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420r12016.pdf", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "", "websiteTitle": "", "websiteType": "", "date": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.epa.gov/otaq/climate/documents/420r12016.pdf", "accessDate": "2014-07-20T12:24:07Z", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-07-20T12:24:15Z", "dateModified": "2014-07-20T12:24:15Z" } }, { "key": "BSJPIHA7", "version": 34, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 269059, "name": "Radically more efficient vehicles", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/radically_more_efficient_vehicles", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/269059/items/BSJPIHA7", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/radically_more_efficient_vehicles/items/BSJPIHA7", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 195998, "username": "enewes", "name": "Emily Newes", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/enewes", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Branduardi et al.", "parsedDate": "2013-05-04", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "BSJPIHA7", "version": 34, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "A novel pathway to produce butanol and isobutanol in Saccharomyces cerevisiae", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Paola", "lastName": "Branduardi" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Valeria", "lastName": "Longo" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Nadia Maria", "lastName": "Berterame" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Giorgia", "lastName": "Rossi" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Danilo", "lastName": "Porro" } ], "abstractNote": "The sustainable production of biofuels remains one of the major issues of the upcoming years. Among the number of most desirable molecules to be produced, butanol and isobutanol deserve a prominent place. They have superior liquid-fuel features in respect to ethanol. Particularly, butanol has similar properties to gasoline and thus it has the potential to be used as a substitute for gasoline in currently running engines. Clostridia are recognized as natural and good butanol producers and are employed in the industrial-scale production of solvents. Due to their complex metabolic characteristics and to the difficulty of performing genetic manipulations, in recent years the Clostridia butanol pathway was expressed in other microorganisms such as Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but in yeast the obtained results were not so promising. An alternative way for producing fusel alcohol is to exploit the degradation pathway of aminoacids released from protein hydrolysis, where proteins derive from exhausted microbial biomasses at the end of the fermentation processes.\nPMID: 23642236", "publicationTitle": "Biotechnology for Biofuels", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2013-05-04", "volume": "6", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "68", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1186/1754-6834-6-68", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.biotechnologyforbiofuels.com/content/6/1/68/abstract", "accessDate": "2014-06-19T20:17:09Z", "PMID": "23642236", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1754-6834", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "www.biotechnologyforbiofuels.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "2013 Branduardi et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Butanol", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Glycine", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Isobutanol", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-06-19T20:17:09Z", "dateModified": "2014-06-19T20:17:09Z" } }, { "key": "2WTU7DHH", "version": 20, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 269059, "name": "Radically more efficient vehicles", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/radically_more_efficient_vehicles", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/269059/items/2WTU7DHH", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/radically_more_efficient_vehicles/items/2WTU7DHH", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Liu et al.", "parsedDate": "2013-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "2WTU7DHH", "version": 20, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Preparation of liquid chemical feedstocks by co-pyrolysis of electronic waste and biomass without formation of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Wu-Jun", "lastName": "Liu" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ke", "lastName": "Tian" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Hong", "lastName": "Jiang" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Xue-Song", "lastName": "Zhang" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Guang-Xi", "lastName": "Yang" } ], "abstractNote": "The co-pyrolysis of waste electrical and electronic equipments (WEEEs) and waste biomass to obtain pyrolysis-oil, a liquid fuel or chemical feedstock, was carried out in the present work. The pyrolysis-oil yield of co-pyrolysis reached 62.3% which was significantly higher than those of pyrolysis of WEEEs and biomass alone (i.e., 53.1% for WEEEs and 46.3% for biomass), suggesting that synergistic effects of the WEEEs and biomass happened during the co-pyrolysis process. The pyrolysis-oil mainly contained aromatic compounds, including many aromatic hydrocarbons. More than 90 wt.% of bromides were enriched in pyrolysis-oil and char, which is easily to be recovered by further treatments, and no polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PBDD/Fs) were detected in all products which may be attributed to the blocking of PBDD/Fs generation under special reductive environment of pyrolyisis. This work provided a green and environmentally friendly approach for the disposal of the WEEEs as well as resource recovery.", "publicationTitle": "Bioresource Technology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "January 2013", "volume": "128", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1-7", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Bioresource Technology", "DOI": "10.1016/j.biortech.2012.10.160", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960852412016690", "accessDate": "2014-06-19T20:13:35Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0960-8524", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Biomass", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Blocking", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Brominated flame retardants", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Co-pyrolysis", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Waste electrical and electronic equipments", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-06-19T20:13:35Z", "dateModified": "2014-06-19T20:13:35Z" } }, { "key": "W85QJBQK", "version": 19, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 269059, "name": "Radically more efficient vehicles", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/radically_more_efficient_vehicles", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/269059/items/W85QJBQK", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/radically_more_efficient_vehicles/items/W85QJBQK", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Shirk