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            "creatorSummary": "Oettinger and Marks",
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            "itemType": "journalArticle",
            "title": "EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY: NEW MYTHS AND OLD REALITIES",
            "creators": [
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Anthony",
                    "lastName": "Oettinger"
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                    "firstName": "Sema",
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            "abstractNote": "Too many educators today adopt modern technological tools & methods in their Sch's without seriously thinking about their promise or their limitations. The assertion that technology promotes individualization of instruction is used to contrast broad claims with a narrower reality. 2 case studies-the Watertown, Mass Language Laboratory & the Stanford-Brentwood Computer Assisted Instruction Laboratory-illustrate how the combination of instit'al rigidity & the current state of technology precludes the widespread & meaningful adoption, integration & practical application of technology in the Sch's. It is concluded that the short-range claims made for educ'al technology are unfounded. As much diversity in educ'al methods as possible should be encouraged & the 'naive illusion should be dropped that sci has answers which educ can exploit if only it will organize itself properly & do the right incantations.' DIS- CUSSION by Maurice Belanger (Harvard U, Cambridge, Mass) indicates that the new technology can not be dismissed with the standard analysis that it is simply another round of innocuous technical innovation. 4 points are raised which should be probed: (1) the applicability of Jacques Ellul's fundamental thesis of the technical takeover (THE TECHNOLOGICAL SOCI- ETY, New York, NY: Vintage, 1967); (2) computers, programs, & other technology now used in educ should be more clearly defined; (3) Ludwig von Bertalanffy's concept of 'general systems' should be utilized rather than the neomechanisms of cybernetics; & (4) the possible loss of life & spirit in teaching through too many mechanisms. Allan B. Ellis (Harvard U, Cambridge, Mass) questions the usefulness of machines in teaching. It is stated that Oettinger did not show educators the role computers can play in the implementation & the formulation of educ'al goals. 'He is telling us to use technology properly without ever bothering to tell us what technology is.' Patrick Suppers (Stanford U, Calif) comments on some of the technical aspects in Oettinger's paper & deals with various aspects of the problem of individualization of instruction as handled in the Stanford-Brentwood language laboratory program. By teaching Russian at a computer console, the teacherstudent relationship is individualized & becomes more direct. Results have been positive. Warren G. Bennis (State U of New York, Buffalo) finds that Oettinger presented little more than generalities. Under reference to theories of soc change, Oettinger's statements about the propensity of Sch systems to resist change are rejected. Robert Glaser (U of Pittsburgh, Pa) feels that Oettinger's analysis is superficial. The usefulness of a computer in teaching is affirmed. Oettinger ommitted the important new technology which resulted from the application of behavioral sci to practical human affairs & which is providing the principles & evaluative procedures to make hardware technology viable. James W. Becker, offers some facts on educ in Newark, NJ & asserts that computers are no panacea but must be tried to improve the disastrous conditions of educ. Anthony G. Oettinger & Sema Marks, REPLY, emphasize the need to distinguish between ultimate promise & immediate possibility & to avoid confusing a belief in the value of sci with a belief that sci necessarily has all the answers. Behavioral sci has as yet provided little of immediate value. In educ'al policies, conscious decisions about values are unavoidable. The use of unproven educ'al technology as a placebo is dangerous. Above all, flexibility is necessary for educators. M. MaxfieId.",
            "publicationTitle": "Harvard Educational Review",
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            "date": "1968",
            "volume": "38",
            "issue": "4",
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            "pages": "697–755",
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            "DOI": "10.17763/haer.38.4.37863k075234nu72",
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            "abstractNote": "To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2013.12.015 Byline: Paul Lam, Carmel McNaught, Jack Lee, Mavis Chan Abstract: This paper focuses on interdisciplinary differences in three main issues related to eLearning: namely, use of technology, use of technology for teaching and learning, and perceptions about eLearning strategies. Data were survey results for 1438 students at The Chinese University of Hong Kong. Disciplines were classified into Soft/Hard and Pure/Applied based on the Biglan model. Results revealed that while students of different disciplines did not vary a great deal in their daily usage of technology, there were differences in their level of confidence in using technology. The use of technology for teaching and learning also differed across disciplines. For example, students in Applied disciplines, compared with students in Pure disciplines, had more experience in employing web-based communication tools to learn. However, there were no significant differences in terms of students' perceptions of the usefulness of eLearning strategies. The findings suggested that while there may be disciplinary differences in the adoption of eLearning, all students have a similar (and positive) view about the need for the use of technology for teaching and learning. Author Affiliation: Centre for Learning Enhancement And Research (CLEAR), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Room 302, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong Article History: Received 7 July 2013; Revised 29 December 2013; Accepted 31 December 2013",
