[ { "key": "SSB9S6HZ", "version": 16, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 250336, "name": "Gasoline Cold Start Efficiency Factors", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gasoline_cold_start_efficiency_factors", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/250336/items/SSB9S6HZ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gasoline_cold_start_efficiency_factors/items/SSB9S6HZ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Zerafa et al.", "parsedDate": "1988-02-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "SSB9S6HZ", "version": 16, "itemType": "report", "title": "Effects of In-Use Vehicle Cold Start Operation on Peak Catalyst Temperature", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kenneth L.", "lastName": "Zerafa" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Marc A.", "lastName": "Schaffer" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michael A.", "lastName": "Sabourin" } ], "abstractNote": "The effects of vehicle cold start operation and ambient air soak temperature on peak catalyst substrate temperatures were investigated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Temperatures that could cause irreversible thermal deactivation of the catalyst were of concern. Internal catalyst substrate temperatures were monitored on twenty-two 1983 and 1984 model year high mileage properly maintained in-use vehicles during operation over the Federal Test Procedure (FTP) driving cycle. Vehicles were tested after nominal 20°F and 75°F ambient air temperature soaks.During cold start operation, catalysts of carbureted test vehicles with pump or pulse secondary air systems frequently reached peak temperatures where irreversible thermal deactivation could occur. During cold start operation, fuel injected test vehicles with pulse or no secondary air injection tended to exhibit, catalyst temperatures below the range normally associated with irreversible thermal deactivation. Cold (20°F) soaking often resulted in increased catalyst temperatures during cold start vehicle operation for some carbureted vehicles tested.", "reportNumber": "880105", "reportType": "SAE Technical Paper", "institution": "SAE International", "place": "Warrendale, PA", "date": "1988-02-01", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://papers.sae.org/880105/", "accessDate": "2014-02-24T18:38:21Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "SAE Papers", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-02-24T18:38:21Z", "dateModified": "2014-02-24T18:38:21Z" } }, { "key": "K8E4DN8S", "version": 15, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 250336, "name": "Gasoline Cold Start Efficiency Factors", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gasoline_cold_start_efficiency_factors", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/250336/items/K8E4DN8S", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gasoline_cold_start_efficiency_factors/items/K8E4DN8S", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Mina and Bolsover", "parsedDate": "1989-02-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "K8E4DN8S", "version": 15, "itemType": "report", "title": "The Development of Data Capture/Analysis System for the Use in Cold Start Investigation", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Theo I.", "lastName": "Mina" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gerald W.", "lastName": "Bolsover" } ], "abstractNote": "This system was developed to solve the problem of acquiring a large number of consecutive engine cycles of various parameters required to analyse the cold start/run-up behaviour of an engine, and display the acquired data in an easily digestible form.Data is acquired using a 12 bit analog to digital converter at a wide acquisition rate up to a maximum of 500K sample/sec and to a memory depth of 2000K bin 16 bit reading/channel of dynamic RAM.The acquired data can be displayed on an oscilloscope, a variety of Y/T or digital plotters or transferred to an IBM PC computer for further processing.Various programs were developed for the IBM PC to analyse data for the whole cold start/run-up period. The system is capable of plotting the acquired parameters in three dimensional graph form, calculating the average speed for each of the engine cycles and performing a simple heat release analysis for each cycle.The system was used in the analysis of the cold start and run-up behaviour of a 4 cylinder diesel engine. The engine was instrumented for cylinder pressure, fuel line pressure and needle lift for each cylinder, together with a sweep start and degree marks. The three dimensional graphs showing cylinder pressure for all four cylinders for 660 consecutive cycles reveal that one cylinder can accelerate the engine to flight speed with very limited assistance from the other cylinders.The system proved to be a very useful tool for reducing the time required for the analysis of cold start/run-up data and may prove to be of great assistance in understanding the fundamental behaviour of a multi-cylinder engine during such a critical period.", "reportNumber": "890002", "reportType": "SAE Technical Paper", "institution": "SAE International", "place": "Warrendale, PA", "date": "1989-02-01", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://papers.sae.org/890002/", "accessDate": "2014-02-24T18:05:15Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "SAE Papers", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-02-24T18:05:15Z", "dateModified": "2014-02-24T18:05:15Z" } }, { "key": "ZTBXB2GZ", "version": 14, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 250336, "name": "Gasoline Cold Start Efficiency