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The term “Southern Ming” was proposed by modern historians to refer to the Ming regimes established in the south after the collapse of the Beijing Ming government in 1644. On the basis of this social context, this study focuses on letters written by Southern Ming supporters between 1644 and 1652, avoiding simply categorising them as Ming or Qing letters. I argue that because of the paralysed Ming postal system, these private letters became an alternative method for the dissemination of Ming or Qing military and political news, effectively liaising with Southern Ming supporters in different territories or regions. Furthermore, the epistolary stages of writing, transmission, reception, preservation, circulation, and dissemination demonstrated dynamic interactions. The understanding of the social situation in the war period and the anticipation of possible variables at different stages of letter exchange prompted Southern Ming correspondents to try to avoid factors that might disrupt their correspondence, even before they began to write. The turbulent social situation caused early Southern Ming letters not only to contain their correspondents’ self-representation but also to be involved in the political and military fields in the special era of the Ming-Qing transition.\n\n\n“南明”一詞特指1644年明北京政府覆滅後在南方建立的明朝政權。本文基於這一社會背景，探討南明初年書信的交流功能和政治價值。1644至1652年間南明支持者的書信通常被籠統地歸類為明代或清代書信。在明朝郵驛系統因戰亂癱瘓的情況下，這些私人書信承擔了傳遞明清軍政消息的關鍵角色，有效聯絡了活躍於不同地區的南明支持者。書信的撰寫、傳遞、接收、保存、流通和傳播過程呈現出動態的互動。基於對當時局勢的判斷及對通信過程中可能遇到變數的預測，南明支持者在撰寫書信時試圖規避可能幹擾正常通信的因素。在南明初年動盪的社會環境中，私人書信不僅是通信者的自我呈現，還展現出其在明清易代之際深度介入政治和軍事領域的獨特性。", "publicationTitle": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2024", "volume": "5", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "245–267", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.25365/JEACS.2024.5.SU", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://journals.univie.ac.at/index.php/jeacs/article/view/8623", "accessDate": "2025-01-15T18:50:35Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "DOI.org (Datacite)", "callNumber": "", "rights": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International", "extra": "Artwork Size: 18MB", "tags": [ { "tag": "#nosource" }, { "tag": "Chinese Letters", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Epistolary Activities", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Epistolary Culture", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Letter", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Ming Loyalists", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "The Ming-Qing Transition", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "The Southern Ming Period", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-01-15T19:07:16Z", "dateModified": "2026-03-04T06:52:52Z" } }, { "key": "DRJ883QB", "version": 4207, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 270384, "name": "Ming Studies", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ming_studies", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/270384/items/DRJ883QB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ming_studies/items/DRJ883QB", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1979185, "username": "sschneewind", "name": "Sarah Schneewind", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sschneewind", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 2058, "username": "Bruce Rusk", "name": "Bruce Rusk", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bruce_rusk", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Garner", "parsedDate": "1971", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "DRJ883QB", "version": 4207, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The Export of Chinese Lacquer to Japan in the Yuan and Early Ming Dynasties", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sir Henry", "lastName": "Garner" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Archives of Asian Art", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1971-72", "volume": "XXV", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "6-28", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "#nosource" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2024-12-14T23:25:01Z", "dateModified": "2026-03-04T06:52:31Z" } }, { "key": "8D4HMFXQ", "version": 4206, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 270384, "name": "Ming Studies", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ming_studies", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/270384/items/8D4HMFXQ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ming_studies/items/8D4HMFXQ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1979185, "username": "sschneewind", "name": "Sarah Schneewind", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sschneewind", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 2058, "username": "Bruce Rusk", "name": "Bruce Rusk", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bruce_rusk", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Luper and Luo", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "8D4HMFXQ", "version": 4206, "itemType": "bookSection", "title": "A study of a 15th Century Ming Dynasty Court Statue of Tara", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Edward", "lastName": "Luper" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Wenhua", "lastName": "Luo" } ], "abstractNote": "", "bookTitle": "Bonhams Catalogue", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "pages": "", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "#nosource" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2024-12-15T17:06:25Z", "dateModified": "2026-03-04T06:52:31Z" } }, { "key": "5USGG6BX", "version": 4206, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 270384, "name": "Ming Studies", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ming_studies", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/270384/items/5USGG6BX", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ming_studies/items/5USGG6BX", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 