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In so doing, it presents eight different scenarios for the future of religion that citizens of the world currently imagine: revival of conventional faith, proliferation of religious movements, the new age, fanaticism, religious conflict, the millennium, scientism, and secularization. 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This authoritative translation by John Cottingham, taken from the much acclaimed three-volume Cambridge edition of the Philosophical Writings of Descartes, is based upon the best available texts and presents Descartes' central metaphysical writings in clear, readable modern English. As well as the complete text of the Meditations, the reader will find a thematic abridgement of the Objections and Replies (which were originally published with the Meditations) containing Descartes' replies to his critics. These extracts, specially selected for the present volume, indicate the main philosophical difficulties which occurred to Descartes' contemporaries and show how Descartes developed and clarified his arguments in response. 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According to Chalmers, the easy problems are to explain cognitive functions such as discrimination, integration, and the control of behavior; the hard problem is to explain why these functions should be associated with phenomenal experience. Why doesnt all this cognitive processing go on \"in the dark,\" without any consciousness at all? In this book, philosophers, physicists, psychologists, neurophysiologists, computer scientists, and others address this central topic in the growing discipline of consciousness studies. Some take issue with Chalmers' distinction, arguing that the hard problem is a non-problem, or that the explanatory gap is too wide to be bridged. Others offer alternative suggestions as to how the problem might be solved, whether through cognitive science, fundamental physics, empirical phenomenology, or with theories that take consciousness as irreducible. Contributors: Bernard J. Baars, Douglas J. Bilodeau, David Chalmers, Patricia S. Churchland, Thomas Clark, C. J. S. Clarke, Francis Crick, Daniel C. Dennett, Stuart Hameroff, Valerie Hardcastle, David Hodgson, Piet Hut, Christof Koch, Benjamin Libet, E. J. Lowe, Bruce MacLennan, Colin McGinn, Eugene Mills, Kieron OHara, Roger Penrose, Mark C. Price, William S. Robinson, Gregg Rosenberg, Tom Scott, William Seager, Jonathan Shear, Roger N. Shepard, Henry Stapp, Francisco J. Varela, Max Velmans, Richard Warner", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "1999-01", "publisher": "MIT Press", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "436", "ISBN": "9780262692212", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Explaining Consciousness", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Google Books", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Philosophy / Mind & Body", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Psychology / Cognitive Psychology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Science / Life Sciences / Human Anatomy & Physiology", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "QPVS2URU" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-02-09T19:09:46Z", "dateModified": "2014-02-09T19:09:46Z" } }, { "key": "Z56BPF2T", "version": 56, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 245750, "name": "Neuroethics and Judaism", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neuroethics_and_judaism", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/245750/items/Z56BPF2T", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neuroethics_and_judaism/items/Z56BPF2T", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 980010, "username": "amkp711", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/amkp711", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Varela", "parsedDate": "1996-04-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "Z56BPF2T", "version": 56, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Neurophenomenology: a methodological remedy for the hard problem", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "F.J.", "lastName": "Varela" } ], "abstractNote": "This paper starts with one of Chalmers’ basic points: first-hand experience is an irreducible field of phenomena. I claim there is no ‘theoretical fix’ or ‘extra ingredient’ in nature that can possibly bridge this gap. Instead, the field of conscious phenomena requires a rigorous method and an explicit pragmatics for its exploration and analysis. My proposed approach, inspired by the style of inquiry of phenomenology, I have called neurophenomenology. It seeks articulations by mutual constraints between phenomena present in experience and the correlative field of phenomena established by the cognitive sciences. It needs to expand into a widening research community in which the method is cultivated further.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Consciousness Studies", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1996-04-01T00:00:00///", "volume": "3", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "330-349", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Journal of Consciousness Studies", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Neurophenomenology", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "IngentaConnect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "QPVS2URU" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-02-09T19:09:19Z", "dateModified": "2014-02-09T19:09:19Z" } }, { "key": "5AP3SQZB", "version": 55, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 245750, "name": "Neuroethics and Judaism", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neuroethics_and_judaism", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/245750/items/5AP3SQZB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neuroethics_and_judaism/items/5AP3SQZB", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 980010, "username": "amkp711", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/amkp711", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Greene and Cohen", "parsedDate": "2004-11-29", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "5AP3SQZB", "version": 55, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "For the law, neuroscience changes nothing and everything", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Joshua", "lastName": "Greene" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jonathan", "lastName": "Cohen" } ], "abstractNote": "The rapidly growing field of cognitive neuroscience holds the promise of explaining the operations of the mind in terms of the physical operations of the brain. Some suggest that our emerging understanding of the physical causes of human (mis)behaviour will have a transformative effect on the law. Others argue that new neuroscience will provide only new details and that existing legal doctrine can accommodate whatever new information neuroscience will provide. We argue that neuroscience will probably have a transformative effect on the law, despite the fact that existing legal doctrine can, in principle, accommodate