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Previous scholarship has neglected Belgrade’s impact on the covert intervention in several areas: First, Western aims were downgraded from rollback to subversion and harassment primarily due to calculations about Yugoslavia’s security in the face of Soviet bloc hostility after its expulsion from the Cominform. Second, Tito waged an aggressive rival covert action campaign and refused repeated requests to cooperate with Western intelligence in Albania, impeding Anglo-American operations. Third, an eighteen-month courtship took place in which the Central Intelligence agency and Directorate for State Security flirted with conducting joint operations, but a deeper relationship was thwarted when Yugoslavia normalized its relations with Albania and the Soviet bloc after Stalin’s death in 1953. The findings of this case study reveal both the potential and the limits of the Yugoslav–Western rapprochement of the early 1950s. It also highlights the need for research into the influence of actors beyond the Anglosphere in other Western covert action operations.", "publicationTitle": "International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence", "publisher": "Routledge", "place": "", "date": "2025-07-23", "volume": "0", "issue": "0", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1-31", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1080/08850607.2025.2527101", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/08850607.2025.2527101", "accessDate": "2025-07-29T22:35:12Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0885-0607", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Taylor and Francis+NEJM", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/08850607.2025.2527101", "tags": [], "collections": [ "AZ3BZ9BR", "B6RJNLTK", "CZT6L9T7" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-07-29T22:35:12Z", "dateModified": "2025-07-29T22:35:18Z" } }, { "key": "ZUE67AE8", "version": 27626, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 2514686, "name": "IntelArchive Intelligence Studies Database", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/intelarchive_intelligence_studies_database", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/2514686/items/ZUE67AE8", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/intelarchive_intelligence_studies_database/items/ZUE67AE8", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 5900238, "username": "yusuf_ozkan", "name": "Yusuf Ozkan", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/yusuf_ozkan", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Oxford Analytica", "parsedDate": "2018-12-12", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "ZUE67AE8", "version": 27626, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "US spy case is latest embarrassment for Kremlin", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "name": "Oxford Analytica" } ], "abstractNote": "RUSSIA/US: Spy case is new embarrassment for Kremlin", "publicationTitle": "Expert Briefings", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2018-12-12", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Expert Briefings", "DOI": "10.1108/OXAN-ES240540", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1108/OXAN-ES240540", "accessDate": "2025-07-29T22:32:44Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "2633-304X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Silverchair", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "AZ3BZ9BR" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-07-29T22:32:44Z", "dateModified": "2025-07-29T22:32:44Z" } }, { "key": "IZI4QS4B", "version": 27625, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 2514686, "name": "IntelArchive Intelligence Studies Database", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/intelarchive_intelligence_studies_database", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/2514686/items/IZI4QS4B", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/intelarchive_intelligence_studies_database/items/IZI4QS4B", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 5900238, "username": "yusuf_ozkan", "name": "Yusuf Ozkan", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/yusuf_ozkan", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Oxford Analytica", "parsedDate": "2020-07-03", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "IZI4QS4B", "version": 27625, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Hong Kong and spying worsen China-Japan friction", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "name": "Oxford Analytica" } ], "abstractNote": "JAPAN: Hong Kong and spying worsen friction with China", 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"type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/2514686/items/Z9JCVHUR", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/intelarchive_intelligence_studies_database/items/Z9JCVHUR", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 5900238, "username": "yusuf_ozkan", "name": "Yusuf Ozkan", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/yusuf_ozkan", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Oxford Analytica", "parsedDate": "2022-07-12", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "Z9JCVHUR", "version": 27624, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "US-Europe interests converge vis-à-vis Chinese spying", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "name": "Oxford Analytica" } ], "abstractNote": "CHINA: US-European interests converge vis-à-vis spying", "publicationTitle": "Expert Briefings", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2022-07-12", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Expert Briefings", "DOI": "10.1108/OXAN-ES271413", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1108/OXAN-ES271413", "accessDate": "2025-07-29T22:31:06Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "2633-304X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Silverchair", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "AZ3BZ9BR" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-07-29T22:31:06Z", "dateModified": "2025-07-29T22:31:44Z" } }, { "key": "YJVBKB2F", "version": 27623, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 2514686, "name": "IntelArchive Intelligence Studies Database", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/intelarchive_intelligence_studies_database", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/2514686/items/YJVBKB2F", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/intelarchive_intelligence_studies_database/items/YJVBKB2F", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 5900238, "username": "yusuf_ozkan", "name": "Yusuf Ozkan", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/yusuf_ozkan", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "권혁은", "parsedDate": "2025-06-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "YJVBKB2F", "version": 27623, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "“There is a Spy Living Next Door”: The Spy Reporting System and Everyday Life Under the Anticommunist Policy of the Park Chung-hee Government", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "name": "권혁은" } ], "abstractNote": "Analyzing