "name": "Matthew Perkins", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/matthewperkins", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "PXJTA9IK", "version": 1, "parentItem": "MQR345US", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_file", "title": "sdarticle.pdf", "accessDate": "", "url": "", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "sdarticle.pdf", "md5": "b9ade9bb5a1aee99afd7f5d511685fcf", "mtime": 2147483647, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-09-24T13:28:03Z", "dateModified": "2010-09-24T13:28:03Z" } }, { "key": "XTHU6QKC", "version": 8045, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 27161, "name": "weiss_aplysia_lab", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/weiss_aplysia_lab", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/27161/items/XTHU6QKC", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/weiss_aplysia_lab/items/XTHU6QKC", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 51137, "username": "matthewperkins", "name": "Matthew Perkins", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/matthewperkins", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Warman and Chiel", "parsedDate": "1995-04", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "XTHU6QKC", "version": 8045, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "A new technique for chronic single-unit extracellular recording in freely behaving animals using pipette electrodes", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "E N", "lastName": "Warman" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "H J", "lastName": "Chiel" } ], "abstractNote": "Using extracellular pipette electrodes made of glass or plastic whose tip diameters ranged from 60 to 100 microns, it was possible to record the activity of single identified neurons in freely behaving animals. Multiple pipettes can be reliably positioned and attached to the sheath. Large signals can be obtained from neurons having soma diameters as small as 70 microns. We have used this technique to monitor the activity of an identified interneuron (B4/B5) during feeding behavior in the marine mollusk Aplysia californica. The technique can also be used in reduced or in vitro preparations for rapidly mapping the neural activity of a ganglion without removing its sheath.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Neuroscience Methods", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Apr 1995", "volume": "57", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "161-169", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J. Neurosci. Methods", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7609579", "accessDate": "2010-07-27T11:44:55Z", "PMID": "7609579", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0165-0270", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Animals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Aplysia", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Electric Stimulation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Electrodes, Implanted", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Electrophysiology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Feeding Behavior", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Ganglia, Invertebrate", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Monitoring, Physiologic", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Motor Activity", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Neurons", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "RR6WSWZZ" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-09-24T13:27:44Z", "dateModified": "2010-09-24T13:27:44Z" } }, { "key": "FW325I7T", "version": 8044, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 27161, "name": "weiss_aplysia_lab", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/weiss_aplysia_lab", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/27161/items/FW325I7T", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/weiss_aplysia_lab/items/FW325I7T", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 51137, "username": "matthewperkins", "name": "Matthew Perkins", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/matthewperkins", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Zhurov et al.", "parsedDate": "2005-02-02", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "FW325I7T", "version": 8044, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Changes of internal state are expressed in coherent shifts of neuromuscular activity in Aplysia feeding behavior", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Yuriy", "lastName": "Zhurov" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Alex", "lastName": "Proekt" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Klaudiusz R", "lastName": "Weiss" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Vladimir", "lastName": "Brezina" } ], "abstractNote": "The multitasking central pattern generator (CPG) that drives consummatory feeding behaviors of Aplysia can produce ingestive, egestive, and intermediate motor programs. External stimuli trigger the programs but, remarkably, do not directly specify which type of program is produced. Rather, recent work has proposed, the type of program is determined by the internal network state of the CPG that has developed in response to the previous history of the stimulation. Here we have tested a key prediction of this network-state hypothesis. If the network state has a real existence and governs real functional behavior, changes in the state should be seen as coherent, coordinated changes along many dimensions of interneuron and motor neuron activity, muscle contraction, and ultimately movement, that underlie functional behavior. In reduced neuromuscular preparations, we elicited repetitive motor programs by continued stimulation of the esophageal nerve while recording the firing of motor neurons B8, B15, B16, B4/5, and B48, and contractions of the accessory radula closer and I7-I10 muscles that respectively close and open the animal's food-grasping organ, the radula. Using sonomicrometric techniques, we similarly recorded the movement of the radula in the complete buccal mass. Successive esophageal nerve programs indeed exhibited clear progressive changes in motor neuron firing, muscle contractions, and the phasing of radula movements within each cycle, from an initially intermediate or even ingestive character to a strongly egestive character. We conclude that the Aplysia feeding CPG really has a coherent internal network state whose dynamics are likely to be reflected in the real behavior of the animal.", "publicationTitle": "The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Feb 2, 2005", "volume": "25", "issue": "5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1268-1280", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J. Neurosci", "DOI": "10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3361-04.2005", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15689565", "accessDate": "2010-03-09T22:57:40Z", "PMID": "15689565", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1529-2401", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Animals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Aplysia", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Electric