[ { "key": "ENM6R4R4", "version": 2235, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 253637, "name": "illknol", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/illknol", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/253637/items/ENM6R4R4", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/illknol/items/ENM6R4R4", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 138153, "username": "denten", "name": "denten", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/denten", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 1773695, "username": "fivelbib", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/fivelbib", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Tangherlini et al.", "parsedDate": "2020-06-16", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "ENM6R4R4", "version": 2235, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "An automated pipeline for the discovery of conspiracy and conspiracy theory narrative frameworks: Bridgegate, Pizzagate and storytelling on the web", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Timothy R.", "lastName": "Tangherlini" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Shadi", "lastName": "Shahsavari" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Behnam", "lastName": "Shahbazi" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ehsan", "lastName": "Ebrahimzadeh" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Vwani", "lastName": "Roychowdhury" } ], "abstractNote": "Although a great deal of attention has been paid to how conspiracy theories circulate on social media, and the deleterious effect that they, and their factual counterpart conspiracies, have on political institutions, there has been little computational work done on describing their narrative structures. Predicating our work on narrative theory, we present an automated pipeline for the discovery and description of the generative narrative frameworks of conspiracy theories that circulate on social media, and actual conspiracies reported in the news media. We base this work on two separate comprehensive repositories of blog posts and news articles describing the well-known conspiracy theory Pizzagate from 2016, and the New Jersey political conspiracy Bridgegate from 2013. Inspired by the qualitative narrative theory of Greimas, we formulate a graphical generative machine learning model where nodes represent actors/actants, and multi-edges and self-loops among nodes capture context-specific relationships. Posts and news items are viewed as samples of subgraphs of the hidden narrative framework network. The problem of reconstructing the underlying narrative structure is then posed as a latent model estimation problem. To derive the narrative frameworks in our target corpora, we automatically extract and aggregate the actants (people, places, objects) and their relationships from the posts and articles. We capture context specific actants and interactant relationships by developing a system of supernodes and subnodes. We use these to construct an actant-relationship network, which constitutes the underlying generative narrative framework for each of the corpora. We show how the Pizzagate framework relies on the conspiracy theorists’ interpretation of “hidden knowledge” to link otherwise unlinked domains of human interaction, and hypothesize that this multi-domain focus is an important feature of conspiracy theories. We contrast this to the single domain focus of an actual conspiracy. While Pizzagate relies on the alignment of multiple domains, Bridgegate remains firmly rooted in the single domain of New Jersey politics. We hypothesize that the narrative framework of a conspiracy theory might stabilize quickly in contrast to the narrative framework of an actual conspiracy, which might develop more slowly as revelations come to light. By highlighting the structural differences between the two narrative frameworks, our approach could be used by private and public analysts to help distinguish between conspiracy theories and conspiracies.", "publicationTitle": "PLOS ONE", "publisher": "Public Library of Science", "place": "", "date": "Jun 16, 2020", "volume": "15", "issue": "6", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "e0233879", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "PLOS ONE", "DOI": "10.1371/journal.pone.0233879", "citationKey": "tangherlini_automated_2020", "url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0233879", "accessDate": "2024-03-12T19:13:42Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1932-6203", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "An automated pipeline for the discovery of conspiracy and conspiracy theory narrative frameworks", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "PLoS Journals", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Comets", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Language", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Linguistic morphology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Network analysis", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Political theory", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Semantics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Social media", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Syntax", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "J57QT8QR" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2024-03-12T19:13:42Z", "dateModified": "2026-02-16T21:07:44Z" } }, { "key": "8H55RR96", "version": 2235, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 253637, "name": "illknol", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/illknol", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/253637/items/8H55RR96", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/illknol/items/8H55RR96", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 138153, "username": "denten", "name": "denten", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/denten", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 1773695, "username": "fivelbib", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/fivelbib", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Labotka and Gelman", "parsedDate": "2022-06-28", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "8H55RR96", "version": 2235, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Scientific and Folk Theories of Viral Transmission: A Comparison of COVID-19 and the Common Cold", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Danielle", "lastName": "Labotka" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Susan A.", "lastName": "Gelman" } ], "abstractNote": "

Disease transmission is a fruitful domain in which to examine how scientific and folk theories interrelate, given laypeople’s access to multiple sources of information to explain events of personal significance. The current paper reports an in-depth survey of U.S. adults’ (N = 238) causal reasoning about two viral illnesses: a novel, deadly disease that has massively disrupted everyone’s lives (COVID-19), and a familiar, innocuous disease that has essentially no serious consequences (the common cold). Participants received a series of closed-ended and open-ended questions probing their reasoning about disease transmission, with a focus on causal mechanisms underlying disease contraction, transmission, treatment, and prevention; non-visible (internal) biological processes; and ontological frameworks regarding what kinds of entities viruses are. We also assessed participants’ attitudes, such as their trust in scientific experts and willingness to be vaccinated. Results indicated complexity in people’s reasoning, consistent with the co-existence of multiple explanatory frameworks. An understanding of viral transmission and viral replication existed alongside folk theories, placeholder beliefs, and lack of differentiation between viral and non-viral disease. For example, roughly 40% of participants who explained illness in terms of the transmission of viruses also endorsed a non-viral folk theory, such as exposure to cold weather or special foods as curative. Additionally, participants made use of competing modes of construal (biological, mechanical, and psychological) when explaining how viruses operate, such as framing the immune system response (biological) as cells trying to fight off the virus (psychological). Indeed, participants who displayed greater knowledge about viral transmission were significantly more likely to anthropomorphize bodily processes. Although comparisons of COVID-19 and the common cold revealed relatively few differences, the latter, more familiar disease elicited consistently lower levels of accuracy and greater reliance on folk theories. Moreover, for COVID-19 in particular, accuracy positively correlated with attitudes (trusting medical scientists and taking the disease more seriously), self-protective behaviors (such as social distancing and mask-wearing), and willingness to be vaccinated. For both diseases, self-assessed knowledge about the disease negatively predicted accuracy. The results are discussed in relation to challenges for formal models of explanatory reasoning.

