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            "abstractNote": "Isotopic labeling techniques have the potential to minimize the uncertainty of plant root water uptake (RWU) proﬁles estimated using multisource (statistical) modeling by artiﬁcially enhancing the soil water isotopic gradient. On the other end of the modeling continuum, physical models can account for hydrodynamic constraints to RWU if simultaneous soil and plant water status data are available.",
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            "title": "Modeling the Impact of Biopores on Root Growth and Root Water Uptake",
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            "abstractNote": "Background and aims Monitoring root water uptake dynamics under water deficit (WD) conditions in fields are crucial to assess plant drought tolerance. In this study, we investigate the ability of Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) to capture specific soil water depletion induced by root water uptake.",
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            "title": "Modeling root system growth around obstacles",
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                    "firstName": "Scott T.",
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            "abstractNote": "State-of-the-Art models of Root System Architecture (RSA) do not allow simulating root growth around rigid obstacles. Yet, the presence of obstacles can be highly disruptive to the root system. We grew wheat seedlings in sealed petri dishes without obstacle and in custom 3D-printed rhizoboxes containing obstacles. Time-lapse photography was used to reconstruct the wheat root morphology network. We used the reconstructed wheat root network without obstacle to calibrate an RSA model implemented in the R-SWMS software. The root network with obstacles allowed calibrating the parameters of a new function that models the influence of rigid obstacles on wheat root growth. Experimental results show that the presence of a rigid obstacle does not affect the growth rate of the wheat root axes, but that it does influence the root trajectory after the main axis has passed the obstacle. The growth recovery time, i.e. the time for the main root axis to recover its geotropism-driven growth, is proportional to the time during which the main axis grows along the obstacle. Qualitative and quantitative comparisons between experimental and numerical results show that the proposed model successfully simulates wheat RSA growth around obstacles. Our results suggest that wheat roots follow patterns that could inspire the design of adaptive engineering flow networks.",
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                    "lastName": "Javaux"
                }
            ],
            "abstractNote": "In 1978, Landsberg and Fowkes presented a solution of the water flow equation inside a root with uniform hydraulic properties. These properties are root radial conductivity and axial conductance, which control, respectively, the radial water flow between the root surface and xylem and the axial flow within the xylem. From the solution for the xylem water potential, functions that describe the radial and axial flow along the root axis were derived. These solutions can also be used to derive root macroscopic parameters that are potential input parameters of hydrological and crop models. In this paper, novel analytical solutions of the water flow equation are developed for roots whose hydraulic properties vary along their axis, which is the case for most plants. We derived solutions for single roots with linear or exponential variations of hydraulic properties with distance to root tip. These solutions were subsequently combined to construct single roots with complex hydraulic property profiles. The analytical solutions allow one to verify numerical solutions and to get a generalization of the hydric behaviour with the main influencing parameters of the solutions. The resulting flow distributions in heterogeneous roots differed from those in uniform roots and simulations led to more regular, less abrupt variations of xylem suction or radial flux along root axes. The model could successfully be applied to maize effective root conductance measurements to derive radial and axial hydraulic properties. We also show that very contrasted root water uptake patterns arise when using either uniform or heterogeneous root hydraulic properties in a soil–root model. The optimal root radius that maximizes water uptake under a carbon cost constraint was also studied. The optimal radius was shown to be highly dependent on the root hydraulic properties and close to observed properties in maize roots. We finally used the obtained functions for evaluating the impact of root maturation versus root growth on water uptake. Very diverse uptake strategies arise from the analysis. These solutions open new avenues to investigate for optimal genotype–environment–management interactions by optimization, for example, of plant-scale macroscopic hydraulic parameters used in ecohydrogolocial models.",
            "publicationTitle": "Hydrology and Earth System Sciences",
            "publisher": "",
            "place": "",
            "date": "2017",
            "volume": "21",
            "issue": "",
            "section": "",
            "partNumber": "",
            "partTitle": "",
            "pages": "6519-6540",
            "series": "",
            "seriesTitle": "",
            "seriesText": "",
            "journalAbbreviation": "",
            "DOI": "10.5194/hess-21-6519-2017",
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            "creatorSummary": "Landl et al.",
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        "data": {
            "key": "JQQJ7QSE",
            "version": 166,
            "itemType": "journalArticle",
            "title": "A new model for root growth in soil with macropores",
            "creators": [
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Magdalena",
                    "lastName": "Landl"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Katrin",
                    "lastName": "Huber"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Andrea",
                    "lastName": "Schnepf"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Jan",