Stimulation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Feeding Behavior", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Ganglia, Invertebrate", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Interneurons", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Memory", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Models, Neurological", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Motor Neurons", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Muscle Contraction", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Nerve Net", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Neuronal Plasticity", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Stereotyped Behavior", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "RR6WSWZZ" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-09-24T13:27:44Z", "dateModified": "2010-09-24T13:27:44Z" } }, { "key": "T26PXWNA", "version": 8043, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 27161, "name": "weiss_aplysia_lab", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/weiss_aplysia_lab", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/27161/items/T26PXWNA", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/weiss_aplysia_lab/items/T26PXWNA", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 51137, "username": "matthewperkins", "name": "Matthew Perkins", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/matthewperkins", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Sasaki et al.", "parsedDate": "2009-09-23", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "T26PXWNA", "version": 8043, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Distinct inhibitory neurons exert temporally specific control over activity of a motoneuron receiving concurrent excitation and inhibition", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kosei", "lastName": "Sasaki" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Vladimir", "lastName": "Brezina" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Klaudiusz R", "lastName": "Weiss" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jian", "lastName": "Jing" } ], "abstractNote": "Recent work suggests that concurrent excitation and inhibition originating in central pattern generators (CPGs) may be used to control rhythmic motoneuronal activity. The specific roles that the inhibition plays in such cases are not well understood, however, in part because of the lack of identification of presynaptic inhibitory neurons. Here we demonstrate that, in the Aplysia feeding CPG, inhibitory inputs may be critical for flexible control of the activity of motoneurons in different forms of behavior. The feeding CPG generates ingestive and egestive motor programs, differing in the high and low activity, respectively, of the motoneuron B8 during the retraction phase of the programs. We show that, during retraction, B8 receives concurrent excitation and inhibition that produces a high-conductance state. The inhibition originates in two types of CPG neurons, B4/5 and B70, that are more active in egestion than ingestion and play a role in suppressing B8 activity during egestion. In turn, the activities of both B4/5 and B70 are suppressed by the ingestion-promoting descending interneuron CBI-3 (for cerebral-buccal interneuron 3). Thus, concurrent excitation and inhibition may be an effective means of controlling motoneuronal activity in a behavior-dependent manner. More detailed analyses reveal, furthermore, that B4/5 and B70 exert complementary actions by acting preferentially in the early and late part of retraction, respectively. Thus, the use of multiple neurons to generate inhibitory inputs to motoneurons that receive concurrent excitation and inhibition brings an additional level of flexibility that allows a temporally specific control of motoneuronal activity within a single phase of motor programs.", "publicationTitle": "The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Sep 23, 2009", "volume": "29", "issue": "38", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "11732-11744", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J. Neurosci", "DOI": "10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3051-09.2009", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19776260", "accessDate": "2010-04-07T15:11:07Z", "PMID": "19776260", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1529-2401", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Action Potentials", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Analysis of Variance", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Animals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Aplysia", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Electric Stimulation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Feeding Behavior", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Linear Models", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Membrane Potentials", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Models, Neurological", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Motor Activity", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Motor Neurons", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Neural Inhibition", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Neurons", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Patch-Clamp Techniques", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Synapses", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Time Factors", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "RR6WSWZZ" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-09-24T13:27:44Z", "dateModified": "2010-09-24T13:27:44Z" } }, { "key": "K5SV3V58", "version": 8042, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 27161, "name": "weiss_aplysia_lab", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/weiss_aplysia_lab", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/27161/items/K5SV3V58", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/weiss_aplysia_lab/items/K5SV3V58", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 51137, "username": "matthewperkins", "name": "Matthew Perkins", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/matthewperkins", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Kabotyanski et al.", "parsedDate": "1998-02", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "K5SV3V58", "version": 8042, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Identification and characterization of catecholaminergic neuron B65, which initiates and modifies patterned activity in the buccal ganglia of Aplysia", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "E A", "lastName": "Kabotyanski" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "D A", "lastName": "Baxter" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J H", "lastName": "Byrne" } ], "abstractNote": "Catecholamines are believed to play an important role in regulating the properties and functional organization of the neural circuitry mediating consummatory feeding behaviors in Aplysia. In the present study, we morphologically and electrophysiologically identified a pair of catecholaminergic interneurons, referred to as B65, in the buccal ganglia. Their processes innervate both the ipsi- and