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"abstractNote": "Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a serious public health problem, linked with a number of poor health outcomes. Some research demonstrates that transgender and gender nonconforming (TGNC) youth may experience IPV at similar rates to heterosexual cisgender women; however, there is a dearth of data examining the experiences of IPV among this population. The exclusion of TGNC youth in IPV research and public health interventions is problematic because it contributes to a traditional gender-based heterosexual model of IPV that ignores the specific needs of TGNC populations. Given the pervasiveness of transphobic stigma in the United States and the complexities of the lives of TGNC youth, it is important to understand how both structural and individual factors are associated with IPV among TGNC youth. Using data from a cross-sectional survey of 131 TGNC youth from 14 different cities in the United States representing various regions of the country, this study explores the associations between a range of structural and intrapersonal factors and experiences of IPV victimization among TGNC youth. Separate logistic regression models were fit to examine the relationships between structural and intrapersonal factors and IPV. Structural results found that TGNC youth experiencing extreme victimization, a history of incarceration, and participation in sex work were much more likely to report IPV. The only intrapersonal variable that was associated with IPV was depressive symptomatology; however, this relationship was strong, with participants being nearly eight times more likely to report IPV if they experienced symptoms of depression. Gaining a better understanding of the complexity of both structural and intrapersonal factors among TGNC youth will greatly inform the development of IPV prevention and services for TGNC youth experiencing this type of violence.",
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"title": "Association of State Laws Permitting Denial of Services to Same-Sex Couples With Mental Distress in Sexual Minority Adults: A Difference-in-Difference-in-Differences Analysis",
"creators": [
{
"creatorType": "author",
"firstName": "Julia",
"lastName": "Raifman"
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{
"creatorType": "author",
"firstName": "Ellen",
"lastName": "Moscoe"
},
{
"creatorType": "author",
"firstName": "S. Bryn",
"lastName": "Austin"
},
{
"creatorType": "author",
"firstName": "Mark L.",
"lastName": "Hatzenbuehler"
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"firstName": "Sandro",
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],
"abstractNote": "Importance
Recent evidence suggests that state policies affecting sexual minorities are associated with health disparities. Twelve states have laws permitting the denial of services to same-sex couples, and the US Supreme Court is considering whether states can prohibit the denial of services to same-sex couples.
Objective
We investigated whether state laws permitting individuals to refuse services to sexual minorities were associated with changes in the proportion of sexual minority adults reporting mental distress.
Design, Setting, and Participants
This difference-in-difference-in-differences linear regression analysis with state fixed effects used Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data from 2014 through 2016 from adults aged 18 to 64 years in 3 states that implemented laws permitting the denial of services to same-sex couples (Utah, Michigan, and North Carolina) and 6 nearby control states (Idaho and Nevada, Ohio and Indiana, and Virginia and Delaware, respectively). Sexual minority adults were defined as those who identified as gay, lesbian, bisexual, or not sure of their sexual orientation under a module on sexual orientation that BRFSS implemented in 2014 and each state could opt to include. Analysis controlled for year and individual-level sex, race, ethnicity, age group, educational attainment, income, employment, and marital status. A permutation test was conducted to precisely estimate statistical significance.
Exposures
An interaction term indicating whether individuals identified as a sexual minority and lived in a state with a law permitting denial of services to same-sex couples in 2015.
Main Outcomes and Measures
Mental distress, defined as poor mental health on 14 or more of the past 30 days.
Results
Of 109 089 participants, 4656 (4.8%; all percentages incorporate survey weights) identified as sexual minorities, 86141 (72.1%) were non-Hispanic white, and ages were uniformly distributed between 18 and 64 years. In 2014, 2038 of 16637 heterosexual adults (12.6%) and 156 of 815 sexual minority adults (21.9%) in the 3 same-sex denial states reported mental distress. The proportion of sexual minority adults reporting mental distress increased by 10.1 percentage points (95% CI, 1.8 to 18.5 percentage points, permutation-adjustedPvalue = .046) between 2014 and 2016 in states that passed laws permitting denial of services to same-sex couples compared with control states, a 46% relative increase in sexual minority adults experiencing mental distress. Laws permitting denial of services to same-sex couples were not associated with significant changes in heterosexual adults experiencing mental distress (−0.36 percentage points, 95% CI, −1.73 to 1.01 percentage points).
Conclusions and Relevance
Laws permitting denial of services to same-sex couples, which exist in 12 states and are under consideration by the US Supreme Court, are associated with a 46% increase in sexual minority adults experiencing mental distress.
",
"publicationTitle": "JAMA Psychiatry",
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"date": "2018/05/23",
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"journalAbbreviation": "JAMA Psychiatry",
"DOI": "10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.0757",
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