", "publicationTitle": "Frontiers in Psychology", "publisher": "Frontiers", "place": "", "date": "2022-06-28", "volume": "13", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Front. Psychol.", "DOI": "10.3389/fpsyg.2022.929120", "citationKey": "labotka_scientific_2022", "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.929120/full", "accessDate": "2024-03-12T19:15:17Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1664-1078", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Scientific and Folk Theories of Viral Transmission", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "Frontiers", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "COVID-19", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Explanatory co-existence", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Folk theories", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "causal reasoning", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "illness understanding", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "J57QT8QR" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2024-03-12T19:15:17Z", "dateModified": "2026-02-16T21:07:44Z" } }, { "key": "UHD6P28X", "version": 2235, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 253637, "name": "illknol", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/illknol", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/253637/items/UHD6P28X", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/illknol/items/UHD6P28X", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 138153, "username": "denten", "name": "denten", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/denten", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 1773695, "username": "fivelbib", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/fivelbib", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Alver", "parsedDate": "1995", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "UHD6P28X", "version": 2235, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The Bearing of Folk Belief on Cure and Healing", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Bente Gullveig", "lastName": "Alver" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Folklore Research", "publisher": "Indiana University Press", "place": "", "date": "1995", "volume": "32", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "21-33", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "alver_bearing_1995", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/3814395", "accessDate": "2024-03-12T19:10:24Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0737-7037", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "JSTOR", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "J57QT8QR" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2024-03-12T19:10:24Z", "dateModified": "2026-02-16T21:07:44Z" } }, { "key": "YMMN46YE", "version": 2235, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 253637, "name": "illknol", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/illknol", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/253637/items/YMMN46YE", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/illknol/items/YMMN46YE", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 138153, "username": "denten", "name": "denten", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/denten", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 1773695, "username": "fivelbib", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/fivelbib", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Rourke", "parsedDate": "1955", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "YMMN46YE", "version": 2235, "itemType": "book", "title": "American Humor; a Study of the National Character", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Constance", "lastName": "Rourke" }, { "creatorType": "contributor", "name": "Internet Archive" } ], "abstractNote": "253 p. 18 cm", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "1955", "publisher": "Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "262", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "rourke_american_1955", "url": "http://archive.org/details/americanhumorstu00rour", "accessDate": "2024-03-12T18:27:51Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "eng", "libraryCatalog": "Internet Archive", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "American wit and humor", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "J57QT8QR" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2024-03-12T18:27:51Z", "dateModified": "2026-02-16T21:07:44Z" } }, { "key": "BIXT5Q4M", "version": 2234, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 253637, "name": "illknol", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/illknol", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/253637/items/BIXT5Q4M", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/illknol/items/BIXT5Q4M", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 138153, "username": "denten", "name": "denten", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/denten", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 1773695, "username": "fivelbib", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/fivelbib", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "BIXT5Q4M", "version": 2234, "itemType": "webpage", "title": "The Paranoid Style in American Politics, by Richard Hofstadter", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "", "websiteTitle": "Harper's Magazine", "websiteType": "", "date": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "_paranoid_", "url": "https://harpers.org/archive/1964/11/the-paranoid-style-in-american-politics/", "accessDate": "2024-03-12T19:39:25Z", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "J57QT8QR" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2024-03-12T19:39:25Z", "dateModified": "2026-02-16T21:07:44Z" } }, { "key": "9LLQI4RM", "version": 2234, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 253637, "name": "illknol", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/illknol", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/253637/items/9LLQI4RM", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/illknol/items/9LLQI4RM", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 138153, "username": "denten", "name": "denten", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/denten", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 1773695, "username": "fivelbib", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/fivelbib", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Abrams", "parsedDate": "2016", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "9LLQI4RM", "version": 2234, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Beyond Propaganda: Soviet Active Measures in Putin's Russia", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Steve", "lastName": "Abrams" } ], "abstractNote": "This paper investigates the role of Soviet-style \"active measures\" as an element of modern Russian \"political warfare.