intelligence documents from the Yongsan Police Station in Seoul, this study examines how the spy-reporting system functioned in South Korea under the Park Chung-hee government and its impact on urban social relations. Drawing on 115 cases of spy reports from 1973 to 1977, this research reveals how anticommunist surveillance mechanisms penetrated everyday life and shaped urban communities. The study finds that the reporting system primarily targeted three groups: frequent movers in a rapidly urbanizing Seoul, individuals with connections to Japan or North Korea, and members of the urban lower class without stable employment, such as day laborers and bar workers. While previous research has focused on fabricated spy cases and democratization movements, this study uniquely illuminates how ordinary citizens internalized and practiced anticommunism in their daily lives. The findings suggest that anticommunist practices served as a means of managing social anxieties generated by rapid industrialization and urbanization, while simultaneously allowing urban residents to engage with state power. The spy-reporting system created communities based on exclusion rather than inclusion, as suspicious persons were systematically marginalized. This research contributes to our understanding of how state ideology shaped individuals’ everyday lives during South Korea’s developmental period and suggests that contemporary social issues partly stem from this historical legacy of surveillance and exclusion.", "publicationTitle": "Korea Journal", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2025-06-01", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "172-201", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.25024/kj.2025.65.2.172", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://scholar.kyobobook.co.kr/article/detail/4040071185327", "accessDate": "2025-07-07T08:27:42Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0023-3900", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "“There is a Spy Living Next Door”", "language": "ko", "libraryCatalog": "scholar.kyobobook.co.kr", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "AZ3BZ9BR" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-07-07T08:27:42Z", "dateModified": "2025-07-29T22:31:39Z" } }, { "key": "EQ8BY39U", "version": 27621, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 2514686, "name": "IntelArchive Intelligence Studies Database", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/intelarchive_intelligence_studies_database", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/2514686/items/EQ8BY39U", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/intelarchive_intelligence_studies_database/items/EQ8BY39U", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 5900238, "username": "yusuf_ozkan", "name": "Yusuf Ozkan", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/yusuf_ozkan", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Oxford Analytica", "parsedDate": "2015-08-05", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "EQ8BY39U", "version": 27621, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Japan-US spying allegations will have limited fallout", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "name": "Oxford Analytica" } ], "abstractNote": "JAPAN/US: Spying allegations will have limited fallout", "publicationTitle": "Expert Briefings", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2015-08-05", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Expert Briefings", "DOI": "10.1108/OXAN-ES201468", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1108/OXAN-ES201468", "accessDate": "2025-07-29T22:02:11Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "2633-304X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Silverchair", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "AZ3BZ9BR" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-07-29T22:02:11Z", "dateModified": "2025-07-29T22:02:11Z" } }, { "key": "5VV6ZWZC", "version": 29432, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 2514686, "name": "IntelArchive Intelligence Studies Database", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/intelarchive_intelligence_studies_database", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/2514686/items/5VV6ZWZC", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/intelarchive_intelligence_studies_database/items/5VV6ZWZC", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 5900238, "username": "yusuf_ozkan", "name": "Yusuf Ozkan", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/yusuf_ozkan", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Rolland", "parsedDate": "2025-07-04", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "5VV6ZWZC", "version": 29432, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Thinker, Lawyer, Soldier, Spy: The Makers of Xi Jinping’s Grand Strategy", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Nadège", "lastName": "Rolland" } ], "abstractNote": "It is wrong to assume that Xi Jinping is the sole creator of China’s grand strategy. His vision for China as a great power on the world stage is in fact a composite of ideas and concepts put forward by different thinkers linked to military and national-security circles, as well as by international-relations and legal scholars, sometimes decades before Xi took power. It is important for outside observers to familiarise themselves with these individuals and their ideas. This article offers an introduction to key individuals who have helped to shape Xi’s grand strategy.", "publicationTitle": "Survival", "publisher": "IISS Website", "place": "", "date": "2025-07-04", "volume": "67", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "81-94", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1080/00396338.2025.2534287", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/00396338.2025.2534287", "accessDate": "2025-07-29T22:01:53Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0039-6338", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Thinker, Lawyer, Soldier, Spy", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Taylor and Francis+NEJM", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/00396338.2025.2534287", "tags": [ { "tag": "Belt and Road Initiative", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Central Military Commission", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "China", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "China Institutes of Contemporary International Relations (CICIR)", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Chinese Communist Party (CCP)", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Hong Kong", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Miao Hua", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Science of Military Strategy", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Wang Huning", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Wang Jisi", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Xi Jinping", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Xi Jinping