                    "lastName": "Vanderborght"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Mathieu",
                    "lastName": "Javaux"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "A. Glyn",
                    "lastName": "Bengough"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Harry",
                    "lastName": "Vereecken"
                }
            ],
            "abstractNote": "Background and aimsThe use of standard dynamic root architecture models to simulate root growth in soil containing macropores failed to reproduce experimentally observed root growth patterns. We thus developed a new, more mechanistic model approach for the simulation of root growth in structured soil.MethodsIn our alternative modelling approach, we distinguish between, firstly, the driving force for root growth, which is determined by the orientation of the previous root segment and the influence of gravitropism and, secondly, soil mechanical resistance to root growth. The latter is expressed by its inverse, soil mechanical conductance, and treated similarly to hydraulic conductivity in Darcy’s law. At the presence of macropores, soil mechanical conductance is anisotropic, which leads to a difference between the direction of the driving force and the direction of the root tip movement.ResultsThe model was tested using data from the literature, at pot scale, at macropore scale, and in a series of simulations where sensitivity to gravity and macropore orientation was evaluated.ConclusionsQualitative and quantitative comparisons between simulated and experimentally observed root systems showed good agreement, suggesting that the drawn analogy between soil water flow and root growth is a useful one.",
            "publicationTitle": "Plant and Soil",
            "publisher": "",
            "place": "",
            "date": "2017/06/01",
            "volume": "415",
            "issue": "1-2",
            "section": "",
            "partNumber": "",
            "partTitle": "",
            "pages": "99-116",
            "series": "",
            "seriesTitle": "",
            "seriesText": "",
            "journalAbbreviation": "Plant Soil",
            "DOI": "10.1007/s11104-016-3144-2",
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            "itemType": "journalArticle",
            "title": "Towards quantitative root hydraulic phenotyping: novel mathematical functions to calculate plant-scale hydraulic parameters from root system functional and structural traits",
            "creators": [
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "F.",
                    "lastName": "Meunier"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "V.",
                    "lastName": "Couvreur"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "X.",
                    "lastName": "Draye"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "J.",
                    "lastName": "Vanderborght"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "M.",
                    "lastName": "Javaux"
                }
            ],
            "abstractNote": "Predicting root water uptake and plant transpiration is crucial for managing plant irrigation and developing drought-tolerant root system ideotypes (i.e. ideal root systems). Today, three-dimensional structural functional models exist, which allows solving the water flow equation in the soil and in the root systems under transient conditions and in heterogeneous soils. Yet, these models rely on the full representation of the three-dimensional distribution of the root hydraulic properties, which is not always easy to access. Recently, new models able to represent this complex system without the full knowledge of the plant 3D hydraulic architecture and with a limited number of parameters have been developed. However, the estimation of the macroscopic parameters a priori still requires a numerical model and the knowledge of the full three-dimensional hydraulic architecture. The objective of this study is to provide analytical mathematical models to estimate the values of these parameters as a function of local plant general features, like the distance between laterals, the number of primaries or the ratio of radial to axial root conductances. Such functions would allow one to characterize the behaviour of a root system (as characterized by its macroscopic parameters) directly from averaged plant root traits, thereby opening new possibilities for developing quantitative ideotypes, by linking plant scale parameters to mean functional or structural properties. With its simple form, the proposed model offers the chance to perform sensitivity and optimization analyses as presented in this study. © 2017, The Author(s).",
            "publicationTitle": "Journal of Mathematical Biology",
            "publisher": "",
            "place": "",
            "date": "2017",
            "volume": "75",
            "issue": "5",
            "section": "",
            "partNumber": "",
            "partTitle": "",
            "pages": "1133-1170",
            "series": "",
            "seriesTitle": "",
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            "DOI": "10.1007/s00285-017-1111-z",
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            "shortTitle": "Towards quantitative root hydraulic phenotyping",
            "language": "",
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            "tags": [
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                    "tag": "Hydraulic architecture",
                    "type": 1
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                {
                    "tag": "Plant-scale parameters",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Root water uptake",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Water flow equation in root",
                    "type": 1
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            "title": "A hybrid analytical-numerical method for solving water flow equations in root hydraulic architectures",
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Félicien",
                    "lastName": "Meunier"
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Xavier",
                    "lastName": "Draye"
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Jan",
                    "lastName": "Vanderborght"
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Mathieu",