et al.", "parsedDate": "2008-12", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "W85QJBQK", "version": 19, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Investigation of a hydrogen-assisted combustion system for a light-duty diesel vehicle", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Matthew G.", "lastName": "Shirk" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Thomas P.", "lastName": "McGuire" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gary L.", "lastName": "Neal" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Daniel C.", "lastName": "Haworth" } ], "abstractNote": "Two sets of experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of adding gaseous hydrogen to the intake of compression–ignition (CI) engines fueled with 20% bio-derived/80% petroleum-derived diesel fuel (B20). A 1.3 L, 53 kW CI engine coupled to an eddy-current engine dynamometer was tested first. Data were collected on engine operating parameters, fuel consumption, concentration of total oxides of nitrogen (NOx) in the exhaust, and exhaust temperature. Eight steady-state operating points were tested with hydrogen flow rates equivalent to 0%, 5%, and 10% of the total fuel energy. In a second set of experiments, the stock gasoline engine of a 2005 Chevrolet Equinox was replaced with a 1.3 L, 66 kW CI engine, and urban drive cycles were run on a chassis dynamometer. The drive cycles were repeated with 0%, 5% and 10% of the fuel energy coming from the fumigated hydrogen. In both experiments, the addition of hydrogen did not result in discernable differences in engine efficiency. In the vehicle testing, there were no noticeable differences in drivability. There were modest reductions in NOx emissions and increases in exhaust temperature with hydrogen addition. This investigation demonstrates that fumigating relatively small amounts of hydrogen into the intake of a modern diesel engine results in only modest changes in combustion efficiency and emissions with no detrimental effects on vehicle performance or drivability. This strategy can be used to partially offset the use of petroleum-based fuels in light-duty transportation vehicles.", "publicationTitle": "International Journal of Hydrogen Energy", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "December 2008", "volume": "33", "issue": "23", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "7237-7244", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "International Journal of Hydrogen Energy", "DOI": "10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.07.128", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360319908009683", "accessDate": "2014-06-18T19:53:38Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0360-3199", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Combustion", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Diesel", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Efficiency", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Emissions", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Hydrogen", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-06-18T19:53:38Z", "dateModified": "2014-06-18T19:53:38Z" } }, { "key": "T7Q6D364", "version": 18, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 269059, "name": "Radically more efficient vehicles", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/radically_more_efficient_vehicles", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/269059/items/T7Q6D364", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/radically_more_efficient_vehicles/items/T7Q6D364", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Vinot and Trigui", "parsedDate": "2013-12", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "T7Q6D364", "version": 18, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Optimal energy management of HEVs with hybrid storage system", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "E.", "lastName": "Vinot" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R.", "lastName": "Trigui" } ], "abstractNote": "Energy storage systems are a key point in the design and development of electric and hybrid vehicles. In order to reduce the battery size and its current stress, a hybrid storage system, where a battery is coupled with an electrical double-layer capacitor (EDLC) is considered in this paper. The energy management of such a configuration is not obvious and the optimal operation concerning the energy consumption and battery RMS current has to be identified. Most of the past work on the optimal energy management of HEVs only considered one additional power source. In this paper, the control of a hybrid vehicle with a hybrid storage system (HSS), where two additional power sources are used, is presented. Applying the Pontryagin’s minimum principle, an optimal energy management strategy is found and compared to a rule-based parameterized control strategy. Simulation results are shown and discussed.\n\nApplied on a small compact car, optimal and ruled-based methods show that gains of fuel consumption and/or a battery RMS current higher than 15% may be obtained. The paper also proves that a well tuned rule-based algorithm presents rather good performances when compared to the optimal strategy and remains relevant for different driving cycles. This rule-based algorithm may easily be implemented in a vehicle prototype or in an HIL test bench.", "publicationTitle": "Energy Conversion and Management", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "December 2013", "volume": "76", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "437-452", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Energy Conversion and Management", "DOI": "10.1016/j.enconman.2013.07.065", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196890413004366", "accessDate": "2014-06-17T20:23:55Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0196-8904", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Battery and electrical double-layer capacitor coupling", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Energy management", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Hybrid electric vehicle", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Hybrid storage systems", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-06-17T20:23:55Z", "dateModified": "2014-06-17T20:23:55Z" } }, { "key": "NDCW5XPX", "version": 17, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 269059, "name": "Radically more efficient vehicles", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/radically_more_efficient_vehicles", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/269059/items/NDCW5XPX", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/radically_more_efficient_vehicles/items/NDCW5XPX", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "NDCW5XPX", "version": 17, "itemType": "webpage", "title": "U.S. transportation sector fuel-saving potential, 2010–2050", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "", "websiteTitle": "", "websiteType": "", "date": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.rmi.org/RFGraph-US_transportation_sector_fuel_saving_potential", "accessDate": "2014-06-16T22:32:12Z", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-06-16T22:32:12Z", "dateModified": "2014-06-16T22:32:12Z" } }, { "key": "ZMGUFM5X", "version": 16, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 269059, "name": "Radically more efficient vehicles", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/radically_more_efficient_vehicles", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/269059/items/ZMGUFM5X", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/radically_more_efficient_vehicles/items/ZMGUFM5X", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Ombach and Junak", "parsedDate": "2010-09", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "ZMGUFM5X", "version": 16, "itemType": "conferencePaper", "title": "Weight and efficiency optimization of auxiliary drives used in automobile", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "G.", "lastName": "Ombach" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J.", "lastName": "Junak" } ], "abstractNote": "The decision of an electrical revolution in the automotive sector has been decided at the end of 2008, when the European Parliament passed legislation of lower CO2 emissions of new cars. This causes and forces the development of alternative concepts of propulsion systems and alternative fuels. These new trends of propulsion technologies like hybrid and pure electric drive will have impact on the entire car design. In this paper an evolution of selected electromechanical components used in the car is presented. Analysis of electromechanical components can be divided in two groups: first one contains the currently used subsystems like e.g.: electric power steering system, engine cooling systems, etc. and the second one, presents the development of new components like e.g.: electric air-conditioning compressor and other by-wire technologies. Additionally the development and trends of new materials and technologies used in the electromechanical subsystems in the car are presented.", "proceedingsTitle": "2010 XIX International Conference on Electrical Machines (ICEM)", "conferenceName": "2010 XIX International Conference on Electrical Machines (ICEM)", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Sept 2010", "eventPlace": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "pages": "1-6", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "DOI": "10.1109/ICELMACH.2010.5608280", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "IEEE Xplore", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Automotive engineering", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Brushes", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Brushless motors", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "CO2 emission", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Cost-effectiveness", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Electric motors", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "European Parliament", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Permanent magnet motors", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Power systems", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Vehicles", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "air pollution control", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "alternative fuels", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "automobile industry", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "automotive sector", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "auxiliary drives", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "brushless motor", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "by-wire technologies", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "efficiency optimization", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "electric air-conditioning compressor", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "electric and hybrid vehicle", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "electric drives", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "electric power steering", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "electric power steering system", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "electromechanical components", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "electromechanical subsystems", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "engine cooling system", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "high efficiency", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "hybrid electric drive", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "hybrid electric vehicles", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "interior permanent magnet - IPM", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "low weight", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "mass production", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "optimisation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "propulsion", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "propulsion systems", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "weight optimization", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-06-16T22:28:01Z", "dateModified": "2014-06-16T22:28:01Z" } }, { "key": "RAS6JAT4", "version": 15, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 269059, "name": "Radically more efficient vehicles", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/radically_more_efficient_vehicles", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/269059/items/RAS6JAT4", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/radically_more_efficient_vehicles/items/RAS6JAT4", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Contestabile et al.", "parsedDate": "2011-09-27", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "RAS6JAT4", "version": 15, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Battery electric vehicles, hydrogen fuel cells and biofuels. Which will be the winner?", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "Contestabile" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "G. J.", "lastName": "Offer" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R.", "lastName": "Slade" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "F.", "lastName": "Jaeger" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "Thoennes" } ], "abstractNote": "Addressing the economic and environmental sustainability problems of today's road transport requires, inter alia, the rapid introduction of alternative, low-carbon fuels and highly efficient, low-emission powertrains. It is unlikely that the transition from oil-based fuels and conventional internal combustion engines will occur organically at the necessary rate and following an optimum path, hence policy intervention is required. However, in order to design effective policies it is essential that the potential role of the alternative technologies is understood as best as current knowledge allows. Several high-profile studies have compared the potential of alternative road transport technologies, such as hybrids, plug-in hybrids, battery electric vehicles, hydrogen fuel cells and biofuels. The studies, critically reviewed in this paper, have generated a tremendous amount of knowledge. However, we have identified limitations that should be addressed in future comparative studies. These are: a) the complexity of the passenger car market, consisting of many segments characterised by different requirements and use patterns, is not adequately represented; b) future