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However measured data is corrupted by noise, puzzling the understanding of the phenomena. This turns the task of removing noise, i.e. denoising, an essential preprocessing step for a better analysis of the data. Nonetheless a careful use of denoising is required since usual algorithms not only remove the noise but can also eliminate information, in particular the vector field singularities, which are fundamental features in the analysis. This paper proposes a semi-automatic vector field denoising methodology, where the user visually controls the topological changes caused by classical vector field filtering in scale-spaces.", "proceedingsTitle": "2010 23rd SIBGRAPI Conference on Graphics, Patterns and Images (SIBGRAPI)", "conferenceName": "2010 23rd SIBGRAPI Conference on Graphics, Patterns and Images (SIBGRAPI)", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "August 2010", "eventPlace": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "pages": "103-109", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "DOI": "10.1109/SIBGRAPI.2010.22", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "IEEE Xplore", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Denoising", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Image reconstruction", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Interpolation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Kernel", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Noise", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Noise measurement", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Noise reduction", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Scale Spaces", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Topology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Vector Fields", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Windings", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "data acquisition", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "data acquisition technology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "signal denoising", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "topology aware vector field denoising", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "vector field singularities", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "2N7RTCH6" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-08-31T19:03:39Z", "dateModified": "2015-08-31T19:03:39Z" } }, { "key": "PRZWDT42", "version": 21, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 266043, "name": "neuro_reading_group", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neuro_reading_group", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/266043/items/PRZWDT42", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neuro_reading_group/items/PRZWDT42", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 984417, "username": "samlewallen", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/samlewallen", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 1571078, "username": "sakoay", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sakoay", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Lister et al.", "parsedDate": "2013-08-09", "numChildren": 5 }, "data": { "key": "PRZWDT42", "version": 21, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Global Epigenomic Reconfiguration During Mammalian Brain Development", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ryan", "lastName": "Lister" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Eran A.", "lastName": "Mukamel" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Joseph R.", "lastName": "Nery" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mark", "lastName": "Urich" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Clare A.", "lastName": "Puddifoot" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Nicholas D.", "lastName": "Johnson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jacinta", "lastName": "Lucero" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Yun", "lastName": "Huang" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Andrew J.", "lastName": "Dwork" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Matthew D.", "lastName": "Schultz" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Miao", "lastName": "Yu" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Julian", "lastName": "Tonti-Filippini" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Holger", "lastName": "Heyn" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Shijun", "lastName": "Hu" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Joseph C.", "lastName": "Wu" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Anjana", "lastName": "Rao" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Manel", "lastName": "Esteller" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Chuan", "lastName": "He" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Fatemeh G.", "lastName": "Haghighi" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Terrence J.", "lastName": "Sejnowski" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M. Margarita", "lastName": "Behrens" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Joseph R.", "lastName": "Ecker" } ], "abstractNote": "DNA methylation is implicated in mammalian brain development and plasticity underlying learning and memory. We report the genome-wide composition, patterning, cell specificity, and dynamics of DNA methylation at single-base resolution in human and mouse frontal cortex throughout their lifespan. Widespread methylome reconfiguration occurs during fetal to young adult development, coincident with synaptogenesis. During this period, highly conserved non-CG methylation (mCH) accumulates in neurons, but not glia, to become the dominant form of methylation in the human neuronal genome. Moreover, we found an mCH signature that identifies genes escaping X-chromosome inactivation. Last, whole-genome single-base resolution 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (hmC) maps revealed that hmC marks fetal brain cell genomes at putative regulatory regions that are CG-demethylated and activated in the adult brain and that CG demethylation at these hmC-poised loci depends on Tet2 activity.\nIntroduction Several lines of evidence point to a key role for dynamic epigenetic changes during brain development, maturation, and learning. DNA methylation (mC) is a stable covalent modification that persists in post-mitotic cells throughout their lifetime, defining their cellular identity. However, the methylation status at each of the ~1 billion cytosines in the genome is potentially an information-rich and flexible substrate for epigenetic modification that can be altered by cellular activity. Indeed, changes in DNA methylation have been implicated in learning and memory, as well as in age-related cognitive decline. However, little is known about the cell type–specific patterning of DNA methylation and its dynamics during mammalian brain development.