                    "lastName": "Javaux"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Valentin",
                    "lastName": "Couvreur"
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            ],
            "abstractNote": "",
            "publicationTitle": "Applied Mathematical Modelling",
            "publisher": "",
            "place": "",
            "date": "décembre 1, 2017",
            "volume": "52",
            "issue": "Supplement C",
            "section": "",
            "partNumber": "",
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            "pages": "648-663",
            "series": "",
            "seriesTitle": "",
            "seriesText": "",
            "journalAbbreviation": "Applied Mathematical Modelling",
            "DOI": "10.1016/j.apm.2017.08.011",
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            "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0307904X17305206",
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            "tags": [
                {
                    "tag": "Root system hydraulic architecture"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Root water uptake"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Segment-scale analytical solution"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Water flow equation"
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            "creatorSummary": "Zarebanadkouki et al.",
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        "data": {
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            "version": 313,
            "itemType": "journalArticle",
            "title": "Estimation of the hydraulic conductivities of lupine roots by inverse modelling of high-resolution measurements of root water uptake",
            "creators": [
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Mohsen",
                    "lastName": "Zarebanadkouki"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Félicien",
                    "lastName": "Meunier"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Valentin",
                    "lastName": "Couvreur"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Jimenez",
                    "lastName": "Cesar"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Mathieu",
                    "lastName": "Javaux"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Andrea",
                    "lastName": "Carminati"
                }
            ],
            "abstractNote": "Background and Aims Radial and axial hydraulic conductivities are key parameters for proper understanding and modelling of root water uptake. Despite their importance, there is limited experimental information on how the radial and axial hydraulic conductivities vary along roots growing in soil. Here, a new approach was introduced to estimate inversely the profile of hydraulic conductivities along the roots of transpiring plants growing in soil.\nMethods A three-dimensional model of root water uptake was used to reproduce the measured profile of root water uptake along roots of lupine plant grown in soil. The profile of fluxes was measured using a neutron radiography technique combined with injection of deuterated water as tracer. The aim was to estimate inversely the profiles of the radial and axial hydraulic conductivities along the roots.\nKey Results The profile of hydraulic conductivities along the taproot and the lateral roots of lupines was calculated using three flexible scenarios. For all scenarios, it was found that the radial hydraulic conductivity increases towards the root tips, while the axial conductivity decreases. Additionally, it was found that in soil with uniform water content: (1) lateral roots were the main location of root water uptake; (2) water uptake by laterals decreased towards the root tips due to the dissipation of water potential along the root; and (3) water uptake by the taproot was higher in the distal segments and was negligible in the proximal parts, which had a low radial conductivity.\nConclusions The proposed approach allows the estimation of the root hydraulic properties of plants growing in soil. This information can be used in an advanced model of water uptake to predict the water uptake of different root types or different root architectures under varying soil conditions.",
            "publicationTitle": "Annals of Botany",
            "publisher": "",
            "place": "",
            "date": "2016-08-18",
            "volume": "",
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            "partNumber": "",
            "partTitle": "",
            "pages": "mcw154",
            "series": "",
            "seriesTitle": "",
            "seriesText": "",
            "journalAbbreviation": "Ann Bot",
            "DOI": "10.1093/aob/mcw154",
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            "url": "http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2016/08/17/aob.mcw154",
            "accessDate": "2016-10-09T09:36:34Z",
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            "PMCID": "",
            "ISSN": "0305-7364, 1095-8290",
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            "shortTitle": "",
            "language": "en",
            "libraryCatalog": "aob.oxfordjournals.org",
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            "rights": "",
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            "tags": [
                {
                    "tag": "Axial hydraulic conductivity",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Root water uptake",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "inverse problem",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "modelling of root water uptake",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "neutron radiography",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "radial hydraulic conductivity",
                    "type": 1
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                {
                    "tag": "root architecture",
                    "type": 1
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            },
            "creatorSummary": "Schwartz et al.",
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        "data": {
            "key": "H3IWUZCR",
            "version": 163,
            "itemType": "journalArticle",
            "title": "The impact of mucilage on root water uptake—A numerical study",