changes in driving behaviour brought about by new policy and technology are generally not considered; c) different studies use different performance indicators for alternative fuels and powertrains, making results difficult to compare and their interpretation difficult for the non-expert. We test the effect of these limitations on the Total Cost of Ownership of each of the alternative technologies mentioned above. We demonstrate that building market segments and behavioural change into a comparative analysis significantly affects its results and we recommend that this is done in future studies.", "publicationTitle": "Energy & Environmental Science", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2011-09-27", "volume": "4", "issue": "10", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "3754-3772", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Energy Environ. Sci.", "DOI": "10.1039/C1EE01804C", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2011/ee/c1ee01804c", "accessDate": "2014-06-16T22:25:25Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1754-5706", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "pubs.rsc.org", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-06-16T22:25:25Z", "dateModified": "2014-06-16T22:25:25Z" } }, { "key": "PHZDKWRH", "version": 14, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 269059, "name": "Radically more efficient vehicles", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/radically_more_efficient_vehicles", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/269059/items/PHZDKWRH", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/radically_more_efficient_vehicles/items/PHZDKWRH", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Weerasinghe et al.", "parsedDate": "2010-10", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "PHZDKWRH", "version": 14, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Thermal efficiency improvement in high output diesel engines a comparison of a Rankine cycle with turbo-compounding", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "W. M. S. R.", "lastName": "Weerasinghe" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R. K.", "lastName": "Stobart" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S. M.", "lastName": "Hounsham" } ], "abstractNote": "Thermal management, in particular, heat recovery and utilisation in internal combustion engines result in improved fuel economy, reduced emissions, fast warm up and optimized cylinder head temperatures. turbo-compounding is a heat recovery technique that has been successfully used in medium and large scale engines. Heat recovery to a secondary fluid and expansion is used in large scale engines, such as in power plants in the form of heat recovery steam generators (HRSG) [1]. The present paper presents a thermodynamic analysis of turbo-compounding and heat recovery and utilisation through a fluid power cycle, a technique that is also applicable to medium and small scale engines. In a fluid power cycle, the working fluid is stored in a reservoir and expanded subsequently. The reservoir acts as an energy buffer that improves the overall efficiency, significantly. This paper highlights the relative advantage of exhaust heat secondary power cycles over turbo-compounding with the aid of MATLAB based QSS Toolbox [2] simulation results. Steam has been selected as the working fluid in this work for its superior heat capacity over organic fluids and gases.", "publicationTitle": "Applied Thermal Engineering", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "October 2010", "volume": "30", "issue": "14–15", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "2253-2256", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Applied Thermal Engineering", "DOI": "10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2010.04.028", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359431110001912", "accessDate": "2014-06-16T22:24:22Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1359-4311", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Energy efficiency", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Exhaust gas heat recovery", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Internal combustion engines", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Rankine cycle", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Thermal management", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Turbo-compounding", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-06-16T22:24:22Z", "dateModified": "2014-06-16T22:24:22Z" } }, { "key": "CT7EC2Z3", "version": 13, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 269059, "name": "Radically more efficient vehicles", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/radically_more_efficient_vehicles", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/269059/items/CT7EC2Z3", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/radically_more_efficient_vehicles/items/CT7EC2Z3", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Solero et al.", "parsedDate": "2011-01-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "CT7EC2Z3", "version": 13, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Ultracapacitors for fuel saving in small size hybrid vehicles", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "L.", "lastName": "Solero" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A.", "lastName": "Lidozzi" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "V.", "lastName": "Serrao" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "L.", "lastName": "Martellucci" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "E.", "lastName": "Rossi" } ], "abstractNote": "The main purpose of the paper is to describe a small size hybrid vehicle having ultracapacitors as on-board storage unit. The vehicle on-board main power supply is achieved by a genset being formed of a 250 cm3 internal combustion engine and a permanent magnet synchronous electric generator, whereas 4 16V-500F ultracapacitors modules are connected in series in order to supply as well as to store the power peaks during respectively acceleration and braking vehicle modes of operation. The traction power is provided by a permanent magnet synchronous electric motor, whereas a distributed power electronic interface is in charge of all the required electronic conversions as well of controlling the operating conditions for each power unit. The paper discusses the implemented control strategy and shows experimental results on the modes of operation of both generation unit and storage unit.