[ { "key": "U9I9HVJH", "version": 4, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 258922, "name": "methane from NGVs", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/methane_from_ngvs", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/258922/items/U9I9HVJH", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/methane_from_ngvs/items/U9I9HVJH", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "U9I9HVJH", "version": 4, "itemType": "blogPost", "title": "Energy, Security, and Climate » Is Natural Gas Worse for Climate Change Than Diesel Fuel?", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "Science published an interesting and useful new paper on methane leaks in natural gas operations yesterday – but the New York ...", "blogTitle": "Council on Foreign Relations - Energy, Security, and Climate", "websiteType": "", "date": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://blogs.cfr.org/levi/2014/02/14/is-natural-gas-worse-for-climate-change-than-diesel-fuel/", "accessDate": "2014-04-07T17:39:38Z", "ISSN": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-04-07T17:39:38Z", "dateModified": "2014-04-07T17:39:38Z" } }, { "key": "95NXU7FD", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 258922, "name": "methane from NGVs", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/methane_from_ngvs", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/258922/items/95NXU7FD", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/methane_from_ngvs/items/95NXU7FD", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/258922/items/R7ZT47HD", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "95NXU7FD", "version": 3, "parentItem": "R7ZT47HD", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "PubMed entry", "accessDate": "2014-04-07T17:32:06Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24531957", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-04-07T17:32:06Z", "dateModified": "2014-04-07T17:32:06Z" } }, { "key": "R7ZT47HD", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 258922, "name": "methane from NGVs", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/methane_from_ngvs", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/258922/items/R7ZT47HD", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/methane_from_ngvs/items/R7ZT47HD", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Brandt et al.", "parsedDate": "2014-02-14", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "R7ZT47HD", "version": 3, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Methane Leaks from North American Natural Gas Systems", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A. R.", "lastName": "Brandt" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "G. A.", "lastName": "Heath" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "E. A.", "lastName": "Kort" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "F.", "lastName": "O'Sullivan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "G.", "lastName": "Pétron" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S. M.", "lastName": "Jordaan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "P.", "lastName": "Tans" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J.", "lastName": "Wilcox" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A. M.", "lastName": "Gopstein" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "D.", "lastName": "Arent" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S.", "lastName": "Wofsy" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "N. J.", "lastName": "Brown" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R.", "lastName": "Bradley" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "G. D.", "lastName": "Stucky" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "D.", "lastName": "Eardley" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R.", "lastName": "Harriss" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Science", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "02/14/2014", "volume": "343", "issue": "6172", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "733-735", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Science", "DOI": "10.1126/science.1247045", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencemag.org/content/343/6172/733", "accessDate": "2014-04-07T17:32:06Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0036-8075, 1095-9203", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "www.sciencemag.org", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 24531957", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-04-07T17:32:06Z", "dateModified": "2014-04-07T17:32:06Z" } }, { "key": "UJ6ADCSW", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 258922, "name": "methane from NGVs", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/methane_from_ngvs", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/258922/items/UJ6ADCSW", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/methane_from_ngvs/items/UJ6ADCSW", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/258922/items/FD66BXEI", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "UJ6ADCSW", "version": 3, "parentItem": "FD66BXEI", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "PubMed entry", "accessDate": "2014-04-07T17:32:01Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22493226", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-04-07T17:32:01Z", "dateModified": "2014-04-07T17:32:01Z" } }, { "key": "FD66BXEI", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 258922, "name": "methane from NGVs", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/methane_from_ngvs", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/258922/items/FD66BXEI", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/methane_from_ngvs/items/FD66BXEI", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Alvarez et al.", "parsedDate": "2012-04-24", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "FD66BXEI", "version": 3, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Greater focus needed on methane leakage from natural gas infrastructure", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ramón A.", "lastName": "Alvarez" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Stephen W.", "lastName": "Pacala" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "James J.", "lastName": "Winebrake" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "William L.", "lastName": "Chameides" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Steven P.", "lastName": "Hamburg" } ], "abstractNote": "Natural gas is seen by many as the future of American energy: a fuel that can provide energy independence and reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the process. However, there has also been confusion about the climate implications of increased use of natural gas for electric power and transportation. We propose and illustrate the use of technology warming potentials as a robust and transparent way to compare the cumulative radiative forcing created by alternative technologies fueled by natural gas and oil or coal by using the best available estimates of greenhouse gas emissions from each fuel cycle (i.e., production, transportation and use). We find that a shift to compressed natural gas vehicles from gasoline or diesel vehicles leads to greater radiative forcing of the climate for 80 or 280 yr, respectively, before beginning to produce benefits. Compressed natural gas vehicles could produce climate benefits on all time frames if the well-to-wheels CH4 leakage were capped at a level 45–70% below current estimates. By contrast, using natural gas instead of coal for electric power plants can reduce radiative forcing immediately, and reducing CH4 losses from the production and transportation of natural gas would produce even greater benefits. There is a need for the natural gas industry and science community to help obtain better emissions data and for increased efforts to reduce methane leakage in order to minimize the climate footprint of natural gas.", "publicationTitle": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "04/24/2012", "volume": "109", "issue": "17", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "6435-6440", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "PNAS", "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.1202407109", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.pnas.org/content/109/17/6435", "accessDate": "2014-04-07T17:32:01Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0027-8424, 1091-6490", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "www.pnas.org", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 22493226", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-04-07T17:32:01Z", "dateModified": "2014-04-07T17:32:01Z" } }, { "key": "274RQIR5", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 258922, "name": "methane from NGVs", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/methane_from_ngvs", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/258922/items/274RQIR5", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/methane_from_ngvs/items/274RQIR5", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Hesterberg et al.", "parsedDate": "2008-09-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "274RQIR5", "version": 2, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "A Comparison of Emissions from Vehicles Fueled with Diesel or Compressed Natural Gas", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Thomas W.", "lastName": "Hesterberg" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Charles A.", "lastName": "Lapin" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "William B.", "lastName": "Bunn" } ], "abstractNote": "A comprehensive comparison of emissions from vehicles fueled with diesel or compressed natural gas (CNG) was developed from 25 reports on transit buses, school buses, refuse trucks, and passenger cars. Emissions for most compounds were highest for untreated exhaust emissions and lowest for treated exhaust. CNG buses without after-treatment had the highest emissions of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHC), volatile organic compounds (VOCs; e.g., benzene, butadiene, ethylene, etc.), and carbonyl compounds (e.g., formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein). Diesel buses without after-treatment had the highest emissions of particulate matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Exhaust after-treatments reduced most emissions to similar levels in diesel and CNG buses. Nitrogen oxides (NOx) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions were similar for most vehicle types, fuels, and exhaust after-treatments with some exceptions. Diesel school buses had higher CO2 emissions than the CNG bus. CNG transit buses and passenger cars equipped with three-way catalysts had lower NOx emissions. Diesel buses equipped with traps had higher nitrogen dioxide emissions. Fuel economy was best in the diesel buses not equipped with exhaust after-treatment.", "publicationTitle": "Environmental Science & Technology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "September 1, 2008", "volume": "42", "issue": "17", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "6437-6445", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Environ. Sci. Technol.", "DOI": "10.1021/es071718i", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es071718i", "accessDate": "2014-04-07T16:54:42Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0013-936X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ACS Publications", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-04-07T16:54:42Z", "dateModified": "2014-04-07T16:54:42Z" } } ]