Factors", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gasoline_cold_start_efficiency_factors", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/250336/items/ZTBXB2GZ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gasoline_cold_start_efficiency_factors/items/ZTBXB2GZ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Starck et al.", "parsedDate": "2010-05-05", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "ZTBXB2GZ", "version": 14, "itemType": "report", "title": "Cold Start on Diesel Engines: Effect of Fuel Characteristics", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "L.", "lastName": "Starck" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A.", "lastName": "Faraj" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "H.", "lastName": "Perrin" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "L.", "lastName": "Forti" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "N.", "lastName": "Jeuland" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "B.", "lastName": "Walter" } ], "abstractNote": "Faced with the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, diesel", "reportNumber": "2010-01-1506", "reportType": "SAE Technical Paper", "institution": "SAE International", "place": "Warrendale, PA", "date": "2010-05-05", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://papers.sae.org/2010-01-1506/", "accessDate": "2014-02-24T18:04:40Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Cold Start on Diesel Engines", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "SAE Papers", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-02-24T18:04:40Z", "dateModified": "2014-02-24T18:04:40Z" } }, { "key": "KMRIKQUC", "version": 13, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 250336, "name": "Gasoline Cold Start Efficiency Factors", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gasoline_cold_start_efficiency_factors", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/250336/items/KMRIKQUC", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gasoline_cold_start_efficiency_factors/items/KMRIKQUC", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Junge", "parsedDate": "1994-02-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "KMRIKQUC", "version": 13, "itemType": "report", "title": "Cold Start Automotive Research Efforts at the University of Alaska Anchorage", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David J.", "lastName": "Junge" } ], "abstractNote": "Cold start automobile tests were conducted at the university of Alaska Anchorage to determine the effectiveness of engine block preheaters in reducing emissions of carbon monoxide. The tests were conducted under no-load idle conditions. Sixteen vehicles were tested.The test results indicate that significant reductions in CO emissions can be achieved during cold start when engine block preheaters are used.Additional tests were conducted to determine if the use of engine block preheaters under cold temperature starting conditions would result in fuel savings. The test results indicate that fuel consumption is not influenced by the use engine block preheaters.", "reportNumber": "940083", "reportType": "SAE Technical Paper", "institution": "SAE International", "place": "Warrendale, PA", "date": "1994-02-01", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://papers.sae.org/940083/", "accessDate": "2014-02-24T18:03:50Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "SAE Papers", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-02-24T18:03:50Z", "dateModified": "2014-02-24T18:03:50Z" } }, { "key": "T2J3PC85", "version": 13, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 250336, "name": "Gasoline Cold Start Efficiency Factors", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gasoline_cold_start_efficiency_factors", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/250336/items/T2J3PC85", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gasoline_cold_start_efficiency_factors/items/T2J3PC85", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Geng et al.", "parsedDate": "2007-10-29", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "T2J3PC85", "version": 13, "itemType": "report", "title": "Gasoline Distillation Effect on Vehicle Cold Start Driveability", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Pat Y.", "lastName": "Geng" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Vern A.", "lastName": "Lund" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "William M.", "lastName": "Studzinski" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Thomas G.", "lastName": "Waypa" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David N.", "lastName": "Belton" } ], "abstractNote": "Cold start vehicle driveability performance depends on many parameters, one of which is the distillation character of the fuel. In the late 90's, a gasoline driveability index (DI) was developed for spark-ignited combustion vehicles by a consortium of automotive and petroleum industry scientists based on correlation studies between controlled fuel quality matrices and vehicle performance under specific ambient conditions. The DI equation uses a weighted sum of gasoline distillation temperatures at the 10, 50 and 90 percent evaporation volumes, commonly called T₁₀, T₅₀ and T₉₀. These three distillation volatility points are specified by the ASTM International D 4814 fuel specification and are seasonally adjusted. This paper studies the cold start driveability performance of Federal EPA Bin 5 and Bin 8 vehicles with respect to fuel distillation characteristics at temperatures other than T₁₀, T₅₀ and T₉₀. Fuels studied include regular summer-grade unleaded gasoline, high-DI (1255°F), high-DI with high T₇₀, and high DI with both high T₃₀ and T₇₀. The results demonstrate that, although the latest vehicles can tolerate high-DI fuel in cold start driveability, the performance is deteriorated in some vehicles with the