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            "date": "2014",
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            "creatorSummary": "Raghunath et al.",
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            "title": "Mandatory use of technology in teaching: Who cares and so what?",
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                    "firstName": "Alexander Seeshing",
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            "abstractNote": "Today's teachers are expected to use modern digital technology (DT) to optimise pedagogical effects. Singaporean policy makers have introduced directives to explicitly require teachers to apply DT in teaching. Inherent in such directives is an assumption that by requiring teachers to apply DT, they will perceive its value and use it in their teaching. This paper tests this assumption. Students in initial teacher education programs in Singapore responded to a survey on four variables about their use of DT: (1) compliance with requirements, (2) sense of competence, (3) perceived value and (4) frequency of DT application. Compliance was found to be negatively correlated with competence and uncorrelated with frequency, indicating that teachers who were more competent in DT were less likely to be compliant and those who were compliant may not actually apply DT in teaching. In contrast, both competence and value were positively correlated with frequency of application. Compliance differs for students in different programs and is higher for females. The results indicate that mandating use of DT may not be useful. A more productive approach may be to enhance the competence of teachers in DT so that they value its effectiveness and are confident to apply it in classroom activities. Practitioner Notes What is already known about this topic * There is a global trend that education authorities require teachers to apply educational technology in classroom practices. * Requiring people to comply with directives from the authority may not always lead to conformity. * Self-perception of competence has significant positive influence on human behaviour. What this paper adds * Teachers who are more competent with DT are less likely to be compliant. * Teachers who are compliant may not actually apply DT in teaching. * It is essential for teachers to see the value of DT and build up their competence to use technology effectively. Implications for practice and/or policy * Teacher educators need to reconsider their training approaches in order to cultivate positive attitudes towards DT and develop preservice teachers' competence in using DT for teaching and learning. * School administration should strive to create a culture that values DT in teaching and learning. * Teachers need to have successful experiences in DT application that in turn change their perceptions and classroom practices. [PUBLICATION ]",
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            "title": "The cross-cultural transfer of educational technology: A myth",
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            "abstractNote": "This paper argues that technologies can never be transferred from one culture to another. The implementation by Costa Rica of the Open University system of technologies developed in England is used as a case in point. The paper focuses on the non-applicability of using the term “transfer” with its attendant connotations, to signify the implementation of similar technologies in different cultures; differentiates between system specific and culture specific problems in the process of this implementation: and discusses the interaction of three cultures in the process of “transferring” a system of technologies from one of these cultures to another. The Open University system of technologies is described as it exists in England and the system specific problems of these technologies are delimited. The system of technologies is then “transferred” to Costa Rica and the culture specific problems discussed as seen by two evaluators from yet a third culture (the United States). The expectations of individuals from all three cultures (English, Costa Rican and U.S.) are raised in tight of these culture specific problems. L'article ci-dessoux conclut que les méthodes ne peuvent en aucun cas être transferées de culture á culture. L'adoption par le Costa Rica du systéme de méthodes développées en Angleterre pour l'Université sans Barrières est utilisé comme exemple. L'article souligne que le terme “transfer” avec ses connotations usuelles ne peut pas être use pour signifier l'adoption de méthodes semblables dans des cultures différentes. En oûtre, l'article établit la diffecelles dues aux cultures lors des tentatives d'adoption, et