\" These techniques were commonly used during the Soviet-era, encompassing a broad range of influence activities, including: covert media placement, forgery, agents of influence, \"friendship\" societies, front organizations, and more. Today, in Putin's Russia, these active measures are once again in use, updated for digitally interconnected \"global information space.\" The paper begins with an introduction to active measures, then discusses their role in Soviet foreign policy and the attempts by the American \"Active Measures Working Group\" to counter them. The paper then describes how the Soviet active measures playbook has been updated for the modern era, using three case studies as examples. The paper concludes with a discussion on strategy, reproducing a number of recommendations from key publications.", "publicationTitle": "Connections", "publisher": "Partnership for Peace Consortium of Defense Academies and Security Studies Institutes", "place": "", "date": "2016", "volume": "15", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "5-31", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "abrams_propaganda_2016", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/26326426", "accessDate": "2024-03-12T19:30:33Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1812-1098", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Beyond Propaganda", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "JSTOR", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "J57QT8QR" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2024-03-12T19:30:33Z", "dateModified": "2026-02-16T21:07:44Z" } }, { "key": "U74NJAWM", "version": 2234, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 253637, "name": "illknol", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/illknol", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/253637/items/U74NJAWM", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/illknol/items/U74NJAWM", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 138153, "username": "denten", "name": "denten", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/denten", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 1773695, "username": "fivelbib", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/fivelbib", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Lewandowsky et al.", "parsedDate": "2017-12-01", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "U74NJAWM", "version": 2234, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Beyond Misinformation: Understanding and Coping with the “Post-Truth” Era", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Stephan", "lastName": "Lewandowsky" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ullrich K. H.", "lastName": "Ecker" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "John", "lastName": "Cook" } ], "abstractNote": "The terms “post-truth” and “fake news” have become increasingly prevalent in public discourse over the last year. This article explores the growing abundance of misinformation, how it influences people, and how to counter it. We examine the ways in which misinformation can have an adverse impact on society. We summarize how people respond to corrections of misinformation, and what kinds of corrections are most effective. We argue that to be effective, scientific research into misinformation must be considered within a larger political, technological, and societal context. The post-truth world emerged as a result of societal mega-trends such as a decline in social capital, growing economic inequality, increased polarization, declining trust in science, and an increasingly fractionated media landscape. We suggest that responses to this malaise must involve technological solutions incorporating psychological principles, an interdisciplinary approach that we describe as “technocognition.” We outline a number of recommendations to counter misinformation in a post-truth world.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2017-12-01", "volume": "6", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "353-369", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition", "DOI": "10.1016/j.jarmac.2017.07.008", "citationKey": "lewandowsky_misinformation_2017", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211368117300700", "accessDate": "2024-03-12T19:29:32Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "2211-3681", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Beyond Misinformation", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Demagoguery", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Fake news", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Misinformation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Post-truth politics", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "J57QT8QR" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2024-03-12T19:29:32Z", "dateModified": "2026-02-16T21:07:44Z" } }, { "key": "HD45977F", "version": 2234, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 253637, "name": "illknol", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/illknol", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/253637/items/HD45977F", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/illknol/items/HD45977F", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 138153, "username": "denten", "name": "denten", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/denten", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 1773695, "username": "fivelbib", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/fivelbib", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Guess and Lyons", "parsedDate": "2020", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "HD45977F", "version": 2234, "itemType": "bookSection", "title": "Misinformation, Disinformation, and Online Propaganda", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Joshua A.", "lastName": "Tucker" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Nathaniel", "lastName": "Persily" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Andrew M.", "lastName": "Guess" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Benjamin A.", "lastName": "Lyons" } ], "abstractNote": "The research literature on misinformation, disinformation, and propaganda is vast and sprawling. This chapter discusses descriptive research on the supply and availability of misinformation, patterns of exposure and consumption, and what is known aboutmechanisms behind its spread through networks. It provides a brief overview of theliterature on misinformation in political science and psychology, which provides a basis for understanding the phenomena discussed here. It then examines what we know about the effects of misinformation and how it is studied. It concludes with a discussion of gaps in our knowledge and future directions in research in this area.", "bookTitle": "Social Media and Democracy", "series": "SSRC Anxieties of Democracy", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2020", "publisher": "Cambridge University Press", "place": "Cambridge", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "pages": "10-33", "ISBN": "978-1-108-83555-8", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "guess_misinformation_2020", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/social-media-and-democracy/misinformation-disinformation-and-online-propaganda/D14406A631AA181839ED896916598500", "accessDate": "2024-03-12T19:26:51Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Cambridge University Press", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Internet", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "digital", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "disinformation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "fake news", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "media", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "misinformation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "networks", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "propaganda", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "social media", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "J57QT8QR" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2024-03-12T19:26:51Z", "dateModified": "2026-02-16T21:07:44Z" } }, { "key": "PLAS4UAF", "version": 2234, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 253637, "name": "illknol", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/illknol", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/253637/items/PLAS4UAF", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/illknol/items/PLAS4UAF", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 138153, "username": "denten", "name": "denten", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/denten", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 1773695, "username": "fivelbib", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/fivelbib", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Szanto", "parsedDate": "1977-12-01", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "PLAS4UAF", "version": 2234, "itemType": "book", "title": "Theater & Propaganda", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "George H.", "lastName": "Szanto" } ], "abstractNote": "This original and insightful study explores the points at which theater and propaganda meet. Defining propaganda as a form of \"activated ideology,\" George H. Szanto discusses the distortion of information that occurs in dramatic literature in its stage, film, and television forms. Szanto analyzes the nature of \"integration propaganda,\" which is designed to render the audience passive and to encourage the acceptance of the status quo, as opposed to \"agitation propaganda,\" which aims to inspire the audience to action. In Szanto's view, most popular western theater is saturated, though usually not intentionally, with integration propaganda. The overall purpose of Theater and Propaganda is twofold: to analyze the nature of integration propaganda so that it becomes visible to western readers as a tool of the dominant class in society, and to examine the manner by which unself-conscious propagandistic methods have saturated dramatic presentation. In discussing the importance of propaganda within and between technological states, the author examines the seminal work of Jacques Ellul. In this chapter he analyzes the function of integration propaganda in a relatively stable society. The following chapter defines and analyzes three theaters (in the sense of performance) of propaganda: the theater of agitation propaganda, of integration propaganda, and of dialectical propaganda. In this section he uses examples from a variety of plays, movies, and television commercials. In succeeding chapters Szanto discusses the role of integration propaganda in the medieval Wakefield mystery plays and the plays of Samuel Beckett. The appendix, \"Contradiction and Demystification,\" provides a general model that suggests ways of breaking down and overcoming the propagandistic intentions of an artwork and discusses theater's possible role in this breakdown.", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "1977-12-01", "publisher": "University of Texas Press", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "236", "ISBN": "978-0-292-73734-1", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "szanto_theater_1977", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "Amazon", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "J57QT8QR" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2024-03-12T19:21:33Z", "dateModified": "2026-02-16T21:07:44Z" } }, { "key": "J4CW6M6P", "version": 2234, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 253637, "name": "illknol", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/illknol", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/253637/items/J4CW6M6P", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/illknol/items/J4CW6M6P", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 138153, "username": "denten", "name": "denten", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/denten", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 1773695, "username": "fivelbib", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/fivelbib", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Dentith", "parsedDate": "2018-05-04", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "J4CW6M6P", "version": 2234, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Expertise and Conspiracy Theories", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M R. X.", "lastName": "Dentith" } ], "abstractNote": "Judging the warrant of conspiracy theories can be difficult, and often we rely upon what the experts tell us when it comes to assessing whether particular conspiracy theories ought to be believed. However, whereas there are recognised experts in the sciences, I argue that only are is no such associated expertise when it comes to the things we call ‘conspiracy theories’, but that the conspiracy theorist has good reason to be suspicious of the role of expert endorsements when it comes to conspiracy theories and their rivals. The kind of expertise, then, we might associate with conspiracy theories is largely improvised – in that it lacks institutional features – and, I argue, ideally the product of a community of inquiry.", "publicationTitle": "Social Epistemology", "publisher": "Routledge", "place": "", "date": "2018-05-04", "volume": "32", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "196-208", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1080/02691728.2018.1440021", "citationKey": "dentith_expertise_2018", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02691728.2018.1440021", "accessDate": "2024-03-12T19:46:04Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0269-1728", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Taylor and Francis+NEJM", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/02691728.2018.1440021", "tags": [ { "tag": "Conspiracy", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "community of inquiry", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "conspiracy theory", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "expert", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "expertise", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "improvised knowledge", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "J57QT8QR" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2024-03-12T19:46:04Z", "dateModified": "2026-02-16T21:07:44Z" } }, { "key": "GVCVZR7Z", "version": 2234, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 253637, "name": "illknol", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/illknol", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/253637/items/GVCVZR7Z", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/illknol/items/GVCVZR7Z", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 138153, "username": "denten", "name": "denten", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/denten", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 1773695, "username": "fivelbib", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/fivelbib", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Keeley", "parsedDate": "1999", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "GVCVZR7Z", "version": 2234, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Of Conspiracy Theories", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Brian L.", "lastName": "Keeley" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "The Journal of Philosophy", "publisher": "Journal of