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In comparison with the sedentary group the following differences were found: a) percentage fast twitch fibers was lower in the endurance athetes, b) fast to slow twitch muscle fiber area ratio was higher in the track athletes, c)track athletes and downhill skier attained higher peak torque values at all angular velocities examined. The track athletes had, however, higher torque values at the fastest angular velocity as compared to the downhill skiers, whereas there was no differnce under isometric conditions. The proportion of fast twitch fibers was related to torque produced, especially at high motion velocity. The training also appeared to affect the force-velocity relationship.", "publicationTitle": "Medicine and science in sports", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1977", "volume": "9", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "26-30", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Med Sci Sports", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0025-7990", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "eng", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 870781", "tags": [ { "tag": "Adult", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Biopsy, Needle", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Muscle Contraction", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Muscles", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Physical Fitness", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Sports Medicine", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "G3RN8PJS" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": 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}, { "key": "HFFRN7QR", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 260212, "name": "Motion Biomechanics Project", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/motion_biomechanics_project", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/260212/items/HFFRN7QR", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/motion_biomechanics_project/items/HFFRN7QR", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1303414, "username": "wbr5dc", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/wbr5dc", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Laforest et al.", "parsedDate": "1990-03-01", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "HFFRN7QR", "version": 2, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Effects of age and regular exercise on muscle strength and endurance", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sophie", "lastName": "Laforest" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Diane M. M.", "lastName": "St-Pierre" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Joel", "lastName": "Cyr" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David", "lastName": "Gayton" } ], "abstractNote": "Twenty male and 20 female non-professional tennis players were classified into two different age groups (n=10 per group): young active men (30.4±3.3 years), young active women (27.5±4.3 years), elderly active men (64.4±3.7 years), and elderly active women (65.3±4.5 years). These individuals were matched (n = 10 per group) according to sex, age, height and mass to sedentary individuals of the same socio-economical background: young sedentary men (29.2±3.4 years), young sedentary women (25.6±4.4 years), elderly sedentary men (65.2 ± 3.2 years) and elderly sedentary women (65.6±4.4 years). An isokinetic dynamometer was used to measure the strength of the knee extensors and flexors (two separate occasions) and the endurance of the extensors. Vastus lateralis electromyogram (EMG) was measured concomitantly. Significant sex, age and exercise effects (P<0.001) were observed for peak torque of both muscle groups. The effect of age on extensor strength was more pronounced at high speeds where men were also able to generate larger relative torques than women. No age or sex effects were noted for muscle endurance. However, muscles of active individuals demonstrated a greater resistance to fatigue than those of sedentary individuals. In conclusion, men were found to be stronger than women, age was associated with a decrease in muscle strength, but not of muscle endurance, and tennis players were stronger and had muscles that were more resistant to fatigue than their sedentary pairs in both age groups. Although the results of this study cannot be generalized to other types of sports activities, they do give credence to the health benefits of moderate exercise in the maintenance of muscle function with age.", "publicationTitle": "European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1990/03/01", "volume": "60", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "104-111", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Europ. J. Appl. Physiol.", "DOI": "10.1007/BF00846029", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00846029", "accessDate": "2014-04-14T04:31:44Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0301-5548, 1439-6327", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "link.springer.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Aging", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Exercise", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Human Physiology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Muscle endurance", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Muscle strength", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Occupational Medicine/Industrial Medicine", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Sports Medicine", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "G3RN8PJS" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-04-15T02:46:37Z", "dateModified": "2014-04-15T02:46:37Z" } }, { "key": "WJJ3QFJB", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 260212, "name": "Motion Biomechanics Project", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/motion_biomechanics_project", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/260212/items/WJJ3QFJB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/motion_biomechanics_project/items/WJJ3QFJB", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1303414, "username": "wbr5dc", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/wbr5dc", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Ducher et al.", "parsedDate": "2005-10", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "WJJ3QFJB", "version": 2, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Bone geometry in response to long-term tennis playing and its relationship with muscle volume: A quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study in tennis players", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "G.", "lastName": "Ducher" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "D.", "lastName": "Courteix" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S.", "lastName": "Même" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C.", "lastName": "Magni" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J. F.", "lastName": "Viala" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C. L.", "lastName": "Benhamou" } ], "abstractNote": "The benefit of impact-loading activity for bone strength depends on whether the additional bone mineral content (BMC) accrued at loaded sites is due to an increased bone size, volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) or both. Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), the aim of this study was to characterize the geometric changes of the dominant radius in response to long-term tennis playing and to assess the influence of muscle forces on bone tissue by investigating the muscle–bone relationship. Twenty tennis players (10 men and 10 women, mean age: 23.1 ± 4.7 years, with 14.3 ± 3.4 years of playing) were recruited. The total bone volume, cortical volume, sub-cortical volume and muscle volume were measured at both distal radii by MRI. BMC was assessed by DXA and was divided by the total bone volume to derive vBMD. Grip strength was evaluated with a dynamometer. Significant side-to-side differences (P < 0.0001) were found in muscle volume (+9.7%), grip strength (+13.3%), BMC (+13.5%), total bone volume (+10.3%) and sub-cortical volume (+20.6%), but not in cortical volume (+2.6%, ns). The asymmetry in total bone volume explained 75% of the variance in BMC asymmetry (P < 0.0001). vBMD was slightly higher on the dominant side (+3.3%, P < 0.05). Grip strength and muscle volume correlated with all bone variables (except vBMD) on both sides (r = 0.48–0.86, P < 0.05–0.0001) but the asymmetries in muscle parameters did not correlate with those in bone parameters. After adjustment for muscle volume or grip strength, BMC was still greater on the dominant side. This study showed that the greater BMC induced by long-term tennis playing at the dominant radius was associated to a marked increase in bone size and a slight improvement in volumetric BMD, thereby improving bone strength. In addition to the muscle contractions, other mechanical stimuli seemed to exert a direct effect on bone tissue, contributing to the specific bone response to tennis playing.", "publicationTitle": "Bone", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "October 2005", "volume": "37", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "457-466", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Bone", "DOI": "10.1016/j.bone.2005.05.014", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S8756328205002504", "accessDate": "2014-04-14T04:30:12Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "8756-3282", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Bone geometry in response to long-term tennis playing and its relationship with muscle volume", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Absorptiometry", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Bone geometry", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Magnetic Resonance Imaging", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Unilateral loading", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Volumetric bone mineral density", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "G3RN8PJS" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-04-15T02:46:37Z", "dateModified": "2014-04-15T02:46:37Z" } }, { "key": "QRT5E523", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 260212, "name": "Motion Biomechanics Project", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/motion_biomechanics_project", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/260212/items/QRT5E523", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/motion_biomechanics_project/items/QRT5E523", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1303414, "username": "wbr5dc", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/wbr5dc", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Kumagai et al.", "parsedDate": "2000-03-01", "numChildren": 3 }, "data": { "key": "QRT5E523", "version": 2, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Sprint performance is related to muscle fascicle length in male 100-m sprinters", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kenya", "lastName": "Kumagai" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Takashi", "lastName": "Abe" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "William F.", "lastName": "Brechue" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Tomoo", "lastName": "Ryushi" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Susumu", "lastName": "Takano" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Masuhiko", "lastName": "Mizuno" } ], "abstractNote": "The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between muscle fascicle length and sprint running performance in 37 male 100-m sprinters. The sample was divided into two performance groups by the personal-best 100-m time: 10.00–10.90 s (S10; n = 22) and 11.00–11.70 s (S11;n = 15). Muscle thickness and fascicle pennation angle of the vastus lateralis and gastrocnemius medialis and lateralis muscles were measured by B-mode ultrasonography, and fascicle length was estimated. Standing height, body weight, and leg length were similar between groups. Muscle thickness was similar between groups for vastus lateralis and gastrocnemius medialis, but S10 had a significantly greater gastrocnemius lateralis muscle thickness. S10 also had a greater muscle thickness in the upper portion of the thigh, which, given similar limb lengths, demonstrates an altered “muscle shape.” Pennation angle was always less in S10 than in S11. In all muscles, S10 had significantly greater fascicle length than did S11, which significantly correlated with 100-m best performance (rvalues from −0.40 to −0.57). It is concluded that longer fascicle length is associated with greater sprinting performance.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Applied Physiology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "03/01/2000", "volume": "88", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "811-816", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J Appl Physiol", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://classic.jap.physiology.org/content/88/3/811", "accessDate": "2014-04-14T04:27:57Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "8750-7587, 1522-1601", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "www.jappl.org", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 10710372", "tags": [ { "tag": "muscle shape", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "pennation angle", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "shortening velocity", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "G3RN8PJS" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-04-15T02:46:37Z", "dateModified": "2014-04-15T02:46:37Z" } }, { "key": "I7QNZQJ4", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 260212, "name": "Motion Biomechanics Project", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/motion_biomechanics_project", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/260212/items/I7QNZQJ4", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/motion_biomechanics_project/items/I7QNZQJ4", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1303414, "username": "wbr5dc", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/wbr5dc", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Huddleston