\nThe DNA methylation landscape of human and mouse neurons is dynamically reconfigured through development. Base-resolution analysis allowed identification of methylation in the CG and CH context (H = A, C, or T). Unlike other differentiated cell types, neurons accumulate substantial mCH during the early years of life, coinciding with the period of synaptogenesis and brain maturation.\nMethods We performed genome-wide single-base resolution profiling of the composition, patterning, cell specificity, and dynamics of DNA methylation in the frontal cortex of humans and mice throughout their lifespan (MethylC-Seq). Furthermore, we generated base-resolution maps of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (hmC) in mammalian brains by TAB-Seq at key developmental stages, accompanied by RNA-Seq transcriptional profiling.\nResults Extensive methylome reconfiguration occurs during development from fetal to young adult. In this period, coincident with synaptogenesis, highly conserved non-CG methylation (mCH) accumulates in neurons, but not glia, to become the dominant form of methylation in the human neuronal genome. We uncovered surprisingly complex features of brain cell DNA methylation at multiple scales, first by identifying intragenic methylation patterns in neurons and glia that distinguish genes with cell type–specific activity. Second, we report a novel mCH signature that identifies genes escaping X-chromosome inactivation in neurons. Third, we find >100,000 developmentally dynamic and cell type–specific differentially CG-methylated regions that are enriched at putative regulatory regions of the genome. Finally, whole-genome detection of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (hmC) at single-base resolution revealed that this mark is present in fetal brain cells at locations that lose CG methylation and become activated during development. CG-demethylation at these hmC-poised loci depends on Tet2 activity.\nDiscussion Whole-genome single-base resolution methylcytosine and hydroxymethylcytosine maps revealed profound changes during frontal cortex development in humans and mice. These results extend our knowledge of the unique role of DNA methylation in brain development and function, and offer a new framework for testing the role of the epigenome in healthy function and in pathological disruptions of neural circuits. Overall, brain cell DNA methylation has unique features that are precisely conserved, yet dynamic and cell-type specific.\nEpigenetic Brainscape\nEpigenetic modifications and their potential changes during development are of high interest, but few studies have characterized such differences. Lister et al. (1237905, published online 4 July; see the Perspective by Gabel and Greenberg) report whole-genome base-resolution analysis of DNA cytosine modifications and transcriptome analysis in the frontal cortex of human and mouse brains at multiple developmental stages. The high-resolution mapping of DNA cytosine methylation (5mC) and one of its oxidation derivatives (5hmC) at key developmental stages provides a comprehensive resource covering the temporal dynamics of these epigenetic modifications in neurons compared to glia. The data suggest that methylation marks are dynamic during brain development in both humans and mice.", "publicationTitle": "Science", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "08/09/2013", "volume": "341", "issue": "6146", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1237905", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Science", "DOI": "10.1126/science.1237905", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencemag.org.ezproxy.princeton.edu/content/341/6146/1237905", "accessDate": "2015-02-05T12:32:29Z", "PMID": "23828890", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0036-8075, 1095-9203", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "www.sciencemag.org.ezproxy.princeton.edu", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "7KW7C4GQ" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-02-05T12:32:29Z", "dateModified": "2015-02-05T12:32:29Z" } }, { "key": "ZMBUCHUK", "version": 18, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 266043, "name": "neuro_reading_group", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neuro_reading_group", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/266043/items/ZMBUCHUK", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neuro_reading_group/items/ZMBUCHUK", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/266043/items/PRZWDT42", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 984417, "username": "samlewallen", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/samlewallen", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "ZMBUCHUK", "version": 18, "parentItem": "PRZWDT42", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Materials and Methods; Figs. 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"https://www.zotero.org/groups/neuro_reading_group/items/MCPUA6AC", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1571078, "username": "sakoay", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sakoay", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Mombaerts et al.", "parsedDate": "1996-11-15", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "MCPUA6AC", "version": 17, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Visualizing an Olfactory Sensory Map", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Peter", "lastName": "Mombaerts" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Fan", "lastName": "Wang" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Catherine", "lastName": "Dulac" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Steve K", "lastName": "Chao" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Adriana", "lastName": "Nemes" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Monica", "lastName": "Mendelsohn" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "James", "lastName": "Edmondson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Richard", "lastName": "Axel" } ], "abstractNote": "We have developed a genetic approach to visualize axons from olfactory sensory neurons expressing a given odorant receptor, as they project to the olfactory bulb. Neurons expressing a specific receptor project to only two topographically fixed loci among the 1800 glomeruli in the mouse olfactory bulb. Our data provide direct support for a model in which a topographic map of receptor activation encodes odor quality in the olfactory bulb. Receptor swap experiments suggest that the olfactory receptor plays an instructive role in the guidance process but cannot be the sole determinant in the establishment of this map. This genetic approach may be more broadly applied to visualize the development and plasticity of projections in the mammalian nervous system.", "publicationTitle": "Cell", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "November 15, 