Philosophy, Inc.", "place": "", "date": "1999", "volume": "96", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "109-126", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.2307/2564659", "citationKey": "keeley_conspiracy_1999", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/2564659", "accessDate": "2024-03-12T19:44:31Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0022-362X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "JSTOR", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "J57QT8QR" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2024-03-12T19:44:31Z", "dateModified": "2026-02-16T21:07:44Z" } }, { "key": "6BRQ8RTM", "version": 2234, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 253637, "name": "illknol", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/illknol", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/253637/items/6BRQ8RTM", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/illknol/items/6BRQ8RTM", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 138153, "username": "denten", "name": "denten", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/denten", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 1773695, "username": "fivelbib", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/fivelbib", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Hofstadter", "parsedDate": "1996-02-01", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "6BRQ8RTM", "version": 2234, "itemType": "book", "title": "The Paranoid Style in American Politics: And Other Essays", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Richard", "lastName": "Hofstadter" } ], "abstractNote": "This timely reissue of Richard Hofstadter's classic work on the fringe groups that influence American electoral politics offers an invaluable perspective on contemporary domestic affairs. In The Paranoid Style in American Politics, acclaimed historian Richard Hofstadter examines the competing forces in American political discourse and how fringe groups can influence — and derail — the larger agendas of a political party. He investigates the politics of the irrational, shedding light on how the behavior of individuals can seem out of proportion with actual political issues, and how such behavior impacts larger groups. With such other classic essays as “Free Silver and the Mind of 'Coin' Harvey” and “What Happened to the Antitrust Movement?”, The Paranoid Style in American Politics remains both a seminal text of political history and a vital analysis of the ways in which political groups function in the United States.\"Recent months have witnessed an attack of unprecedented passion and ferocity against the national government. The Republican Party has apparently embarked on a crusade to destroy national standards, national projects, and national regulations and to transfer domestic governing authority from the national government to the states. A near majority of the Supreme Court even seems to want to replace the Constitution by the Articles of Confederation…\"Unbridled rhetoric is having consequences far beyond anything that antigovernment politicians intend. The flow of angry words seems to have activated and in a sense legitimized what the historian Richard Hofstadter called the 'paranoid strain' in American politics.\" - Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., Wall Street Journal, June 7, 1995", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "F First Edition Used", "date": "1996-02-01", "publisher": "Harvard University Press", "place": "Cambridge, Mass", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "346", "ISBN": "978-0-674-65461-7", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "hofstadter_paranoid_1996", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "The Paranoid Style in American Politics", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "Amazon", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "J57QT8QR" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2024-03-12T19:36:32Z", "dateModified": "2026-02-16T21:07:44Z" } }, { "key": "9GB6BBZU", "version": 2234, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 253637, "name": "illknol", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/illknol", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/253637/items/9GB6BBZU", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/illknol/items/9GB6BBZU", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 138153, "username": "denten", "name": "denten", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/denten", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 1773695, "username": "fivelbib", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/fivelbib", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Ellul", "parsedDate": "1973-01-12", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "9GB6BBZU", "version": 2234, "itemType": "book", "title": "Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jacques", "lastName": "Ellul" }, { "creatorType": "translator", "firstName": "Konrad", "lastName": "Kellen" }, { "creatorType": "translator", "firstName": "Jean", "lastName": "Lerner" } ], "abstractNote": "This seminal study and critique of propaganda from one of the greatest French philosophers of the 20th century is as relevant today as when it was first published in 1962. Taking not only a psychological approach, but a sociological approach as well, Ellul’s book outlines the taxonomy for propaganda, and ultimately, it’s destructive nature towards democracy. Drawing from his own experiences fighting for the French resistance against the Vichy regime, Ellul offers a unique insight into the propaganda machine.", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "First Edition", "date": "1973-01-12", "publisher": "Vintage", "place": "New York", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "352", "ISBN": "978-0-394-71874-3", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "ellul_propaganda_1973", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Propaganda", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "Amazon", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "J57QT8QR" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2024-03-12T19:32:24Z", "dateModified": "2026-02-16T21:07:44Z" } }, { "key": "HD9EAIG4", "version": 2234, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 253637, "name": "illknol", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/illknol", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/253637/items/HD9EAIG4", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/illknol/items/HD9EAIG4", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 138153, "username": "denten", "name": "denten", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/denten", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 1773695, "username": "fivelbib", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/fivelbib", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Woolley", "parsedDate": "2020", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "HD9EAIG4", "version": 2234, "itemType": "bookSection", "title": "Bots and Computational Propaganda: Automation for Communication and Control", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Joshua A.", "lastName": "Tucker" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Nathaniel", "lastName": "Persily" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Samuel C.", "lastName": "Woolley" } ], "abstractNote": "This chapter explores core arguments surrounding the political use of bots. It details the brief history of their use online. It accesses the academic literature to highlight key themes on the subject of what some researchers call computational propaganda and others simultaneously call “information operations,” “information warfare,” “influence operations,” “online astroturfing,” “cybertufing,” and many other terms. Computational propaganda, and each of these other concepts to one degree or another, focuses on the ways in which the use of algorithms, automation (most often in the form of political bots), and human curation are used over social media