AL et al.", "parsedDate": "1980-09-05", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "I7QNZQJ4", "version": 2, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "BOne mass in lifetime tennis athletes", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "name": "Huddleston AL" }, { "creatorType": "author", "name": "Rockwell D" }, { "creatorType": "author", "name": "Kulund DN" }, { "creatorType": "author", "name": "Harrison R" } ], "abstractNote": "The effects of physical exercise on the status of bone mineralization for a population of lifetime athletes were investigated. The bone mineral content of the radii of experienced male tennis players was measured. The bone mass of the radius of the playing arm (mean, 1.37 g/cm) was greater than that of the nonplaying arm (mean, 1.23 g/cm) in all but one person. The results were compared with data for a nonathletic (normal) population. The quantity of bone mineral present in the playing arms of the athletic population was greater than that of the dominant arms of nonathletes, which suggests that playing tennis during a lifetime may produce a localized increase in bone mineralization that is greater than that found in non-athletes.(JAMA 244:1107-1109, 1980)", "publicationTitle": "JAMA", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "September 5, 1980", "volume": "244", "issue": "10", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1107-1109", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "JAMA", "DOI": "10.1001/jama.1980.03310100025022", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1980.03310100025022", "accessDate": "2014-04-14T04:17:21Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0098-7484", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Silverchair", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "G3RN8PJS" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-04-15T02:46:37Z", "dateModified": "2014-04-15T02:46:37Z" } }, { "key": "J959UCSI", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 260212, "name": "Motion Biomechanics Project", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/motion_biomechanics_project", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/260212/items/J959UCSI", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/motion_biomechanics_project/items/J959UCSI", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1303414, "username": "wbr5dc", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/wbr5dc", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Pettersson et al.", "parsedDate": "2000-09-01", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "J959UCSI", "version": 2, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Effect of High Impact Activity on Bone Mass and Size in Adolescent Females: A Comparative Study Between Two Different Types of Sports", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "U.", "lastName": "Pettersson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "P.", "lastName": "Nordström" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "H.", "lastName": "Alfredson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "K.", "lastName": "Henriksson-Larsén" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R.", "lastName": "Lorentzon" } ], "abstractNote": "The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the influence of two different types of weight-bearing activity, muscle strength, and body composition on bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC), and bone area in three different groups of late adolescent girls. The first group consisted of 10 females participating in competitive rope-skipping (age 17.8 ± 0.8 years) training for 6.7 ± 3.1 hours/week; the second group consisted of 15 soccer players (age 17.4 ± 0.8 years) training for 6.1 ± 2.0 hours/week; and the third group consisted of 25 controls (age 17.6 ± 0.8 years) with physical activity of 0.9 ± 1.1 hours/week. The groups were matched for age, height, and weight. BMD (g/cm2), BMC (g), and bone area (cm2) of the total body, lumbar spine, hip, total femur, distal femur, diaphyses of femur and tibia, proximal tibia, and humerus were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Bone density was also assessed in the radial forearm site of the dominant limb in the rope skippers and in 10 matched controls. The rope skippers had 22% higher BMD at the ultradistal site (P < 0.01). Both high-activity groups had significantly higher BMD (P < 0.05) at most loaded sites compared with the control group. When adjusting for differences in lean mass and starting age of sport-specific training between the activity groups, the rope-skipping group had a higher BMD of the total body, lumbar spine, and right humerus compared with the soccer group. They also had a significantly higher bone area of the total body, total femur, and the proximal femur than both other groups, and a significantly higher bone area of the tibia diaphysis, compared with the soccer group. In a multivariate analysis among all subjects (n = 50), all BMD sites, except the femur diaphysis, distal femur, and proximal tibia, were significantly related to type of physical activity (β= 0.25–0.43, P < 0.05). The bone area values at different sites were strongly related to muscle strength and parameters related to body size [height, weight, lean mass, fat mass, and body mass index (BMI)]. In conclusion, it appears that in late adolescent women, weight-bearing activities are an important determinant for bone density, and high impact activities such as jumping also seem to be associated with a modification of the bone geometry (hence, the bone width) at the loaded sites.", "publicationTitle": "Calcified Tissue International", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2000/09/01", "volume": "67", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "207-214", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Calcif Tissue Int", "DOI": "10.1007/s002230001131", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s002230001131", "accessDate": "2014-04-14T04:01:40Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0171-967X, 1432-0827", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Effect of High Impact Activity on Bone Mass and Size in Adolescent Females", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "link.springer.