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The review answered why girls most likely choose family life (marriage and children) rather than pursuing higher education in their life. In order to study this issue, the study used primary data. This paper studied the traditional culture (gender norms) factor as a barrier to keep girls out of school while providing the context of the social and occurred political changes during the post-war to the present time.", "thesisType": "M.Sc.", "university": "North Dakota State University", "place": "United States -- North Dakota", "date": "2020", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "numPages": "129", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/docview/2451414716/abstract/335298005C844861PQ/1", "accessDate": "2021-02-03T18:27:02Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "ProQuest", "callNumber": "", "rights": "Database copyright ProQuest LLC; ProQuest does not claim copyright in the individual underlying works.", "extra": "ISBN: 9798678123121", "tags": [ { "tag": "Education", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Factors", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Gender norms", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Girls", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Tajikistan", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Traditional culture", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2021-02-03T18:27:07Z", "dateModified": "2021-02-03T18:27:07Z" } }, { "key": "FZ4F53I2", "version": 247, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 248892, "name": "Eurasian Education", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/eurasian_education", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/248892/items/FZ4F53I2", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/eurasian_education/items/FZ4F53I2", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1803357, "username": "cwhitsel", "name": "Christopher M. Whitsel", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cwhitsel", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Thapa", "parsedDate": "2012", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "FZ4F53I2", "version": 247, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Community Perspectives on Girls' Dropout in Tajikistan", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Madhurim", "lastName": "Thapa" } ], "abstractNote": "Girl's dropout from school is problematic towards the overall wellbeing of those who drop out and to the society as whole. The goal of this study is to uncover some of the underlying factors that hinder girls from attending school in Tajikistan. For reference I used secondary data collected by UNICEF which was conducted to analyze the demand side of the drop out girls in Tajikistan. There were thirteen focus group discussions and seven individual interviews were conducted with the participants. The results from the analysis indicated that political and institutional factors, culture, poverty and school factors are the key elements for girls to drop out from school. Further, the intersections of these factors create discriminatory situation for girls to participate in schools. The result also identified the differences in perspective of participants on the importance of school for girls.", "publicationTitle": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2012", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://library.ndsu.edu/ir/handle/10365/26631", "accessDate": "2020-12-30T04:38:30Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "library.ndsu.edu", "callNumber": "", "rights": "NDSU Policy 190.6.2", "extra": "Accepted: 2017-10-16T20:05:11Z\nPublisher: North Dakota State University", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2020-12-30T04:38:30Z", "dateModified": "2020-12-30T04:38:30Z" } }, { "key": "VB2DFNM6", "version": 245, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 248892, "name": "Eurasian Education", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/eurasian_education", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/248892/items/VB2DFNM6", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/eurasian_education/items/VB2DFNM6", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1803357, "username": "cwhitsel", "name": "Christopher M. 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Whitsel", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cwhitsel", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "State committee of statistics, The Republic of Uzbekistan", "parsedDate": "2020", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "W7MKNFC7", "version": 245, "itemType": "report", "title": "Statistika qo'mitasi - Development of school education should become a nationwide movement", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "", "lastName": "State committee of statistics, The Republic of Uzbekistan" } ], "abstractNote": "", "reportNumber": "", "reportType": "", "institution": "", "place": "", "date": "2020", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://stat.uz/en/press-center/news-of-uzbekistan/6783-development-of-school-education-should-become-a-nationwide-movement-2", "accessDate": "2020-09-10T03:06:30Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2020-09-10T03:06:30Z", "dateModified": "2020-09-15T20:22:03Z" } }, { "key": "BT83R4DG", "version": 243, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 248892, "name": "Eurasian Education", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/eurasian_education", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/248892/items/BT83R4DG", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/eurasian_education/items/BT83R4DG", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1803357, "username": "cwhitsel", "name": "Christopher M. Whitsel", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cwhitsel", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Smolentseva", "parsedDate": "2020-10-01", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "BT83R4DG", "version": 243, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Marketisation of higher education and dual-track tuition fee system in post-Soviet countries", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Anna", "lastName": "Smolentseva" } ], "abstractNote": "The marketization of higher education in the 15 countries