to purposefully distribute misleading information over social media networks.", "bookTitle": "Social Media and Democracy", "series": "SSRC Anxieties of Democracy", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2020", "publisher": "Cambridge University Press", "place": "Cambridge", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "pages": "89-110", "ISBN": "978-1-108-83555-8", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "woolley_bots_2020", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/social-media-and-democracy/bots-and-computational-propaganda-automation-for-communication-and-control/A15EE25C278B442EF00199AA660BFADD", "accessDate": "2024-03-12T19:27:26Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Bots and Computational Propaganda", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Cambridge University Press", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Internet", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "bots", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "chatbot", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "computational", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "cyber", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "information operations", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "online", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "propaganda", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "software", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "J57QT8QR" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2024-03-12T19:27:26Z", "dateModified": "2026-02-16T21:07:44Z" } }, { "key": "HVAB64T9", "version": 2233, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 253637, "name": "illknol", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/illknol", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/253637/items/HVAB64T9", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/illknol/items/HVAB64T9", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 138153, "username": "denten", "name": "denten", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/denten", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 1773695, "username": "fivelbib", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/fivelbib", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Sunstein and Vermeule", "parsedDate": "2009", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "HVAB64T9", "version": 2233, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Conspiracy Theories: Causes and Cures*", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Cass R.", "lastName": "Sunstein" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Adrian", "lastName": "Vermeule" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Political Philosophy", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2009", "volume": "17", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "202-227", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1111/j.1467-9760.2008.00325.x", "citationKey": "sunstein_conspiracy_2009", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-9760.2008.00325.x", "accessDate": "2024-03-12T19:47:06Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1467-9760", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Conspiracy Theories", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Wiley Online Library", "callNumber": "", "rights": "© 2008 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2008 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.", "extra": "_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1467-9760.2008.00325.x", "tags": [], "collections": [ "J57QT8QR" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2024-03-12T19:47:06Z", "dateModified": "2026-02-16T21:07:44Z" } }, { "key": "ZDS4ZKQP", "version": 2233, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 253637, "name": "illknol", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/illknol", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/253637/items/ZDS4ZKQP", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/illknol/items/ZDS4ZKQP", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 138153, "username": "denten", "name": "denten", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/denten", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 1773695, "username": "fivelbib", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/fivelbib", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "ZDS4ZKQP", "version": 2233, "itemType": "webpage", "title": "Southern folklore quarterly v.36 1972.", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "", "websiteTitle": "HathiTrust", "websiteType": "", "date": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "_southern_", "url": "https://hdl.handle.net/2027/inu.30000103844456?urlappend=%3Bseq=7", "accessDate": "2024-03-12T18:13:31Z", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "J57QT8QR" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2024-03-12T18:13:31Z", "dateModified": "2026-02-16T21:07:44Z" } }, { "key": "WQT5AF2A", "version": 2233, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 253637, "name": "illknol", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/illknol", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/253637/items/WQT5AF2A", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/illknol/items/WQT5AF2A", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 138153, "username": "denten", "name": "denten", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/denten", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 1773695, "username": "fivelbib", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/fivelbib", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Tatar", "parsedDate": "1999-11-04", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "WQT5AF2A", "version": 2233, "itemType": "book", "title": "The Classic Fairy Tales", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Maria", "lastName": "Tatar" } ], "abstractNote": "Fairy tales shape our cultures and enrich our imaginations; their narrative stability and cultural durability are incontestable. This Norton Critical Edition collects forty-four fairy tales, from the fifth century to the present. The Classic Fairy Tales focuses on six tale types: \"Little Red Riding Hood,\" \"Beauty and the Beast,\" \"Snow White,\" \"Cinderella,\" \"Bluebeard,\" and \"Hansel and Gretel,\" and presents multicultural variants and sophisticated literary rescriptings. Also reprinted are tales by Hans Christian Andersen and Oscar Wilde. \"Criticism\" gathers twelve essays that interpret aspects of fairy tales, including their social origins, historical evolution, psychological drama, gender issues, and national identities. A Selected Bibliography is included.", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "54697th edition", "date": "1999-11-04", "publisher": "W. W. Norton & Company", "place": "New York", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "416", "ISBN": "978-0-393-97277-1", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "tatar_classic_1999", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "Amazon", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "J57QT8QR" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2024-03-12T17:58:02Z", "dateModified": "2026-02-16T21:07:44Z" } }, { "key": "59ZRGMYX", "version": 2233, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 253637, "name": "illknol", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/illknol", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/253637/items/59ZRGMYX", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/illknol/items/59ZRGMYX", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 138153, "username": "denten", "name": "denten", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/denten", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 