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41 participants, 24 news images. Likert scale for liking (valence) and what was main image.

\n

“Perceived valence scores were more negative when a negative valence image complied with the “rule of thirds composition”” (Koliska and Oh, 2023, p. 364)

\n

“Participants perceived images more negatively when the main subject was positioned in the RoT grid” (Koliska and Oh, 2023, p. 364)

\n

“the positive valence groups also showed that participants perceived valence stronger when images complied with the rule” (Koliska and Oh, 2023, p. 364)

\n

“Participants perceived a higher positive valence when images complied with the RoT in respect to the main subject position” (Koliska and Oh, 2023, p. 364)

\n

THus, If RoT was present, like and dislike were amplified.

\n

“The perceived valence of images was significantly higher when those images followed the RoT in their composition than when they didn’t.” (Koliska and Oh, 2023, p. 368)

\n

“The differences for perceived valence was also higher when the main subject was positioned in the intersections of the RoT grid, than if it was not. This means that valence perception was stronger (more vivid) for images with the main subject complying with the RoT. In other words, participants were better able to correctly recognize the most important part of an image and as such an integral part of the narrative of the image” (Koliska and Oh, 2023, p. 368)

\n

“The RoT also aided the identification of the main subject.” (Koliska and Oh, 2023, p. 368)

\n
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In other words, participants were better able to correctly recognize the most important part of an image and as such an integral part of the narrative of the image", "annotationComment": "", "annotationColor": "#ffd400", "annotationPageLabel": "368", "annotationSortIndex": "00015|000739|00468", "annotationPosition": "{\"pageIndex\":15,\"rects\":[[174.778,251.338,433.244,260.168],[59.971,238.358,433.227,247.188],[59.971,225.377,433.248,234.208],[59.971,212.337,284.506,221.167]]}", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-04-06T22:38:00Z", "dateModified": "2025-04-06T22:38:00Z" } }, { "key": "5GGM2UZM", "version": 642, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 259954, "name": "AeDes", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/aedes", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/259954/items/5GGM2UZM", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/aedes/items/5GGM2UZM", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/259954/items/DHQLDG4B", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 181464, "username": "hertzber", "name": "Jean Hertzberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/hertzber", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "5GGM2UZM", "version": 642, "parentItem": "DHQLDG4B", "itemType": "annotation", "annotationType": "highlight", "annotationText": "The perceived valence of images was significantly higher when those images followed the RoT in their composition than when they didn’t.", "annotationComment": "", "annotationColor": "#ffd400", "annotationPageLabel": "368", "annotationSortIndex": "00015|000378|00403", "annotationPosition": "{\"pageIndex\":15,\"rects\":[[88.546,289.928,433.248,299.928],[59.971,276.948,307.774,286.948]]}", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-04-06T22:37:19Z", "dateModified": "2025-04-06T22:37:19Z" } }, { "key": "8MVKNZDZ", "version": 640, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 259954, "name": "AeDes", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/aedes", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/259954/items/8MVKNZDZ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/aedes/items/8MVKNZDZ", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/259954/items/DHQLDG4B", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 181464, "username": "hertzber", "name": "Jean Hertzberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/hertzber", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "8MVKNZDZ", "version": 640, "parentItem": "DHQLDG4B", "itemType": "annotation", "annotationType": "highlight", "annotationText": "A t-test between the positive valence groups also showed that participants perceived valence stronger when images complied with the rule n = 246 (M = 7.32, SD = 1.26) than if they did 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"version": 629, "parentItem": "UD45HE3I", "itemType": "note", "note": "

Visual system takes in a lot of information. Selection process filters that, i.e. attention is the filter. Shapes in the image can guide filters too; reductionist.

\n

“Research shows that attention is closely connected to valence (Lane, Chua, and Dolan 1999; Morris, Leclerc, and Kensinger 2014),” (Koliska and Oh, 2023, p. 360)

\n

“Valence perceptions can thus be considered as an expression of information processing, reflecting a level of attention or how salient the main message of an image may be. We posit that measuring and comparing valence perceptions of images that are compliant and noncompliant with the RoT can thus indicate how the RoT aides image information processing.” (Koliska and Oh, 2023, p. 360)

\n

“RQ1. Does the rule of thirds have a significant effect on the perceived valence of images?” (Koliska and Oh, 2023, p. 361)

\n

“RQ2. Does the rule of thirds have a significant effect on the perceived main subject of images?” (Koliska and Oh, 2023, p. 361)