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Power Sources", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "January 1, 2011", "volume": "196", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "587-595", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Journal of Power Sources", "DOI": "10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.07.041", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378775309012221", "accessDate": "2014-06-16T21:18:10Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0378-7753", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Control strategy", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Genset", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Permanent magnet electrical machine", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Power electronic converter", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-06-16T21:18:10Z", "dateModified": "2014-06-16T21:18:10Z" } }, { "key": "NTZPMSFV", "version": 12, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 269059, "name": "Radically more efficient vehicles", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/radically_more_efficient_vehicles", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/269059/items/NTZPMSFV", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/radically_more_efficient_vehicles/items/NTZPMSFV", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Schaeck et al.", "parsedDate": "2011-03-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "NTZPMSFV", "version": 12, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "A field operational test on valve-regulated lead-acid absorbent-glass-mat batteries in micro-hybrid electric vehicles. Part I. Results based on kernel density estimation", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S.", "lastName": "Schaeck" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "T.", "lastName": "Karspeck" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C.", "lastName": "Ott" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "Weckler" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A. O.", "lastName": "Stoermer" } ], "abstractNote": "In March 2007 the BMW Group has launched the micro-hybrid functions brake energy regeneration (BER) and automatic start and stop function (ASSF). Valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries in absorbent glass mat (AGM) technology are applied in vehicles with micro-hybrid power system (MHPS). In both part I and part II of this publication vehicles with MHPS and AGM batteries are subject to a field operational test (FOT). Test vehicles with conventional power system (CPS) and flooded batteries were used as a reference. In the FOT sample batteries were mounted several times and electrically tested in the laboratory intermediately. Vehicle- and battery-related diagnosis data were read out for each test run and were matched with laboratory data in a data base. The FOT data were analyzed by the use of two-dimensional, nonparametric kernel estimation for clear data presentation.\n\nThe data show that capacity loss in the MHPS is comparable to the CPS. However, the influence of mileage performance, which cannot be separated, suggests that battery stress is enhanced in the MHPS although a battery refresh function is applied. Anyway, the FOT demonstrates the unsuitability of flooded batteries for the MHPS because of high early capacity loss due to acid stratification and because of vanishing cranking performance due to increasing internal resistance. Furthermore, the lack of dynamic charge acceptance for high energy regeneration efficiency is illustrated. Under the presented FOT conditions charge acceptance of lead-acid (LA) batteries decreases to less than one third for about half of the sample batteries compared to new battery condition. In part II of this publication FOT data are presented by multiple regression analysis (Schaeck et al., submitted for publication [1]).", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Power Sources", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "March 1, 2011", "volume": "196", "issue": "5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "2924-2932", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Journal of Power Sources", "DOI": "10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.09.034", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S037877531001640X", "accessDate": "2014-06-16T21:13:49Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0378-7753", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Field operational test", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Kernel density estimation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Micro-hybrid electric vehicle", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Valve-regulated lead-acid battery", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-06-16T21:13:49Z", "dateModified": "2014-06-16T21:13:49Z" } }, { "key": "6DX6THSP", "version": 11, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 269059, "name": "Radically more efficient vehicles", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/radically_more_efficient_vehicles", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/269059/items/6DX6THSP", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/radically_more_efficient_vehicles/items/6DX6THSP", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "McConnell", "parsedDate": "2011-09", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "6DX6THSP", "version": 11, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Not just another road trip", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Vicki P.", "lastName": "McConnell" } ], "abstractNote": "Is automotive design paradigm shifting into high gear on a direct drive to carbon fibre body-in-black? Vicki P. McConnell looks at new FRP products for vehicle applications and asks composites suppliers if this ride is for real.", "publicationTitle": "Reinforced Plastics", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "September 2011", "volume": "55", "issue": "5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "18-23", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Reinforced Plastics", "DOI": "10.1016/S0034-3617(11)70140-0", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0034361711701400", "accessDate": "2014-06-16T20:15:11Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0034-3617", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-06-16T20:15:11Z", "dateModified": "2014-06-16T20:15:11Z" } }, { "key": "JBXZNE7P", "version": 10, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 269059, "name": "Radically more efficient vehicles", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/radically_more_efficient_vehicles", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/269059/items/JBXZNE7P", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/radically_more_efficient_vehicles/items/JBXZNE7P", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Bishop et al.", "parsedDate": "2012-09", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "JBXZNE7P", "version": 10, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Identifying the fuels and energy conversion technologies necessary to meet European passenger car emissions legislation to 2020", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Justin D. K.", "lastName": "Bishop" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Colin J.", "lastName": "Axon" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Martino", "lastName": "Tran" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David", "lastName": "Bonilla" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David", "lastName": "Banister" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Malcolm D.", "lastName": "McCulloch" } ], "abstractNote": "The focus of European emissions legislation for light goods vehicles centres on tank-to-wheel (TTW) operation, despite the importance of the well-to-tank (WTT) impacts of supplying transport fuels. This work presents defensible calculations of best estimate and best-in-class WTT pathways to supply conventional and non-conventional