1773695, "username": "fivelbib", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/fivelbib", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Bottigheimer", "parsedDate": "2009-03-26", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "59ZRGMYX", "version": 2233, "itemType": "book", "title": "Fairy Tales: A New History", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ruth B.", "lastName": "Bottigheimer" } ], "abstractNote": "Overturns traditional views of the origins of fairy tales and documents their actual origins and transmission.Where did Cinderella come from? Puss in Boots? Rapunzel?The origins of fairy tales are looked at in a new way in these highly engaging pages. Conventional wisdom holds that fairy tales originated in the oral traditions of peasants and were recorded for posterity by the Brothers Grimm during the nineteenth century. Ruth B. Bottigheimer overturns this view in a lively account of the origins of these well-loved stories. Charles Perrault created Cinderella and her fairy godmother, but no countrywoman whispered this tale into Perrault’s ear. Instead, his Cinderella appeared only after he had edited it from the book of often amoral tales published by Giambattista Basile in Naples. Distinguishing fairy tales from folktales and showing the influence of the medieval romance on them, Bottigheimer documents how fairy tales originated as urban writing for urban readers and listeners. Working backward from the Grimms to the earliest known sixteenth-century fairy tales of the Italian Renaissance, Bottigheimer argues for a book-based history of fairy tales. The first new approach to fairy tale history in decades, this book answers questions about where fairy tales came from and how they spread, illuminating a narrative process long veiled by surmise and assumption.“Bottingheimer’s work is as always provocative and interesting.” — Journal of American Folklore“The genius of this slender volume is not so much that it provides a totally ‘new history,’ but rather that it presents not only Bottigheimer’s research but also that of John Ellis, Heinz Rölleke, Nancy Canepa, and many others in cogent, persuasive, eminently readable prose … A fascinating study in intertextuality, this book includes a helpful list of the 77 tales discussed, categorized by the author.” — CHOICE“Some scholars say that, whether or not one agrees with all of Bottigheimer’s conclusions, her work is a useful questioning of popularly held beliefs.” — Chronicle Review “This book will forever change the way that scholars and readers view a genre—the literary fairy tale—that remains vital today.” — Suzanne Magnanini, author of Fairy-Tale Science: Monstrous Generation in the Tales of Straparola and Basile", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2009-03-26", "publisher": "State University of New York Press", "place": "Albany, N.Y", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "162", "ISBN": "978-1-4384-2524-5", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "bottigheimer_fairy_2009", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Fairy Tales", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "Amazon", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "J57QT8QR" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2024-03-12T17:54:21Z", "dateModified": "2026-02-16T21:07:44Z" } }, { "key": "LLKN77DE", "version": 2233, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 253637, "name": "illknol", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/illknol", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/253637/items/LLKN77DE", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/illknol/items/LLKN77DE", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 138153, "username": "denten", "name": "denten", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/denten", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 1773695, "username": "fivelbib", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/fivelbib", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Rid", "parsedDate": "2020-04-21", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "LLKN77DE", "version": 2233, "itemType": "book", "title": "Active Measures: The Secret History of Disinformation and Political Warfare", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Thomas", "lastName": "Rid" } ], "abstractNote": "This revelatory and dramatic history of disinformation traces the rise of secret organized deception operations from the interwar period to contemporary internet troll farmsWe live in the age of disinformation―of organized deception. Spy agencies pour vast resources into hacking, leaking, and forging data, often with the goal of weakening the very foundation of liberal democracy: trust in facts. Thomas Rid, a renowned expert on technology and national security, was one of the first to sound the alarm. More than four months before the 2016 election, he warned that Russian military intelligence was “carefully planning and timing a high-stakes political campaign\" to disrupt the democratic process. But as crafty as such so-called active measures have become, they are not new. The story of modern disinformation begins with the post-Russian Revolution clash between communism and capitalism, which would come to define the Cold War. In Active Measures, Rid reveals startling intelligence and security secrets from materials written in more than ten languages across several nations, and from interviews with current and former operatives. He exposes the disturbing yet colorful history of professional, organized lying, revealing for the first time some of the century’s most significant operations―many of them nearly beyond belief. A White Russian ploy backfires and brings down a New York police commissioner; a KGB-engineered, anti-Semitic hate campaign creeps back across the Iron Curtain; the CIA backs a fake publishing empire, run by a former Wehrmacht U-boat commander, that produces Germany’s best jazz magazine. Rid tracks the rise of leaking, and shows how spies began to exploit emerging internet culture many years before WikiLeaks. Finally, he sheds new light on the 2016 election, especially the role of the infamous “troll farm” in St. Petersburg as well as a much more harmful attack that unfolded in the shadows.Active Measures takes the reader on a guided tour deep into a vast hall of mirrors old and new, pointing to a future of engineered polarization, more active and less measured―but also offering the tools to cut through the deception.", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "Illustrated edition", "date": "2020-04-21", "publisher": "Farrar, Straus and Giroux", "place": "New York", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "528", "ISBN": "978-0-374-28726-9", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "rid_active_2020", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Active Measures", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "Amazon", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "J57QT8QR" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2024-03-12T19:55:10Z", "dateModified": "2026-02-16T21:07:44Z" } }, { "key": "FA9GDDQS", "version": 2233, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 253637, "name": "illknol", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/illknol", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/253637/items/FA9GDDQS", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/illknol/items/FA9GDDQS", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 138153, "username": "denten", "name": "denten", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/denten", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 1773695, "username": "fivelbib", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/fivelbib", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Rourke and Marcus", "parsedDate": "2004-02-29", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "FA9GDDQS", "version": 2233, "itemType": "book", "title": "American Humor: A Study of the National