high-T₇₀ and the combined high T₃₀ and T₇₀ test fuels. The degree of poor cold start performance also depends on the ambient conditions. Summer weather with high-dew point temperatures experienced more cold start driveability performance demerits with the two test fuels as compared to normal summer quality gasoline. Gasoline survey data shows that high T₇₀ fuels are available in the market place, but appear to be regionally isolated. When these high T₇₀ or high in both T₇₀ and T₃₀ gasoline blends show up in the field it has resulted in severe vehicle owner dissatisfaction. The mechanism of the poor cold start performance with such fuels is discussed.", "reportNumber": "2007-01-4073", "reportType": "SAE Technical Paper", "institution": "SAE International", "place": "Warrendale, PA", "date": "2007-10-29", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://papers.sae.org/2007-01-4073/", "accessDate": "2014-02-24T18:03:34Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "SAE Papers", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-02-24T18:03:34Z", "dateModified": "2014-02-24T18:03:34Z" } }, { "key": "W4NUZ9AX", "version": 12, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 250336, "name": "Gasoline Cold Start Efficiency Factors", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gasoline_cold_start_efficiency_factors", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/250336/items/W4NUZ9AX", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gasoline_cold_start_efficiency_factors/items/W4NUZ9AX", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Luan and Henein", "parsedDate": "2002-10-21", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "W4NUZ9AX", "version": 12, "itemType": "report", "title": "A Simulation Model for Gasoline Engine Cold Start Fuel Calibration", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Yunfei", "lastName": "Luan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Naeim A.", "lastName": "Henein" } ], "abstractNote": "The paper presents a simulation model for the cold start fuel calibration (CSFC) in port-fuel-injected gasoline engines. The model is based on data that is readily available during regular engine tests. The model has been applied to a 2.4L, 4-cylinder, 16 valve, DOHC, multipoint-port-fuel-injection spark ignition gasoline engine. The model determines the amount of fuel vaporized in the intake port at any crank angle degree, and in the cylinder on cycle-by-cycle basis, during the cold start process.", "reportNumber": "2002-01-2802", "reportType": "SAE Technical Paper", "institution": "SAE International", "place": "Warrendale, PA", "date": "2002-10-21", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://papers.sae.org/2002-01-2802/", "accessDate": "2014-02-24T18:00:56Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "SAE Papers", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-02-24T18:00:56Z", "dateModified": "2014-02-24T18:00:56Z" } }, { "key": "HD84NMX9", "version": 11, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 250336, "name": "Gasoline Cold Start Efficiency Factors", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gasoline_cold_start_efficiency_factors", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/250336/items/HD84NMX9", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gasoline_cold_start_efficiency_factors/items/HD84NMX9", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Trapy and Damiral", "parsedDate": "1990-10-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "HD84NMX9", "version": 11, "itemType": "report", "title": "An Investigation of Lubricating System Warm-up for the Improvement of Cold Start Efficiency and Emissions of S.I. Automotive Engines", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J. D.", "lastName": "Trapy" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "P.", "lastName": "Damiral" } ], "abstractNote": "Transient warm-ups of an engine lubrication system are examined using test bench measurements and numerical simulations. It is shown that friction in the bearings is the greatest heat source for oil, but that a major part of the heat received by the oil is transferred to the walls of bearings and passages. It is also determined that the total amount of heat ultimately retained by the oil is a very small part of the engine energy consumption, and that the engine warm-up does not use all the energy made available by combustion heat transfer and friction losses. Within this scope, some systems are examined to properly use available heat and improve lubricant and engine warm-up.Today, automotive engines", "reportNumber": "902089", "reportType": "SAE Technical Paper", "institution": "SAE International", "place": "Warrendale, PA", "date": "1990-10-01", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://papers.sae.org/902089/", "accessDate": "2014-02-24T17:59:17Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "SAE Papers", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-02-24T17:59:17Z", "dateModified": "2014-02-24T17:59:17Z" } }, { "key": "EWPR7WFD", "version": 10, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 250336, "name": "Gasoline Cold Start Efficiency Factors", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gasoline_cold_start_efficiency_factors", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/250336/items/EWPR7WFD", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gasoline_cold_start_efficiency_factors/items/EWPR7WFD", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Parks et al.", "parsedDate": "1998-02-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "EWPR7WFD", "version": 10, "itemType": "report", "title": "In Situ Measurement of Fuel Absorption into the Cylinder Wall Oil Film During Engine Cold