décrit l'interaction de trois cultures au cours des tentatives de “transfer” d'un systéme de méthodes d'une culture à une autre. Le système de méthodes de l'Université sans Barriéres tel qu'il est apliqué en Angleterre est décrit et les difficultes propres à ce système sont précisées. Le système est “transferé” au Costa Rica et les difficultés dues a la culture nationale sont discutés telles qu'elles apparaissent à deux chercheurs provenant d'une troisième culture, celle des Etats Unis. Les suppositions quant'aux resultats de la tentative d'adoption entretenues par des represéntants de trois cultures nationales, Anglais, Costaricains et Américains, sont examines dans le contexte de difficultés propres aux cultures nationales. Los autores de este estudio proponen que no se puede “transferir” la tecnología de una cultura a otra. El ejempio que se usan es la ejecución por Costa Rica del sistema de tecnología en la Universidad Abierta de Inglaterra. Los autores mantienen que el uso de la palabra “transferencia,” con las connotaciones concomitantes, es inapropriado y incorrecto para significar la ejecución de una tecnología en otras culturas. El estudio distinque entre los problemas relacianado al sistema y los relacianado a la cultura en el proceso de esta ejecución, y investiga la interacción de tres culturas cuando se “transfiere” un sistema tecnolōgico de una cultura a otra. Los autores describen el sistema de tecnología en la Universidad Abierta de Inglaterra y delimitan los problemas relacianado al sistema de esta tecnología. Entonces, se “transfiere” el sistema de tecnología a Costa Rica. Los autores discuten los problemas relacionado a la cultura por el punto de vista de la tercera cultura (Lost Estados Unidos). Para investigar lost problemas relacionado a la cultura, el estudio trata de la expectaciones de las personas de las tres culturas (Inglaterra, Costa Rica y Los Estados Unidos).",
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            "abstractNote": "•A TAM3-based e-learning acceptance model is validated in two educational settings.•Links between behavioral intention and actual system usage are also analyzed.•No strong relation was found between BI and self-reported frequency of use.•Results suggest a trade-off effect between habit and behavioral intention.•Two components of perceived usefulness are identified: performance and flexibility. Widespread implementation of e-learning systems – learning management systems, virtual learning environments – across higher education institutions has aroused great interest on the study of e-learning acceptance. Acceptance studies focus on the predictors of system adoption and use, with behavioral intention to use the system as a proxy for actual use. This study proposes a TAM3-based model – with the inclusion of two additional variables: personal innovativeness in the domain of information technology and perceived interaction – to study the factors influencing the acceptance of e-learning systems. Attention is also brought towards the role of behavioral intention, especially in its relation with use behavior. In order to do so, two different settings were considered: higher education and lifelong learning; data was gathered from a survey administrated to Spanish graduate and lifelong learning students, and partial least squares analysis was used to test the research model. Results supported TAM relations, except for the intention-behavior linkage, and unveiled a dual nature of perceived usefulness – with one component related to efficiency and performance, and another component related to flexibility. The adequacy of applying TAM3-based models in educational contexts and suitability of actual system usage measures are also discussed.",
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            "title": "Participation in virtual academic communities of practice under the influence of technology acceptance and community factors. A learning analytics application",
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                    "firstName": "Nicolae",
                    "lastName": "Nistor"
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                    "firstName": "Beate",
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                    "firstName": "Dan",
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                    "firstName": "George",
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            "abstractNote": "•The study examines participation in virtual communities of practice (vCoP).•Learning analytics are employed in the form of automated content analysis.•Participants’ intention to use technology has no influence on actual usage.•Participation is strongly influenced by participants’ domain knowledge.•Individual domain knowledge is reflected in the collaborative dialogue quality. Participation in virtual communities of practice (vCoP) can be influenced at the same time by technology acceptance and by community factors. To overcome methodological issues connected with the analysis of these influences, learning analytics were applied. Based on a recent vCoP model, the collaborative dialogue comprising 4040 interventions in 1981 messages created by a vCoP located at a US American online university was automatically analyzed. The text-based asynchronous online discussions were scored using a cohesion-based participation and collaboration analysis. Additionally, a sample of N=133 vCoP participants responded a technology acceptance survey. Thus, a combined research model including the vCoP model and an established technology acceptance model was verified. The results confirmed the vCoP model entirely, and the acceptance model only partially. As consequence for educational research, the CoP model was confirmed and extended to vCoP settings, while the acceptance model appears to need reconsideration. For academic practice, the study initiates the development of assessment tools fostering knowledge sharing through dialogue in vCoP. Also, it suggests how virtual classrooms can be extended to open spaces where value creation takes place through social learning. Learning analytics proved thus successful, provides information that impacts both theory and practice of technology-enhanced learning.",
