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SUMMARY
After the October 2005 Kashmir earthquake over 100,000 homes were reconstructed using the indigenous
construction method of dhajji dewari. There is limited research to validate the performance of dhajji dewari
construction. A better understanding of the structural behaviour of dhajji dewari buildings is needed as a first step
towards providing confidence in this technology, and to identify those aspects which are critical to the reliable
performance of the building system. Seismic analysis has been carried out to understand the structural behaviour of a
typical dhajji dewari house, similar to those built after the 2005 Pakistan earthquake. This work sought to establish
whether the building type could be modelled analytically, and in so doing determine how a representative house
performs when subjected to large earthquake loads. Hence, to establish what the critical engineering details are to
help ensure reliable seismic performance and identify measures that might enhance performance. Analytical results
have been benchmarked against physical tests from the University of Peshawar.
The timber elements, masonry infill pieces, roof, mortise and tenon as well as scarf joints have been explicitly
modelled. Nailed connections have been idealised as discrete elements, and parallel analyses undertaken to reflect
joints with and without nails. Both ‘pushover’ and ‘response-history’ analyses of a whole house model were carried
out to establish overall performance.
The analysis showed that it is possible to model the behaviour of traditional dhajji dewari buildings, and that this
form of construction can safely withstand forces associated with earthquakes in high seismic regions when built
properly. Potential weaknesses and further research areas are identified. This is an important step towards developing
evidence based construction guidelines and training material for dhajji dewari.

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