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Biochemistry, general", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Cell Biology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Endocrinology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Key words: Bone density — Bone area — Rope skipping — Female — Adolescent — Soccer.", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Orthopedics", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "G3RN8PJS" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-04-15T02:46:37Z", "dateModified": "2014-04-15T02:46:37Z" } }, { "key": "SP7BWH7K", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 260212, "name": "Motion Biomechanics Project", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/motion_biomechanics_project", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/260212/items/SP7BWH7K", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/motion_biomechanics_project/items/SP7BWH7K", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/260212/items/QRT5E523", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1303414, "username": "wbr5dc", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/wbr5dc", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "SP7BWH7K", "version": 2, "parentItem": "QRT5E523", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "PubMed entry", "accessDate": "2014-04-14T04:27:57Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10710372", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-04-15T02:46:37Z", "dateModified": "2014-04-15T02:46:37Z" } }, { "key": "VHJFD9II", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 260212, "name": "Motion Biomechanics Project", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/motion_biomechanics_project", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/260212/items/VHJFD9II", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/motion_biomechanics_project/items/VHJFD9II", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1303414, "username": "wbr5dc", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/wbr5dc", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Knechtle et al.", "parsedDate": "2011-12", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "VHJFD9II", "version": 2, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "A comparison of fat mass and skeletal muscle mass estimation in male ultra-endurance athletes using bioelectrical impedance analysis and different anthropometric methods", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "B", "lastName": "Knechtle" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A", "lastName": "Wirth" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "P", "lastName": "Knechtle" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "T", "lastName": "Rosemann" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C A", "lastName": "Rüst" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R", "lastName": "Bescós" } ], "abstractNote": "Two hundred and fifty seven male Caucasian ultra-endurance athletes were recruited, pre-race, before different swimming, cycling, running and triathlon races. Fat mass and skeletal muscle mass were estimated using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and anthropometric methods in order to investigate whether the use of BIA or anthropometry would be useful under field conditions. Total body fat estimated using BIA was significantly high (P < 0.001) compared with anthropometry. When the results between BIA and anthropometry were compared, moderate to low levels of agreement were found. These results were in accordance with the differences found in the Bland-Altman analysis, indicating that the anthropometric equation of Ball et al. had the highest level of agreement (Bias = -3.0 ± 5.8 kg) with BIA, using Stewart et al. (Bias = -6.4 ± 6.3 kg), Faulkner (Bias = -4.7 ± 5.8 kg) and Wilmore-Siri (Bias = -4.8 ± 6.2 kg). The estimation of skeletal muscle mass using BIA was significantly (P < 0.001) above compared with anthropometry. The results of the ICC and Bland-Altman method showed that the anthropometric equation from Lee et al. (Bias = -5.4 ± 5.3 kg) produced the highest level of agreement. The combined method of Janssen et al. between anthropometry and BIA showed a lower level of agreement (Bias = -12.5 ± 5.7 kg). There was a statistically significant difference between the results derived from the equation of Lee et al. and Janssen et al. (P < 0.001). To summarise, the determination of body composition in ultra-endurance athletes using BIA reported significantly high values of fat and skeletal muscle mass when compared with anthropometric equations.", "publicationTitle": "Nutrición hospitalaria", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2011 Nov-Dec", "volume": "26", "issue": "6", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1420-1427", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Nutr Hosp", "DOI": "10.1590/S0212-16112011000600032", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1699-5198", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "eng", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 22411391", "tags": [ { "tag": "Adipose Tissue", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Adult", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Algorithms", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Anthropometry", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Athletes", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Body Composition", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Body Height", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Body Mass Index", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Body Weight", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Electric Impedance", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Middle Aged", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Muscle, Skeletal", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Physical Endurance", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Running", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Skinfold Thickness", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Swimming", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "G3RN8PJS" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-04-15T02:46:37Z", "dateModified": "2014-04-15T02:46:37Z" } }, { "key": "39DQH28I", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 260212, "name": "Motion Biomechanics Project", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/motion_biomechanics_project", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/260212/items/39DQH28I", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/motion_biomechanics_project/items/39DQH28I", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1303414, "username": "wbr5dc", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/wbr5dc", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "39DQH28I", "version": 2, "itemType": "webpage", "title": "Comparison of Olympic Vs. Traditional Power Lifting Training... : The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "Twenty members of an National Collegiate Athletic Association Division III collegiate football team were assigned to either an Olympic lifting (OL) group or power lifting (PL) group. Each group was matched by position and trained 4-days-wk-1 for 15 weeks. Testing consisted of field tests to evalu...", "websiteTitle": "", "websiteType": "", "date": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/Fulltext/2004/02000/Comparison_of_Olympic_Vs__Traditional_Power.19.aspx", "accessDate": "2014-04-14T04:26:08Z", "shortTitle": "Comparison of Olympic Vs. Traditional Power Lifting Training...", "language": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "G3RN8PJS" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-04-15T02:46:37Z", "dateModified": "2014-04-15T02:46:37Z" } } ]