whatever neuroscience will tell us. New neuroscience will change the law, not by undermining its current assumptions, but by transforming people's moral intuitions about free will and responsibility. This change in moral outlook will result not from the discovery of crucial new facts or clever new arguments, but from a new appreciation of old arguments, bolstered by vivid new illustrations provided by cognitive neuroscience. We foresee, and recommend, a shift away from punishment aimed at retribution in favour of a more progressive, consequentialist approach to the criminal law.", "publicationTitle": "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "11/29/2004", "volume": "359", "issue": "1451", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1775-1785", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B", "DOI": "10.1098/rstb.2004.1546", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/359/1451/1775", "accessDate": "2014-02-01T21:03:37Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0962-8436, 1471-2970", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 15590618", "tags": [ { "tag": "Brain", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Free Will", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Law", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Morality", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Punishment", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Retributivism", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "243CGJJ4" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-02-01T21:21:54Z", "dateModified": "2014-02-06T21:52:20Z" } }, { "key": "EVRP3B9N", "version": 53, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 245750, "name": "Neuroethics and Judaism", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neuroethics_and_judaism", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { 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"Neuroethics and Judaism", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neuroethics_and_judaism", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/245750/items/47CBIRW3", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neuroethics_and_judaism/items/47CBIRW3", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/245750/items/PHJKCVPH", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 980010, "username": "amkp711", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/amkp711", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "47CBIRW3", "version": 53, "parentItem": "PHJKCVPH", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2014-02-06T20:55:41Z", "url": "http://www.sciencemag.org/content/274/5286/427.short", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-02-06T20:55:41Z", "dateModified": "2014-02-06T20:55:41Z" } }, { "key": "V9GBFW49", "version": 53, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 245750, "name": "Neuroethics and Judaism", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neuroethics_and_judaism", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/245750/items/V9GBFW49", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neuroethics_and_judaism/items/V9GBFW49", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/245750/items/PHJKCVPH", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 980010, "username": "amkp711", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/amkp711", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "V9GBFW49", "version": 53, "parentItem": "PHJKCVPH", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2014-02-06T20:55:41Z", "url": "http://www.sciencemag.org/content/274/5286/427.full.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-02-06T20:55:41Z", "dateModified": "2014-02-06T20:55:41Z" } }, { "key": "PHJKCVPH", "version": 53, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 245750, "name": "Neuroethics and Judaism", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neuroethics_and_judaism", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/245750/items/PHJKCVPH", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neuroethics_and_judaism/items/PHJKCVPH", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 980010, "username": "amkp711", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/amkp711", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Hanes and Schall", "parsedDate": "1996-10-18", "numChildren": 3 }, "data": { "key": "PHJKCVPH", "version": 53, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Neural Control of Voluntary Movement Initiation", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Doug P.", "lastName": "Hanes" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jeffrey D.", "lastName": "Schall" } ], "abstractNote": "When humans respond to sensory stimulation, their reaction times tend to be long and variable relative to neural transduction and transmission times. The neural processes responsible for the duration and variability of reaction times are not understood. Single-cell recordings in a motor area of the cerebral cortex in behaving rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were used to evaluate two alternative mathematical models of the processes that underlie reaction times. Movements were initiated if and only if the neural activity reached a specific and constant threshold activation level. Stochastic variability in the rate at which neural activity grew toward that threshold resulted in the distribution of reaction times. This finding elucidates a specific link between motor behavior and activation of neurons in the cerebral cortex.", "publicationTitle": "Science", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "10/18/1996", "volume": "274", "issue": "5286", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "427-430", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Science", "DOI": "10.1126/science.274.5286.427", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencemag.org/content/274/5286/427", "accessDate": "2014-02-06T20:55:41Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0036-8075, 1095-9203", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "www.sciencemag.org", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 8832893", "tags": [], "collections": [ "85TP5TBA" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-02-06T20:55:41Z", "dateModified": "2014-02-06T20:55:41Z" } }, { "key": "T96C3EHP", "version": 52, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 245750, "name": "Neuroethics and Judaism", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neuroethics_and_judaism", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/245750/items/T96C3EHP", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neuroethics_and_judaism/items/T96C3EHP", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/245750/items/CDK3DGT8", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 980010, "username": "amkp711", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/amkp711", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "T96C3EHP", "version": 52, "parentItem": "CDK3DGT8", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2014-02-06T20:55:19Z", "url": "http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00213-008-1099-6#page-1", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-02-06T20:55:19Z", "dateModified": "2014-02-06T20:55:19Z" } }, { "key": "CDK3DGT8", "version": 52, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 245750, "name": "Neuroethics and Judaism", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neuroethics_and_judaism", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/245750/items/CDK3DGT8", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neuroethics_and_judaism/items/CDK3DGT8", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 980010, "username": "amkp711", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/amkp711", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Berridge and Kringelbach", "parsedDate": "2008-08-01", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "CDK3DGT8", "version": 52, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Affective neuroscience of pleasure: reward in humans and animals", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kent C.", "lastName": "Berridge" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Morten L.", "lastName": "Kringelbach" } ], "abstractNote": "Introduction Pleasure and reward are generated by brain circuits that are largely shared between humans and other animals. Discussion Here, we survey some fundamental topics regarding pleasure mechanisms and explicitly compare humans and animals. Conclusion Topics surveyed include liking, wanting, and learning components of reward; brain coding versus brain causing of reward; subjective pleasure versus objective hedonic reactions; roles of orbitofrontal cortex and related cortex regions; subcortical hedonic hotspots for pleasure generation; reappraisals of dopamine and pleasure-electrode controversies; and the relation of pleasure to happiness.", "publicationTitle": "Psychopharmacology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2008/08/01", "volume": "199", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "457-480", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Psychopharmacology", "DOI": "10.1007/s00213-008-1099-6", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00213-008-1099-6", "accessDate": "2014-02-06T20:55:19Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0033-3158, 1432-2072", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Affective neuroscience of pleasure", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "link.springer.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Addiction", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Deep brain stimulation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Dopamine", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Food", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Hedonic", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Mesolimbic", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Motivation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Neurosciences", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Nucleus accumbens", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Opioid", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Orbitofrontal cortex", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Pharmacology/Toxicology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Pleasure", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Psychiatry", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Reward", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "85TP5TBA" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-02-06T20:55:19Z", "dateModified": "2014-02-06T20:55:19Z" } }, { "key": "T2XJQWSJ", "version": 52, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 245750, "name": "Neuroethics and Judaism", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neuroethics_and_judaism", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/245750/items/T2XJQWSJ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neuroethics_and_judaism/items/T2XJQWSJ", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/245750/items/CDK3DGT8", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 980010, "username": "amkp711", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/amkp711", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "T2XJQWSJ", "version": 52, "parentItem": "CDK3DGT8", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2014-02-06T20:55:19Z", "url": "http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00213-008-1099-6.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-02-06T20:55:19Z", "dateModified": "2014-02-06T20:55:19Z" } }, { "key": "MJPXSJ3H", "version": 51, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 245750, "name": "Neuroethics and Judaism", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neuroethics_and_judaism", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/245750/items/MJPXSJ3H", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neuroethics_and_judaism/items/MJPXSJ3H", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/245750/items/KRK8VCRD", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 980010, "username": "amkp711", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/amkp711", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "MJPXSJ3H", "version": 51, "parentItem": "KRK8VCRD", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2014-02-06T20:54:47Z", "url": "http://www.jneurosci.org/content/19/13/5473.full.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-02-06T20:54:47Z", "dateModified": "2014-02-06T20:54:47Z" } }, { "key": "KRK8VCRD", "version": 51, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 245750, "name": "Neuroethics and Judaism", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neuroethics_and_judaism", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/245750/items/KRK8VCRD", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neuroethics_and_judaism/items/KRK8VCRD", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 980010, "username": "amkp711", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/amkp711", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Bechara et al.", "parsedDate": "1999-07-01", "numChildren": 3 }, "data": { "key": "KRK8VCRD", "version": 51, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Different Contributions of the Human Amygdala and Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex to Decision-Making", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Antoine", "lastName": "Bechara" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Hanna", "lastName": "Damasio" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Antonio R.", "lastName": "Damasio" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gregory P.", "lastName": "Lee" } ], "abstractNote": "The somatic marker hypothesis proposes that decision-making is a process that depends on emotion. Studies have shown that damage of the ventromedial prefrontal (VMF) cortex precludes the ability to use somatic (emotional) signals that are necessary for guiding decisions in the advantageous direction. However, given the role of the amygdala in emotional processing, we asked whether amygdala damage also would interfere with decision-making. Furthermore, we