11108852, "username": "omaddox9", "name": "Olivia Maddox", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/omaddox9", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 2058, "username": "Bruce Rusk", "name": "Bruce Rusk", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bruce_rusk", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Akhtar", "parsedDate": "2022", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "5USGG6BX", "version": 4206, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Malay Perspectives on Ming China during the Age of Exploration", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ali Humayun", "lastName": "Akhtar" } ], "abstractNote": "When the Portuguese and Spaniards first arrived in the South China Sea (ca. early 1500s), the commercial worlds they encountered in centres like Melaka and Manila were closely connected with the politics and economy of China under the Ming dynasty (r. 1368–1644). This article examines how the Malay sultanates conceptualized China in three works of Malay epic literature (Malay: hikayat)—the Hikayat Raja Raja Pasai, Hikayat Hang Tuah, and Sejarah Melayu. A comparison of these semi-fictional texts with historical accounts provides evidence that during Europe’s Age of Exploration, when Southeast Asia first became the crossroads of global maritime exchange, the sultanates of Southeast Asia were deeply intertwined with Chinese diplomacy in ways that help explain European colonial-era activities in the South China Sea well into the twentieth century.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2022", "volume": "95", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1-21", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1353/ras.2022.0031", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/126/article/874716", "accessDate": "2024-09-17T19:42:41Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "2180-4338", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Project MUSE", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "mlzsync1:0077{\"extrafields\":{\"publisher\":\"Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society\"}}", "tags": [ { "tag": "#nosource" }, { "tag": "Age of Exploration", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Hang Tuah", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Hikayat Hang Tuah", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Hikayat Raja Raja Pasai", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Indian Ocean", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Malay annals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Ming dynasty", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Qing dynasty", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Sejarah Melayu [End Page 1]", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Zheng He", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "history of India", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "porcelain", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "silk routes", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "spice routes", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2024-09-17T19:42:41Z", "dateModified": "2026-03-04T06:48:07Z" } }, { "key": "76KNZCB7", "version": 4206, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 270384, "name": "Ming Studies", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ming_studies", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/270384/items/76KNZCB7", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ming_studies/items/76KNZCB7", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 11108852, "username": "omaddox9", "name": "Olivia Maddox", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/omaddox9", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 2058, "username": "Bruce Rusk", "name": "Bruce Rusk", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bruce_rusk", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Qian", "parsedDate": "2020", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "76KNZCB7", "version": 4206, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Distribution Maps of Chinese Poets in the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644): A Geographical Visualization Experiment", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Lixiang", "lastName": "Qian" } ], "abstractNote": "This case study is a collection of poems that reflect the geographical distribution of Chinese poets in the Ming dynasty. This collection is titled Ming Shizong 明詩綜, written by Zhu Yizun 朱彝尊 of the Qing dynasty (1636–1911). Quantitative analysis and geographical visualization of digital humanities are applied in this study. The distribution of poets in the Ming dynasty is characterized by the southernization and localization of maps of provinces and cities (or counties). These phenomena have specific reasons that involve politics, economy, education, culture, and elite families.", "publicationTitle": "Library Trends", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2020", "volume": "69", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "289-307", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1353/lib.2020.0033", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/774350", "accessDate": "2024-09-17T19:30:58Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1559-0682", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Distribution Maps of Chinese Poets in the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644)", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Project MUSE", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "mlzsync1:0062{\"extrafields\":{\"publisher\":\"Johns Hopkins University Press\"}}", "tags": [ { "tag": "#nosource" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2024-09-17T19:30:58Z", "dateModified": "2026-03-04T06:48:07Z" } }, { "key": "VW4CYUGW", "version": 4206, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 270384, "name": "Ming Studies", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ming_studies", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/270384/items/VW4CYUGW", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ming_studies/items/VW4CYUGW", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 