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            "title": "Market access for local food through the conventional food supply chain",
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                    "firstName": "Getachew",
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            "abstractNote": "The paper examines relationships and linkages between the conventional supply chain actors (wholesalers and retailers) and local food producers based on a study conducted in Southeast Michigan. A case study approach was employed to examine chain actors’ operations and to explore their roles, experiences and perceptions about local foods. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with the owners and managers of eleven retailers and six wholesalers. The study found differences in local food perceptions, buying experiences and perceived benefits and risks associated with local food sourcing activities. The study also identified some competition between local independent food retailers and alternative market outlets. The major implication of the findings is that producers need to provide additional market services and develop trust-based relationships with their buyers to create better market access for local foods.",
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            "abstractNote": "Summary from abstract: This qualitative study examines three hybrid food value chains that revolve around conventional, wholesale produce distributors located in rural, urban, and exurban regions of Pennsylvania. Theories of local and social embeddedness inform the analysis of how participants negotiate and coordinate their interactions through informal mechanisms, such as their social relationships, and formal mechanisms, such as contracts and labels. Case study findings reveal distinctions between the rural and exurban cases on the one hand, where participants combined both personal and market-based mechanisms to coordinate their relationships, and the urban case, where the sale of specialty products to a niche market both fostered and inhibited the use of more formal mechanisms of coordination. In all cases, commercial conventions tended to take precedence over social relationships, despite the role that personal trust may have played. These findings suggest that when value chains incorporate conventionally oriented businesses, they would benefit from more deliberate commitment to non-economic goals in order to establish successful mechanisms of inter-organizational coordination.",
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            "abstractNote": "Wholesale channels that provide additional marketing options for small- to mid-sized, values-based producers, increase consumer access to their products, and participate in 'farm to fork' efforts are increasingly referred to as values-based supply chains (VBSCs).  Businesses within VBSCs that aggregate product from these kinds of producers are often referred to as food hubs.\nThe Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education Program (SAREP) at UC Davis has been researching food hubs and VBSCs to help develop marketing channels that provide greater economic stability and viability to small- and mid-sized farmers and food producers as well as fresh, high-quality food to consumers.  \nThis web page offers publications related to opportunities and challenges for food hubs and VBSC implementation, and can be used as resources for participants interested in orienting their work toward values-based marketing and distribution.",
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            "abstractNote": "Engagement happens when academics and non-academics form partnerships to create mutual understanding, and then take action together. An example is the value web work associated with W. K. Kellogg Foundations Food Systems Higher Education-Community Partnership. Partners nationally work on local food systems development by building value webs. Value chains, a concept with considerable currency in the private sector, involves creating non-hierarchical relationships among otherwise disparate actors and entities to achieve collective common goals. The value web concept is extended herein by separating the values of the web itself, such as the value of collaboration, from values in the web, such as credence values associated with a product or service. By sharing and discussing case examples of work underway around the United States, the authors make a case for employing the value webs concept to represent a strategy for local food systems development, specifically, and for higher education-community partnerships, generally.",
            "publicationTitle": "Agric Hum Values Agriculture and Human Values : Journal of the Agriculture, Food, and Human Values Society",
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            "note": "<p>This paper is a case study of three supply chains in Pennsylvania that include \"conventional\" produce distributors who handle \"local\" food. Authors identify these kinds of supply chains as hybrid chains, and further defines them as having local and global resources, access to or ownership of distribution infrastructure, and the goal of both building local food systems and maintaining profit. Hybridization may be seen as appropriating and co-opting local food systems goals or alternatively as a pragmatic necessity. The authors seek to examine the extent to which these supply chains embrace “local embeddedness” or reproduce the power dynamics of the conventional produce distribution system. Local embeddedness is defined as a wide range of social, cultural and environmental factors believed to influence local economic relationships. They explore an urban, an exurban and a rural case.&nbsp;&nbsp;Conclusions are that in the rural and exurban case, local is not a valued differentiation and informal, personal relationships help form trust between producers and distributors but interactions are still governed by the free-market logic of the conventional produce distribution system. In the urban case, local is a highly valued differentiation but relationships between producers and distributors are not based on trust. Producers maintain more power in relationship as they have more diversity in marketing channels and can command a higher price. Distributor sees contracts as a way for him to obtain a competitive price. Urban produces, because of their small scale, are not contributing greatly to the transformation of the food system. Authors conclude that shifts to local purchasing did not translate automatically into shifts in the food system. Expectations need to move away from the logic and convention of commercial produce industry and interorganizational agreements, focus on communication and negotiation could be helpful in making longstanding, resilient commitments to food system shift.</p>",
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            "title": "Moving local food through conventional food system infrastructure: Value chain framework comparisons and insights",
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                    "firstName": "J. Dara",
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            "abstractNote": "Summary from abstract: This paper uses a value chain model (based on business management studies and adapted to the context of agrifood enterprises) as a framework for investigating how actors who are accustomed to working within the logic of the traditional produce industry incorporate local food into their overall operations. Using a qualitative comparative case study approach, the paper examines how features of the value chain structure and governance mechanisms operate in two food distribution networks that are transitioning toward localization in a rural and an urban region of Pennsylvania, respectively. Case study analysis focuses on conventional wholesale produce distributors as the link between local producers and local buyers. Interviews with the distributors, producers and buyers reveal the sources and outcomes of challenges affecting how the distributors organize their purchasing and selling of local produce. Network practices, in turn, have equity implications as distributors struggle to pay producers enough to maintain their economic viability, while still making local produce accessible to a wide range of consumers.",
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