            "creators": [
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "N.",
                    "lastName": "Schwartz"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "A.",
                    "lastName": "Carminati"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "M.",
                    "lastName": "Javaux"
                }
            ],
            "abstractNote": "The flow of water between soil and plants follows the gradient in water potential and depends on the hydraulic properties of the soil and the root. In models for root water uptake (RWU), it is usually assumed that the hydraulic properties near the plant root (i.e., in the rhizosphere) and in the bulk soil are identical. Yet a growing body of evidence has shown that the hydraulic properties of the rhizosphere are affected by root exudates (specifically, mucilage) and markedly differ from those of the bulk soil. In this work, we couple a 3-D detailed description of RWU with a model that accounts for the rhizosphere-specific properties (i.e., rhizosphere hydraulic properties and a nonequilibrium relation between water content and matric head). We show that as the soil dries out (due to water uptake), the higher water holding capacity of the rhizosphere results in a delay of the stress onset. During rewetting, nonequilibrium results in a slower increase of the rhizosphere water content. Furthermore, the inverse relation between water content and relaxation time implies that the drier is the rhizosphere the longer it takes to rewet. Another outcome of nonequilibrium is the small fluctuation of the rhizosphere water content compared to the bulk soil. Overall, our numerical results are in agreement with recent experimental data and provide a tool to further examine the impact of various rhizosphere processes on RWU and water dynamics.",
            "publicationTitle": "Water Resources Research",
            "publisher": "",
            "place": "",
            "date": "janvier 1, 2016",
            "volume": "52",
            "issue": "1",
            "section": "",
            "partNumber": "",
            "partTitle": "",
            "pages": "264-277",
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            "journalAbbreviation": "Water Resour. Res.",
            "DOI": "10.1002/2015WR018150",
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                    "tag": "1842 Irrigation",
                    "type": 1
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                    "tag": "mucilage",
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        "version": 111,
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            "title": "Simulating transpiration and leaf water relations in response to heterogeneous soil moisture and different stomatal control mechanisms",
            "creators": [
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Katrin",
                    "lastName": "Huber"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Jan",
                    "lastName": "Vanderborght"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Mathieu",
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                },
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                    "firstName": "Harry",
                    "lastName": "Vereecken"
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            "abstractNote": "Aims Stomata can close to avoid cavitation under decreased soil water availability. This closure can be triggered by hydraulic (‘H’) and/or chemical signals (‘C’, ‘H + C’). By combining plant hydraulic relations with a model for stomatal conductance, including chemical signalling, our aim was to derive direct relations that link soil water availability, expressed as fraction of roots in dry soil (fdry), to transpiration reduction. Methods We used the mechanistic soil-root water flow model R-SWMS to verify this relation. Virtual split root experiments were simulated, comparing horizontal and vertical splits with varying fdry and different strengths of stomatal regulation by chemical and hydraulic signals. Results Transpiration reduction predicted by the direct relations was in good agreement with numerical simulations. For small enough potential transpiration and large enough root hydraulic conductivity and stomatal sensitivity to chemical signalling isohydric plant behaviour originates from H + C control whereas anisohydric behaviour emerges from C control. For C control the relation between transpiration reduction and fdry becomes independent of transpiration rate whereas H + C control results in stronger reduction for higher transpiration rates. Conclusion Direct relations that link effective soil water potential and leaf water potential can describe different stomatal control resulting in contrasting behaviour.",
            "publicationTitle": "Plant and Soil",
            "publisher": "",
            "place": "",
            "date": "2015/05/23",
            "volume": "394",
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            "partNumber": "",
            "partTitle": "",
            "pages": "109-126",
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            "journalAbbreviation": "Plant Soil",
            "DOI": "10.1007/s11104-015-2502-9",
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            "url": "http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11104-015-2502-9",
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                    "type": 1
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                {
                    "tag": "Ecology",
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                {
                    "tag": "Partial root zone drying",
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            "publicationTitle": "Frontiers in Plant Science",
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            "itemType": "journalArticle",
            "title": "Dynamic aspects of soil water availability for isohydric plants: Focus on root hydraulic resistances",
            "creators": [
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "V.",
                    "lastName": "Couvreur"
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "J.",
                    "lastName": "Vanderborght"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "X.",