11108852, "username": "omaddox9", "name": "Olivia Maddox", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/omaddox9", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 2058, "username": "Bruce Rusk", "name": "Bruce Rusk", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bruce_rusk", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Fong", "parsedDate": "2023", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "VW4CYUGW", "version": 4206, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "From Convention to Subversion: Case Studies on the Female Gaze in Premodern China", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Grace S.", "lastName": "Fong" } ], "abstractNote": "This article engages the ekphrastic mode—the literary representation of visual representation—to examine the female gaze instantiated in women's poetry on paintings of beautiful women in the Ming and Qing periods. Through four case studies, it shows how women poets and painters participated in the visual culture of late imperial China and negotiated gendered difference in their aesthetic vision and artistic production.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Chinese Literature and Culture", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2023", "volume": "10", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "137-168", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1215/23290048-10362418", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/4/article/901878", "accessDate": "2024-09-17T19:46:05Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "2329-0056", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "From Convention to Subversion", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Project MUSE", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "mlzsync1:0053{\"extrafields\":{\"publisher\":\"Duke University Press\"}}", "tags": [ { "tag": "#nosource" }, { "tag": "ekphrasis", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "gaze", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "gender", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "meirenhua", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "subjectivity", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2024-09-17T19:46:05Z", "dateModified": "2026-03-04T06:48:07Z" } }, { "key": "ZZJ62UNB", "version": 4206, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 270384, "name": "Ming Studies", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ming_studies", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/270384/items/ZZJ62UNB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ming_studies/items/ZZJ62UNB", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 11108852, "username": "omaddox9", "name": "Olivia Maddox", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/omaddox9", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 2058, "username": "Bruce Rusk", "name": "Bruce Rusk", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bruce_rusk", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Lei", "parsedDate": "2023", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "ZZJ62UNB", "version": 4206, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Always Being With Her Practitioners: A Study of the Diversified Devotional Practices of the Cult of Zhunti 準提 in Late Imperial China (1368–1911)", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Tianyu", "lastName": "Lei" } ], "abstractNote": "As one of the most venerated Buddhist deities in late imperial China, the core of the cult of the goddess Zhunti lies in the diversity of its devotional practices. Nevertheless, influenced by a problematic methodology, previous studies on this topic highly relied on the prescriptive materials and attached too much importance to the elite practitioners, thus presenting an incomplete picture of the actual situation. Therefore, this article divides the devotional practices of the Zhunti cult into full-fledged liturgies and separately performed devotional practices, and takes advantage of both the descriptive and prescriptive sources to reveal how real historical actors (elites/non-elites, men/women) drew on religious culture to suit their own religious exploration.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Chinese Religions", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2023", "volume": "51", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "207-227", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1353/jcr.2023.a913656", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/913656", "accessDate": "2024-09-17T19:56:50Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "2050-8999", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Always Being With Her Practitioners", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Project MUSE", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "mlzsync1:0062{\"extrafields\":{\"publisher\":\"Johns Hopkins University Press\"}}", "tags": [ { "tag": "#nosource" }, { "tag": "Zhunti", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "cult", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "devotional practices", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "diversity", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "late imperial China", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2024-09-17T19:56:50Z", "dateModified": "2026-03-04T06:48:06Z" } }, { "key": "RHHSH4RJ", "version": 4206, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 270384, "name": "Ming Studies", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ming_studies", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/270384/items/RHHSH4RJ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ming_studies/items/RHHSH4RJ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 11108852, "username": "omaddox9", "name": "Olivia Maddox", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/omaddox9", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 2058, "username": "Bruce