contralateral neuropil, and separate branches of B65 appeared to innervate the somata of both ipsi- and contralateral B4/5 neurons. B65 exhibited patterned burst(s) of activity during spontaneous cycles of fictive feeding. Patterned activity in B65 also was elicited by stimulation of the radula nerve, by depolarization of the pattern initiating neurons B31/32 or B63, and by bath application of -3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA). B65 appeared to be a member of the protraction group of neurons. Action potentials in B65 elicited fast one-for-one excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) in neurons B4/5, B8A/B, B31/32, B63, and B64. In turn, B31/32 and B63 excited B65 and B64 inhibited B65. Some of the synaptic connections of B65 were plastic. For example, the fast EPSPs elicited in B4/5 and B64 decremented, whereas those in B31/32 andB8A/B facilitated. In addition to fast EPSPs, B65 elicited slow postsynaptic potentials in some of its follower cells. Depolarization of B65 elicited cycles of patterned activity indicative of fictive feeding in buccal neurons, including B65 itself. During series of B65-induced patterns, the properties of the buccal motor programs appeared to change. In particular, the activity of radula closure motor neurons B8A/B, which initially coincided mainly with the protraction phase of a cycle, gradually extended to overlap mostly with the retraction phase. This observation suggests that prolonged activity in B65 may play a role in transitioning from rejection-like to ingestion-like fictive feeding. The phase shift of the activity of B8A/B appears due, at least in part, to a decrease in activity of B4/5, and thus a reduction in inhibition from B4/5 onto B8A/B, during the retraction phase. The functional properties and synaptic connections of B65 suggest that it may play an important role in determining features of patterned neural activity in the buccal ganglia.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Neurophysiology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Feb 1998", "volume": "79", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "605-621", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J. Neurophysiol", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9463425", "accessDate": "2010-04-07T16:20:20Z", "PMID": "9463425", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0022-3077", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Action Potentials", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Animals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Aplysia", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Dopamine", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Dopamine Agents", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Feeding Behavior", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Ganglia, Invertebrate", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Levodopa", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Motor Neurons", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Neuronal Plasticity", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Neurons", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "RR6WSWZZ" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-09-24T13:27:44Z", "dateModified": "2010-09-24T13:27:44Z" } }, { "key": "W7MIMQVR", "version": 8041, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 27161, "name": "weiss_aplysia_lab", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/weiss_aplysia_lab", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/27161/items/W7MIMQVR", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/weiss_aplysia_lab/items/W7MIMQVR", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 51137, "username": "matthewperkins", "name": "Matthew Perkins", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/matthewperkins", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Ye et al.", "parsedDate": "2006-10-18", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "W7MIMQVR", "version": 8041, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Neuromechanics of multifunctionality during rejection in Aplysia californica", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Hui", "lastName": "Ye" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Douglas W", "lastName": "Morton" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Hillel J", "lastName": "Chiel" } ], "abstractNote": "How are the same muscles and neurons used to generate qualitatively different behaviors? We studied this question by analyzing the biomechanical and neural mechanisms of rejection responses in the marine mollusk Aplysia californica and compared these mechanisms with those used to generate swallowing responses (Ye et al., 2006). During rejection, the central grasper of the feeding structure closes to push inedible food out of the buccal cavity. This contrasts with swallowing, during which the grasper is open as it moves toward the jaws (protracts). We examined how the shape change of the grasper during rejection mechanically reconfigured the surrounding musculature. Grasper shape change increased the effectiveness of protractor muscle I2. The closed grasper alters the function of another muscle, the hinge, which becomes capable of inducing ventral rotations of rejected material. In contrast, during large-amplitude swallows, the hinge muscle mediates dorsal rotations of ingested material. Finally, after the grasper opens, its change in shape induces a delay in the activation of other surrounding muscles, the I1/I3/jaw complex, whose premature activation would close the halves of the grasper and induce it to pull inedible material back inward. The delay in activation of the I1/I3/jaw complex is partially attributable to identified multiaction neurons B4/B5. The results suggest that multifunctionality emerges from a periphery in which flexible coalitions of muscles may perform different functions in different mechanical contexts and in which neural circuitry is capable of reorganizing to exploit these coalitions by changes in phasing, duration, and intensity of motor neuronal activation.", "publicationTitle": "The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Oct 18, 2006", "volume": "26", "issue": "42", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "10743-10755", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J. Neurosci", "DOI": "10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3143-06.2006", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17050713", "accessDate": "2010-07-27T04:14:28Z", "PMID": "17050713", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1529-2401", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Animals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Aplysia", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Biomechanics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Deglutition", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Feeding Behavior", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Masticatory Muscles", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Mouth", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "RR6WSWZZ" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-09-24T13:27:44Z", "dateModified": "2010-09-24T13:27:44Z" } } ]