                    "lastName": "Draye"
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                    "firstName": "M.",
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            ],
            "abstractNote": "Soil water availability for plant transpiration is a key concept in agronomy. The objective of this study is to revisit this concept and discuss how it may be affected by processes locally influencing root hydraulic properties. A physical limitation to soil water availability in terms of maximal flow rate available to plant leaves (\nQavail) is defined. It is expressed for isohydric plants, in terms of plant-centered variables and properties (the equivalent soil water potential sensed by the plant,\nψs  eq; the root system equivalent conductance,\nKrs; and a threshold leaf water potential,\nψleaf lim). The resulting limitation to plant transpiration is compared to commonly used empirical stress functions. Similarities suggest that the slope of empirical functions might correspond to the ratio of\nKrs to the plant potential transpiration rate. The sensitivity of\nQavail to local changes of root hydraulic conductances in response to soil matric potential is investigated using model simulations. A decrease of radial conductances when the soil dries induces earlier water stress, but allows maintaining higher night plant water potentials and higher\nQavail during the last week of a simulated 1 month drought. In opposition, an increase of radial conductances during soil drying provokes an increase of hydraulic redistribution and\nQavail at short term. This study offers a first insight on the effect of dynamic local root hydraulic properties on soil water availability. By better understanding complex interactions between hydraulic processes involved in soil-plant hydrodynamics, better prospects on how root hydraulic traits mitigate plant water stress might be achieved.",
            "publicationTitle": "Water Resources Research",
            "publisher": "",
            "place": "",
            "date": "novembre 1, 2014",
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            "pages": "n/a-n/a",
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            "journalAbbreviation": "Water Resour. Res.",
            "DOI": "10.1002/2014WR015608",
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            "shortTitle": "Dynamic aspects of soil water availability for isohydric plants",
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            "rights": "© 2014. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.",
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            "tags": [
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                    "tag": "1813 Eco-hydrology",
                    "type": 1
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                {
                    "tag": "1847 Modeling",
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                {
                    "tag": "Hydraulic architecture",
                    "type": 1
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                {
                    "tag": "Plant water stress",
                    "type": 1
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                {
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        "data": {
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            "version": 80,
            "itemType": "journalArticle",
            "title": "Modelling the impact of heterogeneous rootzone water distribution on the regulation of transpiration by hormone transport and/or hydraulic pressures",
            "creators": [
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Katrin",
                    "lastName": "Huber"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Jan",
                    "lastName": "Vanderborght"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Mathieu",
                    "lastName": "Javaux"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Natalie",
                    "lastName": "Schröder"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Ian C.",
                    "lastName": "Dodd"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Harry",
                    "lastName": "Vereecken"
                }
            ],
            "abstractNote": "Aims A simulation model to demonstrate that soil water potential can regulate transpiration, by influencing leaf water potential and/or inducing root production of chemical signals that are transported to the leaves. Methods Signalling impacts on the relationship between soil water potential and transpiration were simulated by coupling a 3D model for water flow in soil, into and through roots (Javaux et al. 2008) with a model for xylem transport of chemicals (produced as a function of local root water potential). Stomatal conductance was regulated by simulated leaf water potential (H) and/or foliar chemical signal concentrations (C; H + C). Split-root experiments were simulated by varying transpiration demands and irrigation placement. Results While regulation of stomatal conductance by chemical transport was unstable and oscillatory, simulated transpiration over time and root water uptake from the two soil compartments were similar for both H and H + C regulation. Increased stomatal sensitivity more strongly decreased transpiration, and decreased threshold root water potential (below which a chemical signal is produced) delayed transpiration reduction. Conclusions Although simulations with H + C regulation qualitatively reproduced transpiration of plants exposed to partial rootzone drying (PRD), long-term effects seemed negligible. Moreover, most transpiration responses to PRD could be explained by hydraulic signalling alone.",
            "publicationTitle": "Plant and Soil",
            "publisher": "",
            "place": "",
            "date": "2014/11/01",
            "volume": "384",
            "issue": "1-2",
            "section": "",
            "partNumber": "",
            "partTitle": "",
            "pages": "93-112",
            "series": "",
            "seriesTitle": "",
            "seriesText": "",
            "journalAbbreviation": "Plant Soil",
            "DOI": "10.1007/s11104-014-2188-4",
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            "accessDate": "2014-11-12T16:04:40Z",
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