Start", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jim", "lastName": "Parks" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jeff", "lastName": "Armfield" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "John", "lastName": "Storey" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Tye", "lastName": "Barber" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Eric", "lastName": "Wachter" } ], "abstractNote": "The absorption of unburned fuel into the engine cylinder wall oil film has been identified as a source of hydrocarbon (HC) emissions from spark-ignited (SI)engines. While significant work has been done under steady-state operating conditions to quantify the contribution of this mechanism to overall unburned hydrocarbon emissions, little work has focused on cold starting conditions and in situ measurement of the fuel / oil film interaction. The work reported here shows how laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) spectroscopy can be used to make in situ measurements of the absorption of fuel into the cylinder wall oil film of a single cylinder engine. Measurements were made at two points in the engine cycle under cold start conditions. Results indicate that fuel concentration in the oil film reached a maximum of fifty percent (50%) during cold start operation, though fuel was present in the oil film throughout the engine cycle. Thinning of the oil film occurred during higher temperature portions of the cycle and during overall engine warmup so total mass of absorbed fuel was less than during cold start enrichment. These experiments represent a first step in understanding fuel/oil film interaction under transient cold start conditions.", "reportNumber": "981054", "reportType": "SAE Technical Paper", "institution": "SAE International", "place": "Warrendale, PA", "date": "1998-02-01", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://papers.sae.org/981054/", "accessDate": "2014-02-24T17:58:41Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "SAE Papers", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-02-24T17:58:41Z", "dateModified": "2014-02-24T17:58:41Z" } }, { "key": "5W963F9S", "version": 9, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 250336, "name": "Gasoline Cold Start Efficiency Factors", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gasoline_cold_start_efficiency_factors", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/250336/items/5W963F9S", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gasoline_cold_start_efficiency_factors/items/5W963F9S", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Taylor and Stewart", "parsedDate": "2001-03-05", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "5W963F9S", "version": 9, "itemType": "report", "title": "Cold Start Impact on Vehicle Energy Use", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gordon W. R.", "lastName": "Taylor" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Steve", "lastName": "Stewart" } ], "abstractNote": "This paper assesses the impact of the cold start phase of light duty vehicle use on energy use based on a review of large set of vehicle emissions test data from Canadian and U.S. Government databases. The data indicate that, at 24°C test ambient, a 20% increase in fuel use is measured in the \"cold\" Bag 1 driving compared with the \"hot\" Bag 3. Lower ambient conditions increase this penalty in a linear manner such that at the -6.7°C test condition, the penalty rises to 40-80%.The paper then integrates the laboratory tests data with vehicle demographic and usage data gathered from consumer driving studies. Included in this data are results from a small pilot survey in Vancouver, which directly measured instantaneous fuel consumption of vehicles in consumer use. These data sets were then used to estimate the total \"extra\" energy used during the cold start phase of driving. The analysis indicates that in Canadian urban centres, up to 25% of the total fuel use is due to cold engine effects.", "reportNumber": "2001-01-0221", "reportType": "SAE Technical Paper", "institution": "SAE International", "place": "Warrendale, PA", "date": "2001-03-05", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://papers.sae.org/2001-01-0221/", "accessDate": "2014-02-24T17:57:41Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "SAE Papers", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-02-24T17:57:41Z", "dateModified": "2014-02-24T17:57:41Z" } }, { "key": "KDJ8UTA9", "version": 8, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 250336, "name": "Gasoline Cold Start Efficiency Factors", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gasoline_cold_start_efficiency_factors", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/250336/items/KDJ8UTA9", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gasoline_cold_start_efficiency_factors/items/KDJ8UTA9", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "KDJ8UTA9", "version": 8, "itemType": "blogPost", "title": "How cold temperatures affect your car", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "", "blogTitle": "Wheels.ca", "websiteType": "", "date": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.wheels.ca/guides/how-cold-temperatures-affect-your-car/", "accessDate": "2014-02-24T17:56:27Z", "ISSN": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-02-24T17:56:27Z", "dateModified": "2014-02-24T17:56:27Z" } }, { "key": "2G572GW2", "version": 8, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 250336, "name": "Gasoline Cold Start Efficiency Factors", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gasoline_cold_start_efficiency_factors", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/250336/items/2G572GW2", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gasoline_cold_start_efficiency_factors/items/2G572GW2", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Schatz", "parsedDate": "1992-08-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "2G572GW2", "version": 