1996", "volume": "87", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "675-686", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Cell", "DOI": "10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81387-2", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867400813872", "accessDate": "2014-07-09T23:08:15Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0092-8674", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "9DANGXSP" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-07-09T23:08:15Z", "dateModified": "2014-07-09T23:08:15Z" } }, { "key": "NUXUS45C", "version": 16, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 266043, "name": "neuro_reading_group", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neuro_reading_group", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/266043/items/NUXUS45C", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neuro_reading_group/items/NUXUS45C", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1571078, "username": "sakoay", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sakoay", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Diamond et al.", "parsedDate": "1999-10", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "NUXUS45C", "version": 16, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Learning through maps: Functional significance of topographic organization in primary sensory cortex", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M. E.", "lastName": "Diamond" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R. S.", "lastName": "Petersen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J. A.", "lastName": "Harris" } ], "abstractNote": "The presence of \"maps\" in sensory cortex is a hallmark of the mammalian nervous system, but the functional significance of topographic organization has been called into question by physiological studies claiming that patterns of neural behavioral activity transcend topographic boundaries. This paper discusses recent behavioral and physiological studies suggesting that, when animals or human subjects learn perceptual tasks, the neural modifications associated with the learning are distributed according to the spatial arrangement of the primary sensory cortical map. Topographical cortical representations of sensory events, therefore, appear to constitute a true structural framework for information processing and plasticity. (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Neurobiology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "OCT 1999", "volume": "41", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "64-68", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J. Neurobiol.", "DOI": "10.1002/(SICI)1097-4695(199910)41:1<64::AID-NEU9>3.0.CO;2-N", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0022-3034", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Learning through maps", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "ISI Web of Knowledge", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "WOS:000082951700009", "tags": [ { "tag": "barrel", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "cortical plasticity", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "field", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "rats", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "system", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "RMVCK3CM" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-06-09T18:57:09Z", "dateModified": "2014-06-09T18:57:09Z" } }, { "key": "KB76PH7S", "version": 16, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 266043, "name": "neuro_reading_group", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neuro_reading_group", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/266043/items/KB76PH7S", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neuro_reading_group/items/KB76PH7S", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1571078, "username": "sakoay", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sakoay", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Edeline", "parsedDate": "1999-02", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "KB76PH7S", "version": 16, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Learning-induced physiological plasticity in the thalamo-cortical sensory systems: A critical evaluation of receptive field plasticity, map changes and their potential mechanisms", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J. M.", "lastName": "Edeline" } ], "abstractNote": "The goal of this review is to give a detailed description of the main results obtained in the field of learning-induced plasticity. The review is focused on receptive Field and map changes observed in the auditory, somatosensory and visual thalamo-cortical systems as a result of an associative training performed in waking animals. Receptive field (RF) plasticity, 2DG and map changes obtained in the auditory and somatosensory system are reviewed. In the visual system, as there is no RF and map analysis during learning per se, the evidence presented are From increased neuronal responsiveness, and from the effects of perceptual learning in human and non human primates. Across sensory modalities, the re-tuning of neurons to a significant stimulus or map reorganizations in favour of the significant stimuli were observed at the thalamic and/or cortical level. The analysis of the literature in each sensory modality indicates that relationships between learning-induced sensory plasticity and behaviourial performance can, or cannot. be found depending on the tasks that were used. The involvement (i) of Hebbian synaptic plasticity in the described neuronal changes and (ii) of neuromodulators as \"gating\" factors of the neuronal changes, is evaluated. The weakness of the Hebbian schema to explain learning-induced changes and the need to better define what the word \"learning\" means are stressed. It is suggested that future research should focus on the dynamic of information processing in sensory systems, and the concept of \"effective connectivity\" should be useful in that matter. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "publicationTitle": "Progress in Neurobiology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "FEB 1999", "volume": "57", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "165-224", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Prog. Neurobiol.", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0301-0082", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Learning-induced physiological plasticity in the thalamo-cortical sensory systems", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "ISI Web of Knowledge", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "WOS:000077502200001", "tags": [ { "tag": "adult owl monkeys", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "cat visual-cortex", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "decarboxylase-immunoreactive neurons", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "dorsal lateral geniculate", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "medial geniculate-body", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "nucleus-reticularis thalami", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "primary auditory-cortex", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "rat barrel cortex", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "single-unit-activity", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "spatiotemporal firing patterns", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "RMVCK3CM" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-06-09T18:57:05Z", "dateModified": "2014-06-09T18:57:05Z" } }, { "key": "WA83M7EV", "version": 16, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 266043, "name": "neuro_reading_group", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neuro_reading_group", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/266043/items/WA83M7EV", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neuro_reading_group/items/WA83M7EV", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1571078, "username": "sakoay", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sakoay", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Bullock", "parsedDate": "1986", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "WA83M7EV", "version": 16, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Some Principles in the Brain Analysis of Important Signals - Mapping and Stimulus-Recognition", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Th", "lastName": "Bullock" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Brain Behavior and Evolution", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1986", "volume": "28", "issue": "1-3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "145-156", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Brain Behav. Evol.", "DOI": "10.1159/000118699", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0006-8977", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "ISI Web of Knowledge", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "WOS:A1986G417400013", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-06-09T18:56:45Z", "dateModified": "2014-06-09T18:56:45Z" } }, { "key": "U2CC79HZ", "version": 14, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 266043, "name": "neuro_reading_group", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neuro_reading_group", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/266043/items/U2CC79HZ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neuro_reading_group/items/U2CC79HZ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1571078, "username": "sakoay", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sakoay", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Treves", "parsedDate": "2003-06", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "U2CC79HZ", "version": 14, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Computational constraints that may have favoured the lamination of sensory cortex", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A.", "lastName": "Treves" } ], "abstractNote": "At the transition from early reptilian ancestors to primordial mammals, the areas of sensory cortex that process topographic modalities acquire the laminar structure of isocortex. A prominent step in lamination is granulation, whereby the formerly unique principal layer of pyramidal cells is split by the insertion of a new layer of excitatory, but intrinsic, granule cells, layer IV. I consider the hypothesis that granulation, and the differentiation between supra- and infra-granular pyramidal layers, may be advantageous to support fine topography in their sensory maps. Fine topography implies a generic distinction between \"where\" information, explicitly mapped on the cortical sheet, and \"what\" information, represented in a distributed fashion as a distinct firing pattern across neurons. These patterns can be stored on recurrent collaterals in the cortex, and such memory can help substantially in the analysis of current sensory input. The simulation of a simplified network model demonstrates that a non-laminated patch of cortex must compromise between transmitting \"where\" information or retrieving \"what\" information. The simulation of a modified model including differentiation of a granular layer shows a modest but significant quantitative advantage, expressed as a less severe trade-off between \"what\" and \"where\". The further connectivity differentiation between infra-granular and supra- granular pyramidal layers is shown to match the mix of \"what\" and \"where\" information optimal for their respective target structures.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Computational Neuroscience", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "MAY-JUN 2003", "volume": "14", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "271-282", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J. Comput. Neurosci.", "DOI": "10.1023/A:1023213010875", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0929-5313", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "ISI Web of Knowledge", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "WOS:000182133000003", "tags": [ { "tag": "attractor dynamics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "auditory-cortex", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "cerebral-cortex", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "connections", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "cortical layers", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "cortical organization", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "isocortex", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "layer-4", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "localization", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "mammals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "neocortex", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "organization", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "recurrent collaterals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "somatosensory cortex", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "spiny neurons", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "striate cortex", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "visual-cortex", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "RMVCK3CM" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-06-09T18:53:21Z", "dateModified": "2014-06-09T18:53:21Z" } }, { "key": "43EKEMFU", "version": 13, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 266043, "name": "neuro_reading_group", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neuro_reading_group", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/266043/items/43EKEMFU", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neuro_reading_group/items/43EKEMFU", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/266043/items/I5FH6PEF", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1571078, "username": "sakoay", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sakoay", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "43EKEMFU", "version": 