\n
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Relevant principles from the affect-as-information approach include: first, the impact of affect depends on implicit attributions—what it appears to be about. Second, affect is always taken to be about whatever is currently mentally accessible. Affective reactions can therefore serve as appraisals of objects of judgment or of initial thoughts and opinions about such objects when they are more accessible. During problem solving, affect can serve as appraisals of thought style rather than thought content. Then, third, positive and negative affect serve as go and stop signals for current inclinations. Affective influences on cognition are therefore not fixed, but malleable and context-dependent.", "publicationTitle": "Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2018-02-01", "volume": "19", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "78-82", "series": "Emotion-cognition interactions", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences", "DOI": "10.1016/j.cobeha.2017.11.010", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S235215461730061X", "accessDate": "2025-04-06T22:15:46Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "2352-1546", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Affect and cognition", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "6SGXZSXC" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-04-06T22:15:46Z", "dateModified": "2025-04-06T22:15:46Z" } }, { "key": "97MP3MLU", "version": 622, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 259954, "name": "AeDes", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/aedes", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/259954/items/97MP3MLU", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/aedes/items/97MP3MLU", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/259954/items/DHQLDG4B", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 181464, "username": "hertzber", "name": "Jean Hertzberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/hertzber", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "97MP3MLU", "version": 622, "parentItem": "DHQLDG4B", "itemType": "annotation", "annotationType": "highlight", "annotationText": "In other words, specific layouts of a scene or surface representations, that highlight the edges of surfaces, induce attention, making perception possible.", "annotationComment": "", "annotationColor": "#ffd400", "annotationPageLabel": "359", "annotationSortIndex": "00006|002020|00442", "annotationPosition": "{\"pageIndex\":6,\"rects\":[[254.753,250.486,433.255,260.486],[60.011,237.916,433.236,246.746],[60.011,224.466,182.929,234.466]]}", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-04-06T19:53:41Z", "dateModified": "2025-04-06T19:53:41Z" } }, { "key": "3VDD8BWW", "version": 617, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 259954, "name": "AeDes", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/aedes", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/259954/items/3VDD8BWW", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/aedes/items/3VDD8BWW", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/259954/items/DHQLDG4B", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 181464, "username": "hertzber", "name": "Jean Hertzberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/hertzber", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "3VDD8BWW", "version": 617, "parentItem": "DHQLDG4B", "itemType": "annotation", "annotationType": "highlight", "annotationText": "selection process", "annotationComment": "", "annotationColor": "#ff6666", "annotationPageLabel": "359", "annotationSortIndex": "00006|000579|00157", "annotationPosition": "{\"pageIndex\":6,\"rects\":[[59.981,536.9,131.699,545.73]]}", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-04-06T19:49:25Z", "dateModified": "2025-04-06T19:49:25Z" } }, { "key": "2VHYVRXD", "version": 616, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 259954, "name": "AeDes", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/aedes", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/259954/items/2VHYVRXD", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/aedes/items/2VHYVRXD", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/259954/items/DHQLDG4B", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 181464, "username": "hertzber", "name": "Jean Hertzberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/hertzber", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "2VHYVRXD", "version": 616, "parentItem": "DHQLDG4B", "itemType": "annotation", "annotationType": "highlight", "annotationText": "Such cognitive limitations indicate that in order for vision to be effective, a selection process must occur that focuses on crucial parts of the visual information accessible to the visual cortex (Pylyshyn 1998). As indicated above, research shows that geometrical structures can assist in the selection process. 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Or is aesthetic experience entirely subjective? Using fMRI technique, we addressed this question by presenting viewers, naïve to art criticism, with images of masterpieces of Classical and Renaissance sculpture. Employing proportion as the independent variable, we produced two sets of stimuli: one composed of images of original sculptures; the other of a modified version of the same images. The stimuli were presented in three conditions: observation, aesthetic judgment, and proportion judgment. In the observation condition, the viewers were required to observe the images with the same mind-set as if they were in a museum. In the other two conditions they were required to give an aesthetic or proportion judgment on the same images. Two types of analyses were carried out: one which contrasted brain response to the canonical and the modified sculptures, and one which contrasted beautiful vs. ugly sculptures as judged by each volunteer. The most striking result was that the observation of original sculptures, relative to the modified ones, produced activation of the right insula as well as of some lateral and medial cortical areas (lateral occipital gyrus, precuneus and prefrontal areas). The activation of the insula was particularly strong during the observation condition. Most interestingly, when volunteers were required to give an overt aesthetic judgment, the images judged as beautiful selectively activated the right amygdala, relative to those judged as ugly. We conclude that, in observers naïve to art criticism, the sense of beauty is mediated by two non-mutually exclusive processes: one based on a joint activation of sets of cortical neurons, triggered by parameters intrinsic to the stimuli, and the insula (objective beauty); the other based on the activation of the amygdala, driven by one's own emotional experiences (subjective beauty).", "publicationTitle": "PLOS ONE", "publisher": "Public Library of Science", "place": "", "date": "Nov 21, 2007", "volume": "2", "issue": "11", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "e1201", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "PLOS ONE", "DOI": "10.1371/journal.pone.0001201", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0001201", "accessDate": "2025-04-06T19:42:31Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1932-6203", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "The Golden Beauty", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "PLoS Journals", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Amygdala", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Behavior", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Emotions", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Functional magnetic resonance imaging", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Magnetic