that were formally part of the USSR has established a system model that is distinctive within world higher education, the dual-track tuition system. The foundations of this model were established in the economic liberalization of late Soviet period which facilitated a common pattern in higher education across the post-Soviet countries. Although a private sector has been established, the primary mode of marketization has taken place within the public sector. This remains dominant but has been split into two heterogenous segments in terms of funding and student selection. National systems, and individual institutions, have become divided between state-subsidized higher scoring students, and fee-paying lower performing students, creating different valuations and behaviours for the two segments. National standardized testing is an important instrument of marketization, shaping student selection and institutional differentiation and legitimating the unequal social outcomes that result. Empirical comparison across the 15 countries demonstrates a high level of privatisation of costs, largely because of private funding within public sector. This system model, which is incoherent and fosters a large-scale commitment to non-excellence, reflects a larger duality within post-Soviet societies and polities which remains unresolved. Higher education is riven between the Soviet egalitarian legacy of higher education as a public good, and the post-Soviet moment of the late 1980s and 1990s in which policy shaped by Anglo-American neoliberal thinking set out to turn education into a consumer choice on the basis of an abstract formula of the ideal market.", "publicationTitle": "International Journal of Educational Development", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "October 1, 2020", "volume": "78", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "102265", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "International Journal of Educational Development", "DOI": "10.1016/j.ijedudev.2020.102265", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0738059320304247", "accessDate": "2020-09-15T19:15:49Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0738-0593", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Comparative education", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Dual-track tuition fee system", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Marketization of higher education", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "National standardized testing", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Privatisation of costs", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Soviet and post-Soviet higher education", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2020-09-15T19:15:49Z", "dateModified": "2020-09-15T19:15:49Z" } }, { "key": "5QT7W7RD", "version": 242, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 248892, "name": "Eurasian Education", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/eurasian_education", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/248892/items/5QT7W7RD", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/eurasian_education/items/5QT7W7RD", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1803357, "username": "cwhitsel", "name": "Christopher M. Whitsel", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cwhitsel", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Sharipova", "parsedDate": "2020-07-20", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "5QT7W7RD", "version": 242, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "State Reforms and Informal Payments in Secondary Education of Kazakhstan", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Dina", "lastName": "Sharipova" } ], "abstractNote": "

This paper explores the issue of informal payments in the education sector. State underinvestment in education has significantly increased the scope of informal payments in the post-independence period. The authorities of Kazakhstan have legalized informal payments by introducing Councils of Trustees, creating open school budget accounts, and making changes in the distribution of public expenditures. Although these measures have reduced informal payments in schools, the money received from parents is still an important part of school budgets.

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Whitsel", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cwhitsel", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Ruiz Ramas", "parsedDate": "2016-07-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "2AMF4D3R", "version": 225, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Parental informal payments in Kyrgyzstani schools: Analyzing the strongest and the weakest link", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Rubén", "lastName": "Ruiz Ramas" } ], "abstractNote": "This paper aims to explain why parental informal payments emerge and then spread in different manners in Kyrgyzstani schools and to examine their interaction as informal institutions with the school as a formal one. It is argued that the main reason behind informal payments is the survival of the schools; parents' acceptance of them was a result of necessity. In a small percentage of experiences where marketization of public schools was successful, there was a socioeconomic segregation of pupils, advancing toward a de facto privatization of public schools. Then, while the key logic behind informal payments was the upgrading or elitization of schools, the nature of the engagement of givers and receivers was by choice rather than by necessity. Finally, following Helmke and Levitsky (2004), I link the survival strategy to a substitutive relationship to formal public school outcomes, and to the elitization strategy, a competing nature with the formal logic of Kyrgyzstani basic education. Special attention is given to the social function approach toward informal economy practices, and to the significance of social stratification on how those informal practices work. The paper focuses on the comparison of informal payments in two schools representing the two strategies previously described: an elitnaya school from the center of Bishkek, the 13th Gymnasium School; and the conventional 21st Middle School in the novostroika (new settlement) of Enesay, the capital's periphery. 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