13, "parentItem": "I5FH6PEF", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Brain, Behavior and Evolution 1979, Vol. 16, No. 2 - The Object of the Sensory Cortex - Abstract - Karger Publishers", "accessDate": "2014-06-09T18:49:59Z", "url": "http://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/121832", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-06-09T18:49:59Z", "dateModified": "2014-06-09T18:49:59Z" } }, { "key": "I5FH6PEF", "version": 13, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 266043, "name": "neuro_reading_group", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neuro_reading_group", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/266043/items/I5FH6PEF", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neuro_reading_group/items/I5FH6PEF", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1571078, "username": "sakoay", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sakoay", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Whitfield", "parsedDate": "1979", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "I5FH6PEF", "version": 13, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The Object of the Sensory Cortex", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "I.C.", "lastName": "Whitfield" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Brain, Behavior and Evolution", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1979", "volume": "16", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "129-154", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1159/000121832", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/121832", "accessDate": "2014-06-09T18:49:59Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1421-9743, 0006-8977", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "CrossRef", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "RMVCK3CM" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-06-09T18:49:59Z", "dateModified": "2014-06-09T18:49:59Z" } }, { "key": "9FRH4KFX", "version": 12, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 266043, "name": "neuro_reading_group", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neuro_reading_group", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/266043/items/9FRH4KFX", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neuro_reading_group/items/9FRH4KFX", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1571078, "username": "sakoay", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sakoay", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Afraz et al.", "parsedDate": "2006-08-10", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "9FRH4KFX", "version": 12, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Microstimulation of inferotemporal cortex influences face categorization", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Seyed-Reza", "lastName": "Afraz" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Roozbeh", "lastName": "Kiani" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Hossein", "lastName": "Esteky" } ], "abstractNote": "The inferior temporal cortex (IT) of primates is thought to be the final visual area in the ventral stream of cortical areas responsible for object recognition. Consistent with this hypothesis, single IT neurons respond selectively to highly complex visual stimuli such as faces. However, a direct causal link between the activity of face-selective neurons and face perception has not been demonstrated. In the present study of macaque monkeys, we artificially activated small clusters of IT neurons by means of electrical microstimulation while the monkeys performed a categorization task, judging whether noisy visual images belonged to 'face' or 'non-face' categories. Here we show that microstimulation of face-selective sites, but not other sites, strongly biased the monkeys' decisions towards the face category. The magnitude of the effect depended upon the degree of face selectivity of the stimulation site, the size of the stimulated cluster of face-selective neurons, and the exact timing of microstimulation. Our results establish a causal relationship between the activity of face-selective neurons and face perception.", "publicationTitle": "Nature", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "August 10, 2006", "volume": "442", "issue": "7103", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "692-695", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Nature", "DOI": "10.1038/nature04982", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v442/n7103/full/nature04982.html", "accessDate": "2014-06-09T18:34:12Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0028-0836", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "www.nature.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "© 2006 Nature Publishing Group", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "PBKQ4652" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-06-09T18:34:12Z", "dateModified": "2014-06-09T18:34:12Z" } }, { "key": "9MIXHEAV", "version": 12, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 266043, "name": "neuro_reading_group", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neuro_reading_group", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/266043/items/9MIXHEAV", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neuro_reading_group/items/9MIXHEAV", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/266043/items/9FRH4KFX", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1571078, "username": "sakoay", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sakoay", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "9MIXHEAV", "version": 12, "parentItem": "9FRH4KFX", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2014-06-09T18:34:12Z", "url": "http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v442/n7103/pdf/nature04982.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-06-09T18:34:12Z", "dateModified": "2014-06-09T18:34:12Z" } }, { "key": "299XM2VP", "version": 12, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 266043, "name": "neuro_reading_group", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neuro_reading_group", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/266043/items/299XM2VP", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neuro_reading_group/items/299XM2VP", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/266043/items/9FRH4KFX", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1571078, "username": "sakoay", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sakoay", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "299XM2VP", "version": 12, "parentItem": "9FRH4KFX", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": 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