resonance imaging", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Neurons", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Psychological attitudes", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Sensory perception", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "6SGXZSXC" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-04-06T19:42:31Z", "dateModified": "2025-04-06T19:42:31Z" } }, { "key": "KQDLFABW", "version": 612, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 259954, "name": "AeDes", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/aedes", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/259954/items/KQDLFABW", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/aedes/items/KQDLFABW", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/259954/items/7S2DLGKB", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 181464, "username": "hertzber", "name": "Jean Hertzberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/hertzber", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "KQDLFABW", "version": 612, "parentItem": "7S2DLGKB", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2025-04-06T19:42:31Z", "url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0001201&type=printable", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Dio et al. - 2007 - The Golden Beauty Brain Response to Classical and Renaissance Sculptures.pdf", "md5": "5e4fdba0dbf17e41ca9218a0fbec1f77", "mtime": 1743968551829, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-04-06T19:42:31Z", "dateModified": "2025-04-06T19:42:31Z" } }, { "key": "ZKX3SLFE", "version": 610, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 259954, "name": "AeDes", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/aedes", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/259954/items/ZKX3SLFE", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/aedes/items/ZKX3SLFE", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/259954/items/DHQLDG4B", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 181464, "username": "hertzber", "name": "Jean Hertzberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/hertzber", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "ZKX3SLFE", "version": 610, "parentItem": "DHQLDG4B", "itemType": "annotation", "annotationType": "highlight", "annotationText": "sing functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) they were able to show that the golden ratio (a + b is to a as a is to b) did in fact produce the “desired effects.” Subjects exposed to a Greek statuary in its original canonical form experienced strong feelings and identified the object as beautiful whereas subjects that saw the same sculpture, but whose proportions had been altered so that it violated the golden ratio, evaluated it as ugly. 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Despite the rule’s wide use by photographers, little is known about its impact on viewers in particular to raise attention to the main subject and narrative of an image but also to possibly limit cognitive load. The findings of this exploratory, experimental study of undergraduate students at a U.S. university suggest that the rule of thirds serves as a geometric guiding structure that directs participants’ vision. The rule of thirds appears to enhance participants’ ease of information processing by raising attention to the predominant visual content of an image, making it more salient to the observer. Overall, the rule of thirds enabled a more correct recognition of the primary valence and the main subject or focus of interest of an image, indicating that participants may glean a better understanding of the intended message of an image. But findings also indicate significant differences between the rule of thirds composition and the placement of the main subject along the rule of thirds grid, suggesting the latter as being more effective.", "publicationTitle": "Journalism Practice", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2023-02-07", "volume": "17", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "354-373", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Journalism Practice", "DOI": "10.1080/17512786.2021.1916402", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17512786.2021.1916402", "accessDate": "2025-04-06T19:37:12Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1751-2786, 1751-2794", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Guided by the Grid", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "DOI.org (Crossref)", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "6SGXZSXC" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-04-06T19:37:12Z", "dateModified": "2025-04-06T19:37:12Z" } }, { "key": "LYR8B6HI", "version": 604, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 259954, "name": "AeDes", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/aedes", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/259954/items/LYR8B6HI", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/aedes/items/LYR8B6HI", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/259954/items/EQF27YZ4", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 181464, "username": "hertzber", "name": "Jean Hertzberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/hertzber", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "LYR8B6HI", "version": 604, "parentItem": "EQF27YZ4", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "PDF", "accessDate": "2025-03-13T23:31:22Z", "url": "https://digitalcommons.montclair.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1053&context=educ-fdns-facpubs", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Leder et al. - 2011 - Emotional Valence Modulates the Preference for Curved Objects.pdf", "md5": "d4daf6bccf2344beb15978b8a6d55f3a", "mtime": 1741908684737, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-03-13T23:31:22Z", "dateModified": "2025-03-13T23:31:24Z" } }, { "key": "EQF27YZ4", "version": 603, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 259954, "name": "AeDes", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/aedes", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/259954/items/EQF27YZ4", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/aedes/items/EQF27YZ4", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 181464, "username": "hertzber", "name": "Jean Hertzberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/hertzber", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Leder et al.", "parsedDate": "2011", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "EQF27YZ4", "version": 603, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Emotional Valence Modulates the Preference for Curved Objects", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Helmut", "lastName": "Leder" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Pablo P L", "lastName": "Tinio" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Moshe", "lastName": "Bar" } ], "abstractNote": "Previous studies have shown that people prefer objects with curved contours over objects with sharp contours. However, those studies used stimuli that were mainly neutral in emotional valence. We tested here the interplay between visual features and general valence as positive or negative. After replicating curvature preferences for neutral objects, we used positive (cake, chocolate) and negative (snake, bomb) stimuli to examine if emotional valenceˆthrough response prioritisationˆmodulates the preference for curved objects. We found that people indeed preferred the curved versions of objects to the sharp versions of the same objects, but only if the objects were neutral or positive in emotional valence. There were no difference in liking for objects with negative emotional valence. 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