asked whether there might be a difference between the roles that the amygdala and VMF cortex play in decision-making. To address these two questions, we studied a group of patients with bilateral amygdala, but not VMF, damage and a group of patients with bilateral VMF, but not amygdala, damage. We used the “gambling task” to measure decision-making performance and electrodermal activity (skin conductance responses, SCR) as an index of somatic state activation. Allpatients, those with amygdala damage as well as those with VMF damage, were (1) impaired on the gambling task and (2) unable to develop anticipatory SCRs while they pondered risky choices. However, VMF patients were able to generate SCRs when they received a reward or a punishment (play money), whereas amygdala patients failed to do so. In a Pavlovian conditioning experiment the VMF patients acquired a conditioned SCR to visual stimuli paired with an aversive loud sound, whereas amygdala patients failed to do so. The results suggest that amygdala damage is associated with impairment in decision-making and that the roles played by the amygdala and VMF in decision-making are different.", "publicationTitle": "The Journal of Neuroscience", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "07/01/1999", "volume": "19", "issue": "13", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "5473-5481", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J. Neurosci.", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.jneurosci.org/content/19/13/5473", "accessDate": "2014-02-06T20:54:47Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0270-6474, 1529-2401", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "www.jneurosci.org", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 10377356", "tags": [ { "tag": "amygdala", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "conditioning", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "decision-making", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "emotion", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "gambling task", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "prefrontal cortex", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "skin conductance", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "85TP5TBA" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-02-06T20:54:47Z", "dateModified": "2014-02-06T20:54:47Z" } }, { "key": "DVN8KQ2U", "version": 51, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 245750, "name": "Neuroethics and Judaism", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neuroethics_and_judaism", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/245750/items/DVN8KQ2U", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neuroethics_and_judaism/items/DVN8KQ2U", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/245750/items/KRK8VCRD", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 980010, "username": "amkp711", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/amkp711", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "DVN8KQ2U", "version": 51, "parentItem": "KRK8VCRD", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "PubMed entry", "accessDate": "2014-02-06T20:54:47Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10377356", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-02-06T20:54:47Z", "dateModified": "2014-02-06T20:54:47Z" } }, { "key": "WG7WFED5", "version": 51, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 245750, "name": "Neuroethics and Judaism", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neuroethics_and_judaism", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/245750/items/WG7WFED5", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neuroethics_and_judaism/items/WG7WFED5", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/245750/items/KRK8VCRD", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 980010, "username": "amkp711", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/amkp711", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "WG7WFED5", "version": 51, "parentItem": "KRK8VCRD", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2014-02-06T20:54:47Z", "url": "http://www.jneurosci.org/content/19/13/5473.short", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-02-06T20:54:47Z", "dateModified": "2014-02-06T20:54:47Z" } }, { "key": "4E67QBVK", "version": 54, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 245750, "name": "Neuroethics and Judaism", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neuroethics_and_judaism", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/245750/items/4E67QBVK", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neuroethics_and_judaism/items/4E67QBVK", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 980010, "username": "amkp711", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/amkp711", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Hauser et al.", "parsedDate": "2002-11-22", "numChildren": 3 }, "data": { "key": "4E67QBVK", "version": 54, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The Faculty of Language: What Is It, Who Has It, and How Did It Evolve?", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Marc D.", "lastName": "Hauser" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Noam", "lastName": "Chomsky" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "W. Tecumseh", "lastName": "Fitch" } ], "abstractNote": "We argue that an understanding of the faculty of language requires substantial interdisciplinary cooperation. We suggest how current developments in linguistics can be profitably wedded to work in evolutionary biology, anthropology, psychology, and neuroscience. We submit that a distinction should be made between the faculty of language in the broad sense (FLB) and in the narrow sense (FLN). FLB includes a sensory-motor system, a conceptual-intentional system, and the computational mechanisms for recursion, providing the capacity to generate an infinite range of expressions from a finite set of elements. We hypothesize that FLN only includes recursion and is the only uniquely human component of the faculty of language. We further argue that FLN may have evolved for reasons other than language, hence comparative studies might look for evidence of such computations outside of the domain of communication (for example, number, navigation, and social relations).", "publicationTitle": "Science", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "11/22/2002", "volume": "298", "issue": "5598", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1569-1579", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Science", "DOI": "10.1126/science.298.5598.1569", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencemag.org/content/298/5598/1569", "accessDate": "2014-02-06T20:53:55Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0036-8075, 1095-9203", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "The Faculty of Language", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "www.sciencemag.org", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 12446899", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-02-06T20:53:55Z", "dateModified": "2014-02-06T20:53:55Z" } } ]