fuels. These estimates are weighted by the availability of resources. The best estimate pathway is the peak of the distribution of WTT estimates obtained from the literature. The best-in-class pathway has the lowest greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per unit of fuel delivered and represents the state-of-the-art. These fuel pathways are paired with energy conversion (vehicle) technologies and compared with equivalent well-to-wheel (WTW) targets for 2015 and 2020. Of the 103 best estimate fuel-vehicle combinations, 42 meet the 2015 emissions legislation. By 2020, only 17 combinations meet the more strict emissions limit. Petrol production will require net negative GHG emissions, even if blended with bioethanol, to meet the equivalent WTW 2020 target. For the three main combustion energy-conversion technologies, a median efficiency improvement of 29% is required when paired with the best estimate fuel pathways. However, using best-in-class pathways indicates that all of the energy conversion technologies can meet the revised 2015 target, but some still fail to meet the 2020 target. Improvements in TTW technologies alone will not meet the legislative targets, and many fuel-vehicle combinations cannot deliver an overall reduction in GHG emissions.", "publicationTitle": "Fuel", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "September 2012", "volume": "99", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "88-105", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Fuel", "DOI": "10.1016/j.fuel.2012.04.045", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016236112003274", "accessDate": "2014-06-16T20:09:33Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0016-2361", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Adaptive kernel density estimator", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Emissions policies", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Tank-to-wheel", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Well-to-tank", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Well-to-wheel", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-06-16T20:09:33Z", "dateModified": "2014-06-16T20:09:33Z" } }, { "key": "7QC8NIB9", "version": 9, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 269059, "name": "Radically more efficient vehicles", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/radically_more_efficient_vehicles", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/269059/items/7QC8NIB9", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/radically_more_efficient_vehicles/items/7QC8NIB9", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Carvalho et al.", "parsedDate": "2012-05", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "7QC8NIB9", "version": 9, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Reducing fuel consumption through modular vehicle architectures", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Irene", "lastName": "Carvalho" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Thomas", "lastName": "Baier" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ricardo", "lastName": "Simoes" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Arlindo", "lastName": "Silva" } ], "abstractNote": "By identifying energy waste streams in vehicles fuel consumption and introducing the concept of lean driving systems, a technological gap for reducing fuel consumption was identified. This paper proposes a solution to overcome this gap, through a modular vehicle architecture aligned with driving patterns. It does not address detailed technological solutions; instead it models the potential effects in fuel consumption through a modular concept of a vehicle and quantifies their dependence on vehicle design parameters (manifesting as the vehicle mass) and user behavior parameters (driving patterns manifesting as the use of a modular car in lighter and heavier mode, in urban and highway cycles). Modularity has been functionally applied in automotive industry as manufacture and assembly management strategies; here it is thought as a product development strategy for flexibility in use, driven by environmental concerns and enabled by social behaviors. The authors argue this concept is a step forward in combining technological solutions and social behavior, of which eco-driving is a vivid example, and potentially evolutionary to a lean, more sustainable, driving culture.", "publicationTitle": "Applied Energy", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "May 2012", "volume": "93", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "556-563", "series": "(1) Green Energy; (2)Special Section from papers presented at the 2nd International Enery 2030 Conf", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Applied Energy", "DOI": "10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.12.004", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261911007987", "accessDate": "2014-06-16T19:50:27Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0306-2619", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Design for flexibility in use", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Driving patterns", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Fuel economy", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Lean driving systems", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Lightweighting", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Modularity", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-06-16T19:50:27Z", "dateModified": "2014-06-16T19:50:27Z" } }, { "key": "MI2AWN7M", "version": 8, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 269059, "name": "Radically more efficient vehicles", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/radically_more_efficient_vehicles", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/269059/items/MI2AWN7M", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/radically_more_efficient_vehicles/items/MI2AWN7M", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Cheah and Heywood", "parsedDate": "2011-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "MI2AWN7M", "version": 8, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Meeting U.S. passenger vehicle fuel economy standards in 2016 and beyond", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Lynette", "lastName": "Cheah" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "John", "lastName": "Heywood" } ], "abstractNote": "New fuel economy standards require new U.S. passenger vehicles to achieve at least 34.1 miles per gallon (MPG) on average by model year 2016, up from 28.8 MPG today. In this paper, the magnitude, combinations and timings of the changes required in U.S. vehicles that are necessary in order to meet the new standards, as well as a target of doubling the fuel economy within the next two decades are explored. Scenarios of future vehicle characteristics and sales mix indicate that the 2016 mandate is aggressive, requiring significant changes starting from today. New vehicles must forgo horsepower improvements, become lighter, and a greater number will use advanced, more fuel-efficient powertrains, such as smaller turbocharged engines, hybrid-electric drives. Achieving a factor-of-two increase in fuel economy by 2030 is also challenging, but more feasible since the auto industry will have more lead time to respond. A