Character", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Constance", "lastName": "Rourke" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Greil", "lastName": "Marcus" } ], "abstractNote": "Stepping out of the darkness, the American emerges upon the stage of history as a new character, as puzzling to himself as to others. American Humor, Constance Rourke's pioneering \"study of the national character,\" singles out the archetypal figures of the Yankee peddler, the backwoodsman, and the blackface minstrel to illuminate the fundamental role of popular culture in fashioning a distinctive American sensibility. A memorable performance in its own right, American Humor crackles with the jibes and jokes of generations while presenting a striking picture of a vagabond nation in perpetual self-pursuit. Davy Crockett and Henry James, Jim Crow and Emily Dickinson rub shoulders in a work that inspired such later critics as Pauline Kael and Lester Bangs and which still has much to say about the America of Bob Dylan and Thomas Pynchon, Bill Clinton and George W. Bush.", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2004-02-29", "publisher": "NYRB Classics", "place": "New York", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "258", "ISBN": "978-1-59017-079-3", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "rourke_american_2004", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "American Humor", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "Amazon", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "J57QT8QR" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2024-03-12T18:26:19Z", "dateModified": "2026-02-16T21:07:44Z" } }, { "key": "DIT4E3L7", "version": 2233, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 253637, "name": "illknol", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/illknol", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/253637/items/DIT4E3L7", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/illknol/items/DIT4E3L7", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 138153, "username": "denten", "name": "denten", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/denten", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 1773695, "username": "fivelbib", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/fivelbib", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Zipes", "parsedDate": "2011", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "DIT4E3L7", "version": 2233, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The Meaning of Fairy Tale within the Evolution of Culture", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jack", "lastName": "Zipes" } ], "abstractNote": "Since the term fairy tale or conte de fées has become so troublesome for scholars and does not do justice in English to the \"revolutionary\" implications of its inventor, Mme d'Aulnoy, this article explores its historical significance in depth by discussing the role of the fairies in d'Aulnoy's works, especially in \"The Isle of Happiness,\" \"The Ram,\" and \"The Green Serpent.\" In the process it also demonstrates how fairies were part of a long oral and literary tradition in French culture and how d'Aulnoy's employment of fairies in her tales owes a debt to Greek and Roman myths, the opera, theatrical spectacles, debates about the role of women in French society, and French folklore. Finally, the article explores how a cultural evolutionary approach to the rise of French fairy tales may help us understand how and why the elusive term fairy tale has spread as a meme and become so whale-like.", "publicationTitle": "Marvels & Tales", "publisher": "Wayne State University Press", "place": "", "date": "2011", "volume": "25", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "221-243", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "zipes_meaning_2011", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/41389000", "accessDate": "2024-03-12T18:22:19Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1521-4281", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "JSTOR", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "J57QT8QR" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2024-03-12T18:22:19Z", "dateModified": "2026-02-16T21:07:44Z" } }, { "key": "2XWSNTM4", "version": 2233, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 253637, "name": "illknol", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/illknol", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/253637/items/2XWSNTM4", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/illknol/items/2XWSNTM4", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 138153, "username": "denten", "name": "denten", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/denten", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 1773695, "username": "fivelbib", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/fivelbib", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Tree and Weldon", "parsedDate": "2007", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "2XWSNTM4", "version": 2233, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Retelling Urban Legends", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jean E. Fox", "lastName": "Tree" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mary Susan", "lastName": "Weldon" } ], "abstractNote": "We explored factors influencing the retelling of urban legends. As predicted by prior work, people retold truthful and scary stories. But people also retold well-known stories. This contrasts with the expectation that people would not pass on a story that everyone already knew. Also as predicted by prior work, repeating a story increased its credibility. But repeating also increased a story's importance, scariness, and likelihood of retelling. In general, contextualizing a story and increasing the number of details did not affect the likelihood of retelling a story. The exception was that details increased the likelihood of retelling a newly heard story. However, if people read a story with context or details, more contextual elements and details were included in their retellings. At the same time, people confabulated details to an equal degree no matter what type of embellishments they had read.", "publicationTitle": "The American Journal of Psychology", "publisher": "University of Illinois Press", "place": "", "date": "2007", "volume": "120", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "459-476", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "tree_retelling_2007", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/20445414", "accessDate": "2024-03-12T14:19:57Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0002-9556", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "JSTOR", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "J57QT8QR" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2024-03-12T14:19:57Z", "dateModified": "2026-02-16T21:07:44Z" } }, { "key": "92TVEUQR", "version": 2233, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 253637, "name": "illknol", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/illknol", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/253637/items/92TVEUQR", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/illknol/items/92TVEUQR", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 138153, "username": "denten", "name": "denten", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/denten", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 1773695, "username": "fivelbib", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/fivelbib", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Buckner", "parsedDate": "1965", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "92TVEUQR", "version": 2233, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "A Theory of Rumor Transmission", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "H. Taylor", "lastName": "Buckner" } ], "abstractNote": "Do rumors become more or less accurate as they are passed on? 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