Rusk", "name": "Bruce Rusk", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bruce_rusk", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Wang", "parsedDate": "2021", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "RHHSH4RJ", "version": 4206, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "How Late Imperial Chinese Literati Read Their Books: Inscribing, Collating, Excerpting", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Fan", "lastName": "Wang" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Book History", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2021", "volume": "24", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "320-351", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1353/bh.2021.0012", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/839029", "accessDate": "2024-09-17T20:01:31Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1529-1499", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "How Late Imperial Chinese Literati Read Their Books", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Project MUSE", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "mlzsync1:0062{\"extrafields\":{\"publisher\":\"Johns Hopkins University Press\"}}", "tags": [ { "tag": "#nosource" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2024-09-17T20:01:31Z", "dateModified": "2026-03-04T06:48:06Z" } }, { "key": "GXKFK7QU", "version": 4206, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 270384, "name": "Ming Studies", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ming_studies", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/270384/items/GXKFK7QU", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ming_studies/items/GXKFK7QU", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 11108852, "username": "omaddox9", "name": "Olivia Maddox", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/omaddox9", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 2058, "username": "Bruce Rusk", "name": "Bruce Rusk", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bruce_rusk", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Goossaert", "parsedDate": "2022", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "GXKFK7QU", "version": 4206, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Ritual Techniques for Creating a Divine Persona in Late Imperial China: The Case of Daoist Law Enforcer Lord Wang", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Vincent", "lastName": "Goossaert" } ], "abstractNote": "Lord Wang (Wang lingguan 王靈官, Wang tianjun 王天君) is a ubiquitous god in late imperial and modern Chinese society, worshipped in different contexts, including temple processions, exorcistic rituals, monastic ordinations, and elite spirit-writing cults. This article argues that his divine persona remains coherent in these different contexts, and that a reason for this coherence is that he is made present to his many audiences through ritual techniques (controlled spirit-possession, ritual theater, spirit-writing) that are closely related to each other.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Chinese Religions", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2022", "volume": "50", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "45-76", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1353/jcr.2022.0002", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/855669", "accessDate": "2024-09-17T20:33:05Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "2050-8999", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Ritual Techniques for Creating a Divine Persona in Late Imperial China", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Project MUSE", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "mlzsync1:0062{\"extrafields\":{\"publisher\":\"Johns Hopkins University Press\"}}", "tags": [ { "tag": "#nosource" }, { "tag": "Daoism", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "baojuan", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "elite religiosity", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "exorcism", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "popular religion", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "spirit-writing", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2024-09-17T20:33:05Z", "dateModified": "2026-03-04T06:48:05Z" } }, { "key": "PSYLZWAP", "version": 4206, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 270384, "name": "Ming Studies", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ming_studies", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/270384/items/PSYLZWAP", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ming_studies/items/PSYLZWAP", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 11108852, "username": "omaddox9", "name": "Olivia Maddox", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/omaddox9", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 2058, "username": "Bruce Rusk", "name": "Bruce Rusk", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bruce_rusk", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Des Forges 戴沙迪", "parsedDate": "2020", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "PSYLZWAP", "version": 4206, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Industry and Its Motivations: Reading Tang Xianzu's Examination Essay on the Problem of Excess Cloth", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Alexander", "lastName": "Des Forges 戴沙迪" } ], "abstractNote": "Civil-service examination candidates in Ming and Qing China often encountered \"small-topic\" essay questions, which required them to restrict their analysis to a small fragment of a canonical text rather than a longer, coherent passage. Tang Xianzu's (1550–1616) \"The Woman Would Have Excess Cloth\" is one such essay. I argue that this essay goes well beyond the original passage of the Mengzi from which the topic was drawn: it proposes that the ability to exchange one's excess production on the market is appropriate motivation for an individual to continue to produce. Beginning from the specific case of the woman whose weaving exceeds the