discussion on the feasibility of meeting the new fuel economy mandate is included, considering vehicle production planning realities and challenges in deploying new vehicle technologies into the market.", "publicationTitle": "Energy Policy", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "January 2011", "volume": "39", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "454-466", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Energy Policy", "DOI": "10.1016/j.enpol.2010.10.027", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421510007780", "accessDate": "2014-06-16T19:48:57Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0301-4215", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "CAFE standards", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Energy efficiency", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Technology diffusion", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-06-16T19:48:57Z", "dateModified": "2014-06-16T19:48:57Z" } }, { "key": "6SGIE6WF", "version": 7, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 269059, "name": "Radically more efficient vehicles", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/radically_more_efficient_vehicles", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/269059/items/6SGIE6WF", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/radically_more_efficient_vehicles/items/6SGIE6WF", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Bishop et al.", "parsedDate": "2014-07-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "6SGIE6WF", "version": 7, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Cost-effectiveness of alternative powertrains for reduced energy use and CO2 emissions in passenger vehicles", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Justin D. K.", "lastName": "Bishop" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Niall P. D.", "lastName": "Martin" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Adam M.", "lastName": "Boies" } ], "abstractNote": "This work analysed the cost-effectiveness of avoiding carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions using advanced internal combustion engines, hybrids, plug-in hybrids, fuel cell vehicles and electric vehicles across the nine UK passenger vehicles segments. Across all vehicle types and powertrain groups, minimum installed motive power was dependent most on the time to accelerate from zero to 96.6 km/h (60 mph). Hybridising the powertrain reduced the difference in energy use between vehicles with slow ( t z - 60 > 8 s ) and fast acceleration ( t z - 60 < 8 s ) times. The cost premium associated with advanced powertrains was dependent most on the powertrain chosen, rather than the performance required. Improving non-powertrain components reduced vehicle road load and allowed total motive capacity to decrease by 17%, energy use by 11%, manufacturing cost premiums by 13% and CO2 emissions abatement costs by 15%. All vehicles with advanced internal combustion engines, most hybrid and plug-in hybrid powertrains reduced net CO2 emissions and had lower lifetime operating costs than the respective segment reference vehicle. Most powertrains using fuel cells and all electric vehicles had positive CO2 emissions abatement costs. However, only vehicles using advanced internal combustion engines and parallel hybrid vehicles may be attractive to consumers by the fuel savings offsetting increases in vehicle cost within two years. This work demonstrates that fuel savings are possible relative to today’s fleet, but indicates that the most cost-effective way of reducing fuel consumption and CO2 emissions is by advanced combustion technologies and hybridisation with a parallel topology.", "publicationTitle": "Applied Energy", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "July 1, 2014", "volume": "124", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "44-61", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Applied Energy", "DOI": "10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.02.019", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030626191400155X", "accessDate": "2014-06-16T19:46:47Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0306-2619", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Carbon dioxide emissions abatement costs", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Cost-effectiveness", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Vehicle energy use", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Willingness-to-pay", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-06-16T19:46:47Z", "dateModified": "2014-06-16T19:46:47Z" } }, { "key": "C3JWFCAU", "version": 6, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 269059, "name": "Radically more efficient vehicles", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/radically_more_efficient_vehicles", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/269059/items/C3JWFCAU", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/radically_more_efficient_vehicles/items/C3JWFCAU", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Lewis et al.", "parsedDate": "2014-08-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "C3JWFCAU", "version": 6, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Vehicle lightweighting vs. electrification: Life cycle energy and GHG emissions results for diverse powertrain vehicles", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Anne Marie", "lastName": "Lewis" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jarod C.", "lastName": "Kelly" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gregory A.", "lastName": "Keoleian" } ], "abstractNote": "This work assesses the potential of electrified vehicles and mass reduction to reduce life cycle energy and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is used to account for processes upstream and downstream of the vehicle operation, thereby incorporating regional variation of energy and GHG emissions due to electricity production and distinct energy and GHG emissions due to conventional and lightweight materials. Design harmonization methods developed in previous work are applied to create baseline and lightweight vehicle models of an internal combustion vehicle (ICV), hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV). Thus, each vehicle is designed to be functionally equivalent and incorporate the structural support required for heavier powertrains. Lightweight vehicles are designed using body-in-white (BIW) mass reduction scenarios with aluminum and advanced/high strength steel (A/HSS). For the mass reduction scenarios considered in this work, results indicate that the greatest life cycle energy and GHG emissions reductions occur when steel is replaced by aluminum. However, since A/HSS requires less energy to produce as compared to aluminum, the energy and GHG reductions per unit mass removed is greatest for A/HSS. Results of the design harmonization modeling method show that 0.2–0.3 kg of structural support is required per unit increase in powertrain mass, thus extending previous methods.", "publicationTitle": "Applied Energy", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "August 1, 2014", "volume": "126", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "13-20", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Applied