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            "abstractNote": "The continuous development of new platforms and environments for technology-enhanced learning emphasizes the increasing importance of research in educational technology acceptance (ETA). Responding to this need, the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) proposes a major ETA model. However, the UTAUT has been so far validated only in restrained contexts. The ongoing internationalization of education calls for extending ETA research and the UTAUT across national and professional boundaries. Therefore, this study aims at cross-cultural validation of the UTAUT by examining a large sample (N = 4,589) of educational technology users from three European countries, Germany, Romania and Turkey. As a first conclusion, the UTAUT questionnaire displays adequate validity, reliability, and measurement equivalence across cultures, which further enables UTAUT-based comparisons of the cultural groups. Secondly, the effect of technology use intention on the actual use behavior proves to be extremely weak. Several possible explanations are proposed along with suggestions for future research. Thirdly, for the first time in ETA research the cultural sample diversity allows the verification of correlations between acceptance and culture. Thus, this study makes headway in the integration of culture (sensu Hofstede) in the UTAUT by suggesting effects of power distance, individualism, masculinity, uncertainty avoidance and long-term orientation on performance and effort expectancy, perceived social influence, computer anxiety, technology use intention and actual use behavior. Fourthly, for educational practice the presented results suggest several ways of anticipating and supporting ETA in multicultural user groups.[PUBLICATION ]",
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            "abstractNote": "To purchase or authenticate to the full-text of this article, please visit this link: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bjet.12169/abstract Byline: Ali Tarhini, Kate Hone, Xiaohui Liu Abstract This paper examines the social, organisational and individual factors that may affect students' acceptance of e-learning systems in higher education in a cross-cultural context. A questionnaire was developed based on an extended technology acceptance model (TAM). A total sample of 1173 university students from two private universities in Lebanon and one university in England participated in this study. After performing the satisfactory reliability and validity checks, the hypothesised model was estimated using structural equation modeling. The findings of this study revealed that perceived usefulness (PU), perceived ease of use (PEOU), social norms (SNs), perceived quality of work life (QWL), computer self-efficacy (SE) and facilitating conditions (FC) are significant determinants of behavioural intentions (BIs) and usage of e-learning system for the Lebanese and British students. QWL, the newly added variable, was found the most important construct in explaining the causal process in the model for both samples. Differences were found between Lebanese and British students with regard to PEOU, SN, QWL, FC, SE and actual usage; however, no differences were detected in terms of PU and BI. Overall, the proposed model achieves acceptable fit and explains for 69% of the British sample and 57% of the Lebanese sample of its variance which is higher than that of the original TAM. Our findings suggest that individual, social and organisational factors are important to consider in explaining students' BI and usage of e-learning environments. Biographical information: Ali Tarhini is a researcher within the Human Computer Interaction (HCI) group, Department of Information System and Computing, Brunel University, London, UK. His research interests include Educational Psychology, ICT in Education, human-computer interaction, cross-cultural aspects of e-learning use in higher educational institutions, user adoption and acceptance of technology. Kate Hone is a Reader in Information Systems and Director of the Graduate School, Brunel University, London, UK. Her research interests include human-computer interaction, cross-cultural issues in IT, affective computing and universal access. Xiaohui Liu is a professor of Computing, Department of Information System and Computing, and Head of the Centre for Intelligent Data Analysis, Brunel University, London, UK. His research interests include the understanding of individual differences in human behavior using data mining and development of novel intelligent data analysis methods for a variety of applications.",
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