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Many post-Kyoto frameworks have been debated, but surprisingly approaches that focus on consumption have received little attention in the climate change literature despite broader interest in other areas. In this article we extend the argument for constructing GHG inventories using a country’s consumption rather than production. First, we argue that constructing GHG inventories using a country’s economic activity instead of geographic territory solves allocation issues for international activities such as international transportation and carbon capture and storage. Second, we argue that consumption-based GHG inventories have many advantages over production-based inventories. The main advantages are to address carbon leakage, reduce the importance of emission commitments for developing countries, increase options for mitigation, encourage environmental comparative advantage, address competitiveness concerns, and naturally encourage technology diffusion.", "publicationTitle": "Climatic Change", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2007/08/04", "volume": "86", "issue": "1-2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "51-66", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Climatic Change", "DOI": "10.1007/s10584-007-9280-1", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-007-9280-1", "accessDate": "2015-01-26T15:14:57Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0165-0009, 1573-1480", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Post-Kyoto greenhouse gas inventories", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "link.springer.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Meteorology/Climatology", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-01-26T15:14:57Z", "dateModified": "2015-01-26T15:14:57Z" } }, { "key": "TI4H947N", "version": 59, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 250930, "name": "MRIO", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mrio", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/250930/items/TI4H947N", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mrio/items/TI4H947N", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/250930/items/NDQWVQQH", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1713870, "username": "Nicole Grunewald", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/nicole_grunewald", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "TI4H947N", "version": 59, "parentItem": "NDQWVQQH", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Snapshot", "accessDate": "2015-01-26T15:14:20Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800907005162", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-01-26T15:14:20Z", "dateModified": "2015-01-26T15:14:20Z" } }, { "key": "NDQWVQQH", "version": 59, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 250930, "name": "MRIO", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mrio", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/250930/items/NDQWVQQH", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mrio/items/NDQWVQQH", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1713870, "username": "Nicole Grunewald", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/nicole_grunewald", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Peters", "parsedDate": "2008-03-15", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "NDQWVQQH", "version": 59, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "From production-based to consumption-based national emission inventories", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Glen P.", "lastName": "Peters" } ], "abstractNote": "Under the United National Framework Convention of Climate Change (UNFCCC) countries are required to submit National Emission Inventories (NEI) to benchmark reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Depending on the definition and system boundary of the NEI, the mitigation options and priorities may vary. The territorial system boundary used by the UNFCCC has been critiqued for not including international transportation and potentially causing carbon leakage. To address these issues, past literature has argued in favour of using consumption-based NEI in climate policy. This article discusses several issues in moving from the standard production-based NEI to consumption-based NEI. First, two distinct accounting approaches for constructing consumption-based NEI are presented. The approaches differ in the allocation of intermediate consumption of imported products. Second, a consistent method of weighting production-based and consumption-based NEI is discussed. This is an extension of the previous literature on shared responsibility to NEI. Third, due to increased uncertainty and a wide system boundary it may be difficult to implement consumption-based NEI directly into climate policy. Several alternative options for incorporating consumption-based inventories into climate policy are discussed.", "publicationTitle": "Ecological Economics", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "March 15, 2008", "volume": "65", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "13-23", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Ecological Economics", "DOI": "10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.10.014", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800907005162", "accessDate": "2015-01-26T15:14:20Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0921-8009", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Clean Development Mechanism", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Kyoto Protocol", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Multi-regional input–output", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Shared responsibility", "type": 1 }, { "tag": 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"Google Scholar", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-01-26T10:42:30Z", "dateModified": "2015-01-26T10:42:30Z" } }, { "key": "6JH2CABB", "version": 58, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 250930, "name": "MRIO", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mrio", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/250930/items/6JH2CABB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mrio/items/6JH2CABB", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/250930/items/WE9TPKI6", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1713870, "username": "Nicole Grunewald", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/nicole_grunewald", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "6JH2CABB", "version": 58, "parentItem": "WE9TPKI6", "itemType": "attachment", 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"username": "Nicole Grunewald", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/nicole_grunewald", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Qiang et al.", "parsedDate": "2013-07", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "BR2Q63EM", "version": 52, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Agricultural trade and virtual land use: The case of China's crop trade", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Wenli", "lastName": "Qiang" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Aimin", "lastName": "Liu" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Shengkui", "lastName": "Cheng" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Thomas", "lastName": "Kastner" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gaodi", "lastName": "Xie" } ], "abstractNote": "Trade