Energy", "DOI": "10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.03.023", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261914002530", "accessDate": "2014-06-16T18:54:08Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0306-2619", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Vehicle lightweighting vs. electrification", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Design harmonization", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Electrification", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Energy", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Greenhouse gas emissions", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Life cycle analysis", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Lightweight vehicles", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-06-16T18:54:08Z", "dateModified": "2014-06-16T18:54:08Z" } }, { "key": "69IPDUQF", "version": 5, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 269059, "name": "Radically more efficient vehicles", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/radically_more_efficient_vehicles", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/269059/items/69IPDUQF", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/radically_more_efficient_vehicles/items/69IPDUQF", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "González Palencia et al.", "parsedDate": "2012-12", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "69IPDUQF", "version": 5, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Energy use and CO2 emissions reduction potential in passenger car fleet using zero emission vehicles and lightweight materials", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Juan C.", "lastName": "González Palencia" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Takaaki", "lastName": "Furubayashi" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Toshihiko", "lastName": "Nakata" } ], "abstractNote": "Introduction of ZEVs (zero emission vehicles) and lightweight materials in a conventional steel-intensive internal combustion engine vehicle fleet will affect energy consumption and automotive material requirements. We developed a bottom-up dynamic accounting model of the light-duty vehicle fleet, including vehicle production and disposal, with detailed coverage of powertrains and automotive materials. The model was used to study the potential for energy consumption and CO2 emissions reduction of ZEVs and lightweight materials in the Colombian passenger car fleet from 2010 to 2050. Results indicate that passenger car stock in Colombia is increased by 6.6 times between 2010 and 2050. In the base scenario energy consumption and CO2 emissions are increased by 5.5 and 4.9 times respectively. Lightweighting and battery electric vehicles offer the largest tank-to-wheel energy consumption and CO2 emissions reductions, 48 and 61% respectively, compared to 2050 baseline values. Slow stock turnover and fleet size increment prevent larger reductions. Switching to electric powertrains has larger impact than lightweighting on energy consumption and CO2 emissions. Iron and steel remain major materials in new cars. Aluminum consumption increases in all scenarios; while carbon fiber reinforced polymer consumption only increases due to fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle or lightweight vehicle use.", "publicationTitle": "Energy", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "December 2012", "volume": "48", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "548-565", "series": "6th Dubrovnik Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy Water and Environmental Systems, SDEWES 2011", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Energy", "DOI": "10.1016/j.energy.2012.09.041", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544212007190", "accessDate": "2014-06-16T18:53:26Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0360-5442", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "BEVs (Battery electric vehicles)", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "FCHEVs (Fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles)", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Lightweight materials", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Passenger car fleet", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-06-16T18:53:26Z", "dateModified": "2014-06-16T18:53:26Z" } }, { "key": "W8VTKDX5", "version": 4, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 269059, "name": "Radically more efficient vehicles", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/radically_more_efficient_vehicles", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/269059/items/W8VTKDX5", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/radically_more_efficient_vehicles/items/W8VTKDX5", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "W8VTKDX5", "version": 4, "itemType": "webpage", "title": "Optimal implementation of lightweighting and powertrain effi ciency technology in passengers' vehicles - National Renewable Energy Laboratory Library", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "", "websiteTitle": "", "websiteType": "", "date": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://primo-pmtna01.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=detailsTab&ct=display&fn=search&doc=TN_tayfranc10.3846%2f16484142.2012.719546&indx=3&recIds=TN_tayfranc10.3846%2f16484142.2012.719546&recIdxs=2&elementId=2&renderMode=poppedOut&displayMode=full&frbrVersion=4&fctN=facet_creationdate&dscnt=0&rfnGrp=1&scp.scps=scope%3A%28%22NREL%22%29%2Cprimo_central_multiple_fe&fctV=%5B2010+TO+2014%5D&frbg=&tab=default_tab&dstmp=1402944675861&srt=rank&mode=Basic&dum=true&rfnGrpCounter=1&vl(freeText0)=lightweighting%20efficiency%20vehicles&vid=NREL&gathStatIcon=true", "accessDate": "2014-06-16T18:51:48Z", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-06-16T18:51:48Z", "dateModified": "2014-06-16T18:51:48Z" } }, { "key": "ZCJ3QX58", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 269059, "name": "Radically more efficient vehicles", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/radically_more_efficient_vehicles", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/269059/items/ZCJ3QX58", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/radically_more_efficient_vehicles/items/ZCJ3QX58", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "ZCJ3QX58", "version": 3, "itemType": "webpage", "title": "Lightweighting impacts on fuel economy, cost, and component losses - National Renewable Energy Laboratory Library", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "", "websiteTitle": "", "websiteType": "", "date": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://primo-pmtna01.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=detailsTab&ct=display&fn=search&doc=NREL_HORIZON57984&indx=1&recIds=NREL_HORIZON57984&recIdxs=0&elementId=0&renderMode=poppedOut&displayMode=full&frbrVersion=&fctN=facet_creationdate&dscnt=0&rfnGrp=1&scp.scps=scope%3A%28%22NREL%22%29%2Cprimo_central_multiple_fe&fctV=%5B2010+TO+2014%5D&frbg=&tab=default_tab&dstmp=1402944654158&srt=rank&mode=Basic&dum=true&rfnGrpCounter=1&vl(freeText0)=lightweighting%20efficiency%20vehicles&vid=NREL&gathStatIcon=true", "accessDate": "2014-06-16T18:51:10Z", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-06-16T18:51:10Z", "dateModified": "2014-06-16T18:51:10Z" } } ]