Thought", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "AZ3BZ9BR" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-07-29T22:01:53Z", "dateModified": "2025-07-29T22:01:53Z" } }, { "key": "HYYTKK7S", "version": 27619, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 2514686, "name": "IntelArchive Intelligence Studies Database", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/intelarchive_intelligence_studies_database", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/2514686/items/HYYTKK7S", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/intelarchive_intelligence_studies_database/items/HYYTKK7S", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 5900238, "username": "yusuf_ozkan", "name": "Yusuf Ozkan", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/yusuf_ozkan", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Oxford Analytica", "parsedDate": "2018-11-22", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "HYYTKK7S", "version": 27619, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "New head of Russian spy agency may modify its methods", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "name": "Oxford Analytica" } ], "abstractNote": "RUSSIA: New spy agency chief may modify its methods", "publicationTitle": "Expert Briefings", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2018-11-22", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Expert Briefings", "DOI": "10.1108/OXAN-ES240088", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1108/OXAN-ES240088", "accessDate": "2025-07-29T22:01:29Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "2633-304X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Silverchair", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "AZ3BZ9BR" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-07-29T22:01:29Z", "dateModified": "2025-07-29T22:01:29Z" } }, { "key": "Q5744SNQ", "version": 29432, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 2514686, "name": "IntelArchive Intelligence Studies Database", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/intelarchive_intelligence_studies_database", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/2514686/items/Q5744SNQ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/intelarchive_intelligence_studies_database/items/Q5744SNQ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 5900238, "username": "yusuf_ozkan", "name": "Yusuf Ozkan", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/yusuf_ozkan", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Schwarz", "parsedDate": "2025-02-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "Q5744SNQ", "version": 29432, "itemType": "thesis", "title": "Towards an Open Source Intelligence and Machine Learning-Based Platform for Automation in Disaster Management Situational Awareness Reporting", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Klaus", "lastName": "Schwarz" } ], "abstractNote": "This dissertation presents the development of a modular machine learning-based Open Source Intelligence (OSINT) platform for automated situational awareness reporting in disaster management. Through three progressive studies, the research demonstrates how a scalable system for analyzing microblogging data can be implemented by combining event detection, clustering, zero-shot classification, retrieval-augmented generation (RAG), and knowledge graphs. The first study establishes the methodological foundation for automated event detection using SimHash clustering and TF-IDF feature extraction. The second study enhances this approach by implementing sentence embedding with community detection for improved semantic grouping and integrating knowledge graphs for better structuring and interpretation of extracted information. The third study culminates in a fully modular OSINT system (ODET) that incorporates zero-shot classification and retrieval-augmented generation within an agent-based architecture, enabling flexible adaptation to various disaster scenarios. Evaluation through real-world case studies, including Hurricane Harvey and the 2023 Turkey earthquake, demonstrates high factual alignment with reference sources (AlignScore up to 89%) and confirms deployment feasibility across different hardware environments. The dissertation contributes to advancing automated intelligence gathering in crisis situations by overcoming traditional challenges of manual OSINT processes through an efficient, adaptable platform that enhances the speed and accuracy of situational awareness in disaster management.", "thesisType": "PhD Thesis", "university": "Universidad de Granada", "place": "", "date": "2025-02-01", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "numPages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "978-84-1195-840-0", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://digibug.ugr.es/handle/10481/105527", "accessDate": "2025-07-27T11:50:41Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "eng", "libraryCatalog": "digibug.ugr.es", "callNumber": "", "rights": "Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internacional", "extra": "Accepted: 2025-07-22T09:50:20Z", "tags": [], "collections": [ "E5UVWK8S", "LXMU5UXP" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-07-27T11:50:41Z", "dateModified": "2025-07-27T11:51:14Z" } }, { "key": "JHHKIFN4", "version": 29432, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 2514686, "name": "IntelArchive Intelligence Studies Database", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/intelarchive_intelligence_studies_database", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/2514686/items/JHHKIFN4", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/intelarchive_intelligence_studies_database/items/JHHKIFN4", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 5900238, "username": "yusuf_ozkan", "name": "Yusuf Ozkan", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/yusuf_ozkan", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Margoni et al.", "parsedDate": "2025-07-23", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "JHHKIFN4", "version": 29432, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Ethics in Practice: A Pragmatist Approach to Intelligence", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Francesco", "lastName": "Margoni" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Giangiuseppe", "lastName": "Pili" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jules J. S.", "lastName": "Gaspard" } ], "abstractNote": "This article offers a new approach to intelligence ethics grounded in practice. Drawing on pragmatist ethics and a survey of intelligence professionals, we analyze how practitioners resolve moral dilemmas. Three findings stand out: legal deference often replaces ethical reasoning; analysts prioritize special obligations over general moral principles, especially familial ties; and, despite its prominence, the language of just intelligence is absent from practitioner responses. These results point to a gap between theoretical ethical frameworks and lived ethical reasoning in intelligence work. Rather than impose new rules, we highlight a form of ethical reasoning already in use—situated, context sensitive, and empirical. 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