liberalization has greatly accelerated the volume of traded agricultural products in past decades. As land resources become more limited in some countries, international trade plays an important role in compensating for land scarcity in these countries. This paper aims to measure and locate the virtual land use hidden in China's imports and exports, for both primary crops and processed products, from 1986 to 2009. The results show that as China's crop imports had grown greatly during the last decade, the net virtual land trade hidden in international trade had increased from −4.42 Mha in 1986 to 28.90 Mha in 2009. The main category of virtual land imports had changed from cereals to oil crops, which accounted for 82.2% of the total virtual land imports in 2009. Over the two decades the main source of virtual land imports had changed from North America to both South America and North America. International trade could also lower demand for land resources at the global level: our results showed that China's crop trade was contributing to global land savings by 3.27 Mha on annual average during 1986–2009. Economic development, and associated dietary changes and policy shifts were linked to the change of China's virtual land trade pattern. To make land use more sustainable at the global level, both importing and exporting countries of virtual land should consider ecological and socio-economic impacts of these trade flows in their policies.", "publicationTitle": "Land Use Policy", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "July 2013", "volume": "33", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "141-150", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Land Use Policy", "DOI": "10.1016/j.landusepol.2012.12.017", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264837712002621", "accessDate": "2014-10-24T12:46:57Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0264-8377", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Agricultural trade and virtual land use", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Changing trend", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "China", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Crop trade", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Virtual land use", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-10-24T12:46:57Z", "dateModified": "2014-10-24T12:46:57Z" } }, { "key": "CHB768R5", "version": 51, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 250930, "name": "MRIO", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mrio", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/250930/items/CHB768R5", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mrio/items/CHB768R5", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/250930/items/CRS5QM8N", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1713870, "username": "Nicole Grunewald", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/nicole_grunewald", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "CHB768R5", "version": 51, "parentItem": "CRS5QM8N", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "PubMed entry", "accessDate": "2014-10-24T12:35:10Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21078977", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-10-24T12:35:10Z", "dateModified": "2014-10-24T12:35:10Z" } }, { "key": "XVHH6QV3", "version": 51, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 250930, "name": "MRIO", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mrio", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/250930/items/XVHH6QV3", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mrio/items/XVHH6QV3", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/250930/items/CRS5QM8N", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1713870, "username": "Nicole Grunewald", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/nicole_grunewald", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "XVHH6QV3", "version": 51, "parentItem": "CRS5QM8N", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2014-10-24T12:35:10Z", "url": "http://www.pnas.org/content/107/49/20917.full.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-10-24T12:35:10Z", "dateModified": "2014-10-24T12:35:10Z" } }, { "key": "CRS5QM8N", "version": 51, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 250930, "name": "MRIO", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mrio", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/250930/items/CRS5QM8N", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mrio/items/CRS5QM8N", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1713870, "username": "Nicole Grunewald", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/nicole_grunewald", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Meyfroidt et al.", "parsedDate": "2010-12-07", "numChildren": 3 }, "data": { "key": "CRS5QM8N", "version": 51, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Forest transitions, trade, and the global displacement of land use", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Patrick", "lastName": "Meyfroidt" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Thomas K.", "lastName": "Rudel" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Eric F.", "lastName": "Lambin" } ], "abstractNote": "Reducing tropical deforestation is an international priority, given its impacts on carbon emissions and biodiversity. We examined whether recent forest transitions—a shift from net deforestation to net reforestation—involved a geographic displacement of forest clearing across countries through trade in agricultural and forest products. In most of the seven developing countries that recently experienced a forest transition, displacement of land use abroad accompanied local reforestation. Additional global land-use change embodied in their net wood trade offset 74% of their total reforested area. Because the reforesting countries continued to export more agricultural goods than they imported, this net displacement offset 22% of their total reforested area when both agriculture and forestry sectors are included. However, this net displacement increased to 52% during the last 5 y. These countries thus have contributed to a net global reforestation and/or decrease in the pressure on forests, but this global environmental benefit has been shrinking during recent years. The net decrease in the pressure on forests does not account for differences in their ecological quality. Assessments of the impacts of international policies aimed at reducing global deforestation should integrate international trade in agricultural and forest commodities.", "publicationTitle": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "12/07/2010", "volume": "107", "issue": "49", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "20917-20922", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "PNAS", "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.1014773107", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.pnas.org/content/107/49/20917", "accessDate": "2014-10-24T12:35:10Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0027-8424, 1091-6490", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "www.pnas.org", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 21078977", "tags": [ { "tag": "Embodied land", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": 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