8, "itemType": "report", "title": "Cold Start Improvement by use of Latent Heat Stores", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Oskar", "lastName": "Schatz" } ], "abstractNote": "Engine and cabin heating problems associated with cold starts at subzero conditions are greatly reduced by use of a heat battery. This is a latent heat store, collecting waste heat from the engine and storing it by use of efficient heat insulation. On the next cold start the heat is released with high initial power. The performance increases with colder environment conditions. Startability of the engine and the warm-up performance are improved. Emissions of hydrocarbons and carbonmonoxide are reduced up to 80% in the CVS test at -7°C (20°F) and diesel noise is lowered.The windshield is cleared of ice and frost and kept free of mist. Passenger comfort improves since hot air flows into the cabin within seconds after the heat battery is engaged.", "reportNumber": "921605", "reportType": "SAE Technical Paper", "institution": "SAE International", "place": "Warrendale, PA", "date": "1992-08-01", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://papers.sae.org/921605/", "accessDate": "2014-02-24T17:55:48Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "SAE Papers", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-02-24T17:55:48Z", "dateModified": "2014-02-24T17:55:48Z" } }, { "key": "5QDJU667", "version": 7, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 250336, "name": "Gasoline Cold Start Efficiency Factors", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gasoline_cold_start_efficiency_factors", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/250336/items/5QDJU667", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gasoline_cold_start_efficiency_factors/items/5QDJU667", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Bruno et al.", "parsedDate": "2003-10-27", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "5QDJU667", "version": 7, "itemType": "report", "title": "Fuel Injection Pressure Effects on the Cold Start Performance of a GDI Engine", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Bradford A.", "lastName": "Bruno" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Domenic A.", "lastName": "Santavicca" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "James V.", "lastName": "Zello" } ], "abstractNote": "The effects of reduced fuel injection pressure on the cold-start performance of a GDI engine have been studied in a single-cylinder, optically-accessible research engine. Two Delphi Automotive Systems DI-G injectors, with included spray cone angles of 60° and 80° respectively, were studied. Both injectors are designed to operate at a nominal fuel line pressure of 10 MPa. For the study they were operated at several fuel feed pressures between 10 MPa and 2 MPa. Two start of injection timings (50° and 100° ATDC) were examined. Cold-start performance was characterized by measurements of the GIMEP, COV of GIMEP, and total engine out UHCs. Simultaneous Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (PLIF) and Mie Scattering images of the fuel spray were used to observe spray penetration, mixing, and in-cylinder fuel distribution throughout the intake and compression strokes. Ultimately these images were used to explain observed performance differences. Significant cold-start performance changes are not observed until the injection pressure is reduced to below 5 MPa. The PLIF imaging shows that piston crown wetting and cylinder wall wetting have a dominant effect on engine cold-start performance. This suggests that spray penetration and trajectory are at least as important to engine cold-start performance as mean drop size. This indicates the desirability of developing an injector technology which can decouple injection pressure, drop size, and spray penetration.", "reportNumber": "2003-01-3163", "reportType": "SAE Technical Paper", "institution": "SAE International", "place": "Warrendale, PA", "date": "2003-10-27", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://papers.sae.org/2003-01-3163/", "accessDate": "2014-02-24T17:54:51Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "SAE Papers", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-02-24T17:54:51Z", "dateModified": "2014-02-24T17:54:51Z" } }, { "key": "I5MBRHUH", "version": 6, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 250336, "name": "Gasoline Cold Start Efficiency Factors", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gasoline_cold_start_efficiency_factors", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/250336/items/I5MBRHUH", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gasoline_cold_start_efficiency_factors/items/I5MBRHUH", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "I5MBRHUH", "version": 6, "itemType": "webpage", "title": "Starting Cold Diesel Engines", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "", "websiteTitle": "", "websiteType": "", "date": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://bioengr.ag.utk.edu/Extension/ExtProg/machinery/Articles/coldstrt.htm", "accessDate": "2014-02-24T17:39:26Z", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-02-24T17:39:26Z", "dateModified": "2014-02-24T17:39:26Z" } }, { "key": "WH93E5RH", "version": 4, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 250336, "name": "Gasoline Cold Start Efficiency Factors", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gasoline_cold_start_efficiency_factors", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/250336/items/WH93E5RH", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gasoline_cold_start_efficiency_factors/items/WH93E5RH", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Fan