needs of her own household, Tang alludes as well to the written work engaged in by literati, framing the sale of cloth and the exchange of letters and prefaces as ethical means of sustaining the motivation on which social discipline is grounded.", "publicationTitle": "Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2020", "volume": "80", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "85-122", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1353/jas.2020.0004", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/109/article/788548", "accessDate": "2024-09-17T20:26:57Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1944-6454", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Industry and Its Motivations", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Project MUSE", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "mlzsync1:0058{\"extrafields\":{\"publisher\":\"Harvard-Yenching Institute\"}}", "tags": [ { "tag": "#nosource" }, { "tag": "Karl Marx", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Mencius", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Mudan ting 牡丹亭 (Peony Pavilion)", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Zhang Juzheng 張居正", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "filial piety", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "idleness", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "literary field", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2024-09-17T20:26:57Z", "dateModified": "2026-03-04T06:48:05Z" } }, { "key": "VNCU3Y2M", "version": 4206, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 270384, "name": "Ming Studies", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ming_studies", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/270384/items/VNCU3Y2M", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ming_studies/items/VNCU3Y2M", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 11108852, "username": "omaddox9", "name": "Olivia Maddox", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/omaddox9", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 2058, "username": "Bruce Rusk", "name": "Bruce Rusk", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bruce_rusk", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "McManus", "parsedDate": "2024", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "VNCU3Y2M", "version": 4206, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Multiethnic Slavery and the African Diaspora in Macau: The Search for the Geographic Limits of Vast Early America", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Stuart M.", "lastName": "McManus" } ], "abstractNote": "The geographic limits of early American history are continuously being debated. Recently, this has culminated in the popular adoption of the expression \"vast early America,\" which looks beyond the previously dominant Atlantic paradigm to embrace hemispheric perspectives while underlining the need to delve more into continental Africa, the Mediterranean, Eurasia, and the Pacific and Indian Ocean worlds. But what are the limits of this widening historical panorama in the case of the history of slavery? A hitherto-unstudied set of mid-eighteenth-century baptismal records from the Portuguese enclave of Macau, which noted the birth, ethnicity, and parentage of dozens of African and other enslaved people, offers evidence that the transatlantic slave trade was part of a larger trade in people of African descent (and others) that was geographically uneven and regionally segmented but global in extent, reaching as far as China. Placing this unique new dataset within the context of other contemporary Portuguese- and Chinese-language sources reveals that the presence of \"Black slaves\" (黑 奴, heinu) in this port city was shaped by many of the same imperial and missionary projects as in the Atlantic, as well as racialized in ways highly reminiscent of the Western Hemisphere by both European and Chinese observers. The increasingly racialized slave trade of vast early America was thus horrifyingly \"vast.\"", "publicationTitle": "The William and Mary Quarterly", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2024", "volume": "81", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "395-430", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1353/wmq.2024.a925935", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/275/article/925935", "accessDate": "2024-09-17T20:19:04Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1933-7698", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Multiethnic Slavery and the African Diaspora in Macau", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Project MUSE", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "mlzsync1:0089{\"extrafields\":{\"publisher\":\"Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture\"}}", "tags": [ { "tag": "#nosource" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2024-09-17T20:19:04Z", "dateModified": "2026-03-04T06:48:05Z" } }, { "key": "I5HNKIZW", "version": 4206, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 270384, "name": "Ming Studies", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ming_studies", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/270384/items/I5HNKIZW", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ming_studies/items/I5HNKIZW", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 11108852, "username": "omaddox9", "name": "Olivia Maddox", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/omaddox9", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 2058, "username": "Bruce Rusk", "name": "Bruce Rusk", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bruce_rusk", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Lee 李慧漱", "parsedDate": "2015", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "I5HNKIZW", "version": 4206, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Voices from the Crimson Clouds Library: Reading Liu Rushi’s (1618–1664) Misty Willows by Moonlit Dike", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Hui-Shu", "lastName": "Lee 李慧漱" } ], "abstractNote": "Misty