and Li", "parsedDate": "2013-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "WH93E5RH", "version": 4, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Study on first-cycle combustion and emissions during cold start in a TSDI gasoline engine", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Q.", "lastName": "Fan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "L.", "lastName": "Li" } ], "abstractNote": "The combustion characteristics in the first cycle are very important for all kinds of spark ignition engines, regardless of port fuel injection (PFI) or direct injection spark ignition (DISI) engines; Due to the fact the worse combustion during cold start results in an increase of misfiring events and HC emissions. To solve the reliable cold start, a total stoichiometric air/fuel ratio and local richer mixture start-up strategy was put forward. Also, the effect of boundary parameters (ignition timing, injection pressure, total air fuel ratio and local air fuel ratio) on the first cycle combustion (in-cylinder pressure, heat release rate and combustion) and emissions (HC and NO) during cold start were investigated experimentally for a two-stage direct injection (TSDI) engine. The engine-out HC and NO emissions were measured by means of a fast response Cambustion FID500 HC detector and a fast response Cambustion CLD500 NOx detector. The results show that, as far as combustion and emissions concerned, there exists a proper the ignition timing of 10 °CA BTDC. Increasing the injection pressure and the 2nd fuel injection amount is favorable to improving the first cycle firing performance. In addition, with the increase in the total A/F ratio from 11.4 to 26.7, the HC emissions decreased firstly and increased afterward, but the NO emissions decreased. The study provides a more detailed understanding of the combustion and emission characteristics in the first cycle during the start-up.", "publicationTitle": "Fuel", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "January 2013", "volume": "103", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "473-479", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Fuel", "DOI": "10.1016/j.fuel.2012.07.025", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016236112005741", "accessDate": "2014-02-21T19:08:36Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0016-2361", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Cold start", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Combustion", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Emission", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "First cycle", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "TSDI gasoline engine", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-02-21T19:08:36Z", "dateModified": "2014-02-21T19:08:36Z" } }, { "key": "WBU9H89F", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 250336, "name": "Gasoline Cold Start Efficiency Factors", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gasoline_cold_start_efficiency_factors", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/250336/items/WBU9H89F", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gasoline_cold_start_efficiency_factors/items/WBU9H89F", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Andrianov et al.", "parsedDate": "2013-08", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "WBU9H89F", "version": 2, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Spark ignition engine control strategies for minimising cold start fuel consumption under cumulative tailpipe emissions constraints", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "D. I.", "lastName": "Andrianov" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C.", "lastName": "Manzie" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M. J.", "lastName": "Brear" } ], "abstractNote": "This paper proposes a methodology for minimising the fuel consumption of a gasoline fuelled vehicle during cold starting. It first takes a validated dynamic model of an engine and its aftertreatment reported in a previous study (Andrianov, Brear, & Manzie, 2012) to identify optimised engine control strategies using iterative dynamic programming. This is demonstrated on a family of optimisation problems, in which fuel consumption is minimised subject to different tailpipe emissions constraints and exhaust system designs. Potential benefits of using multi-parameter optimisation, involving spark timing, air–fuel ratio and cam timing, are quantified. Single switching control policies are then proposed that perform close to the optimised strategies obtained from the dynamic programming but which require far less computational effort.", "publicationTitle": "Control Engineering Practice", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "August 2013", "volume": "21", "issue": "8", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1007-1019", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Control Engineering Practice", "DOI": "10.1016/j.conengprac.2013.03.011", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967066113000658", "accessDate": "2014-02-21T18:42:25Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0967-0661", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Dynamic programming", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Engine control", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Multiple-criterion optimisation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Multivariable control", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Optimal trajectory", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Validation", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-02-21T18:42:25Z", "dateModified": "2014-02-21T18:42:25Z" } } ]