Willows by Moonlit Dike, painted in 1643 by the celebrated courtesan-turned-gentry-lady Liu Yin (1618–1664, better known as Liu Rushi), and documented by the literary talent Qian Qianyi (1582–1664), serves as the definitive statement on the romantic and artistic union of this eminent pair of cultural figures precisely a year before the fall of the Ming dynasty. It also reflects upon a complex gender dimension in the expression of reclusion entangled with the trauma of dynastic transition. This is revealed, in part, by two additions to the scroll: a small landscape painting of eight years later dedicated to Liu by her close female associate, Huang Jieling (ca. 1620-ca. 1669), and a long commemorative preface that Qian Qianyi wrote for Huang in 1651 reminiscing on bygone glory through the topos of their beloved Jianyun Library that tragically burnt down in 1650. Through a close reading of Liu’s and Huang’s paintings and Qian’s inscriptions on the scroll, this article aims to explore the macrocultural milieu of the time by examining, on the one hand, these two female paradigms of reclusion, and on the other the collective sentiment and memory of the catastrophe of the Ming-Qing dynastic transition as voiced through words and images in their paintings, calligraphy, and the iconography of the willow. [End Page 173]", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Chinese Literature and Culture", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2015", "volume": "2", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "173-206", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1215/23290048-2887589", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/4/article/592737", "accessDate": "2024-09-13T18:06:41Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "2329-0056", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Voices from the Crimson Clouds Library", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Project MUSE", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "mlzsync1:0053{\"extrafields\":{\"publisher\":\"Duke University Press\"}}", "tags": [ { "tag": "#nosource" }, { "tag": "Huang Jieling", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Jiangyun Library", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Liu Rushi", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Ming-Qing dynastic transition", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Qian Qianyi", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "reclusion", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "willow", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2024-09-13T18:06:41Z", "dateModified": "2026-03-04T06:48:04Z" } }, { "key": "Q7VPQ8WD", "version": 4205, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 270384, "name": "Ming Studies", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ming_studies", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/270384/items/Q7VPQ8WD", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ming_studies/items/Q7VPQ8WD", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 11108852, "username": "omaddox9", "name": "Olivia Maddox", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/omaddox9", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 2058, "username": "Bruce Rusk", "name": "Bruce Rusk", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bruce_rusk", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Cen et al.", "parsedDate": "2023", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "Q7VPQ8WD", "version": 4205, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The Aesthetics of Water Management of The Humble Administrator's Garden", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Xiaofeng", "lastName": "Cen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gao", "lastName": "Letian" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Selvaraj Jonathan", "lastName": "Nimal" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Zhu", "lastName": "Yisong" } ], "abstractNote": "With the development of literati gardens during the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), the layout and design level of gardens reached an unprecedented height. As the representative of Suzhou gardens, The Humble Administrator's Garden (Zhuozhengyuan, 拙政园, 1530) has unique natural conditions and mature garden design, and its water management art is particularly exquisite. The best-preserved graphic information of The Humble Administrator's Garden are the poems and paintings by Wen Zhengming (文徵明, 1470–1559), including Thirty-One Scenes of The Humble Administrator's Garden (拙政园三十一景图, 1533), thirty landscape poems, and the biography Wang's Humble Administrator's Garden (王氏拙政园记, 1533). As the research object, this article aims to restore the image of The Humble Administrator's Garden by analyzing the water scene of the garden, summarizing its water technique and art, and extracting \"Source of inflowing water\" (为有源头活水来), \"Esteem the mountain, revere the water, imitate the heaven and earth\" (敬山畏水, 象天法地), \"Fusion of the imitation of nature and the subjective ideas of the artist\" (外师造化, 中得心源), and \"Free and unfettered, enjoy the joy of leisure\" (逍遥自得, 享闲居之乐) as the water aesthetic thoughts of the garden. In addition, this article provides some reference for the current landscape design.", "publicationTitle": "The Journal of Aesthetic Education", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2023", "volume": "57", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "73-93", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.5406/15437809.57.2.05", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/34/article/896026", "accessDate": "2024-09-13T18:51:42Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1543-7809", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Project MUSE", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "mlzsync1:0060{\"extrafields\":{\"publisher\":\"University of Illinois Press\"}}", "tags": [ { "tag": "#nosource" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2024-09-13T18:51:42Z", "dateModified": "2026-03-04T06:48:04Z" } } ]