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"4842c7f3cdbd31b028ce247392c65e58", "mtime": 1413171386000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-10-13T03:36:23Z", "dateModified": "2014-10-13T03:36:26Z" } }, { "key": "TAQ7E2X9", "version": 183, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 244787, "name": "Geoengineering Session", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/geoengineering_session", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/244787/items/TAQ7E2X9", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/geoengineering_session/items/TAQ7E2X9", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/244787/items/TVWWQKP5", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1766815, "username": "saragoldstein", "name": "Sara", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/saragoldstein", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "TAQ7E2X9", "version": 183, "parentItem": "TVWWQKP5", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2014-10-13T03:36:23Z", "url": "http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-1-4614-5770-1_1.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Lenton and Vaughan - 2013 - Introduction.pdf", "md5": "52ca73413c3c21ca4108e29d8b4ea419", "mtime": 1413171385000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-10-13T03:36:23Z", "dateModified": "2014-10-13T03:36:25Z" } }, { "key": "BZXNDEWK", "version": 182, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 244787, "name": "Geoengineering Session", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/geoengineering_session", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/244787/items/BZXNDEWK", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/geoengineering_session/items/BZXNDEWK", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1766815, "username": "saragoldstein", "name": "Sara", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/saragoldstein", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Low et al.", "parsedDate": "2013-01-01", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "BZXNDEWK", "version": 182, "itemType": "bookSection", "title": "Geoengineering Policy and Governance Issues", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sean", "lastName": "Low" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Nigel", "lastName": "Moore" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Zhewen", "lastName": "Chen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Keith", "lastName": "McManamen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jason J.", "lastName": "Blackstock" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Tim", "lastName": "Lenton" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Naomi", "lastName": "Vaughan" } ], "abstractNote": "Geoengineering – the deliberate and technological manipulation of the climate system to forestall the worst effects of global warming (also referred to as climate engineering) – has recently emerged as a novel and controversial issue in climate governance. It is sometimes proposed as an insurance policy, should either (a) primary efforts to develop sustainable energy and societal systems prove unable to quickly enough overcome the inertia of current ones, or (b) uncertainty in the climate system lead to unexpectedly large damage to societies and ecosystems [1]. This entry explores the current attempts and future ideas for governing emerging geoengineering research programs and technologies in ways that effectively manage their climatic and societal impacts.", "bookTitle": "Geoengineering Responses to Climate Change", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2013/01/01", "publisher": "Springer New York", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "pages": "169-191", "ISBN": "978-1-4614-5769-5, 978-1-4614-5770-1", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4614-5770-1_8", "accessDate": "2014-10-13T03:36:23Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "link.springer.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "©2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Earth System Sciences", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Geophysics and Environmental Physics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Inorganic Chemistry", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Meteorology/Climatology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "climate change", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-10-13T03:36:23Z", "dateModified": "2014-10-13T03:36:23Z" } }, { "key": "72WESQGJ", "version": 182, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 244787, "name": "Geoengineering Session", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/geoengineering_session", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/244787/items/72WESQGJ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/geoengineering_session/items/72WESQGJ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1766815, "username": "saragoldstein", "name": "Sara", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/saragoldstein", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Schuiling", "parsedDate": "2013-01-01", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "72WESQGJ", "version": 182, "itemType": "bookSection", "title": "Carbon Dioxide Sequestration, Weathering Approaches to", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R. D.", "lastName": "Schuiling" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Tim", "lastName": "Lenton" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Naomi", "lastName": "Vaughan" } ], "abstractNote": "The aim of enhanced weathering is to capture CO2 by the carbonation of silicates, or by dissolution of these silicates during which the greenhouse gas CO2 is converted to bicarbonate in solution. Research in this field is still focused on increasing the rate of reaction, but the required additional technologies add considerably to the cost of the process. In this entry, the focus is on the optimization of the weathering conditions, by selecting the most reactive abundantly available minerals, grinding them, and spreading the grains over land. Thereafter nature takes its course. Since its formulation in the late 1990s, more and more people realize that this simple and natural approach may well turn out to be one of the most promising and environmentally friendliest ways to counteract climate change and ocean acidification", "bookTitle": "Geoengineering Responses to Climate Change", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2013/01/01", "publisher": "Springer New York", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "pages": "141-167", "ISBN": "978-1-4614-5769-5, 978-1-4614-5770-1", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4614-5770-1_7", "accessDate": "2014-10-13T03:36:23Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "link.springer.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "©2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Earth System Sciences", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Geophysics and Environmental Physics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Inorganic Chemistry", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Meteorology/Climatology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "climate change", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-10-13T03:36:23Z", "dateModified": "2014-10-13T03:36:23Z" } }, { "key": "XTJGR2SM", "version": 182, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 244787, "name": "Geoengineering Session", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/geoengineering_session", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/244787/items/XTJGR2SM", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/geoengineering_session/items/XTJGR2SM", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1766815, "username": "saragoldstein", "name": "Sara", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/saragoldstein", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Salter", "parsedDate": "2013-01-01", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "XTJGR2SM", "version": 182, "itemType": "bookSection", "title": "Solar Radiation Management, Cloud Albedo Enhancement", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Stephen H.", "lastName": "Salter" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Tim", "lastName": "Lenton" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Naomi", "lastName": "Vaughan" } ], "abstractNote": "Cloud albedo enhancement is one of several possible methods of solar radiation management by which the rate of increase in world temperatures could be reduced or even reversed. It depends on a well-known phenomenon in atmospheric physics known as the Twomey effect. Twomey argued that the reflectivity of clouds is a function of the size distribution of the drops in the cloud top. In clean mid-ocean air masses, there is a shortage of the condensation nuclei necessary for initial drop formation in addition to high relative humidity. This means that the liquid water in a cloud has to be in relatively large drops. If extra nuclei could be artificially introduced, the same amount of liquid water would be shared among a larger number of smaller drops which would have a larger surface area to reflect a larger fraction of the incoming solar energy back out to space.", "bookTitle": "Geoengineering Responses to Climate Change", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2013/01/01", "publisher": "Springer New York", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "pages": "39-51", "ISBN": "978-1-4614-5769-5, 978-1-4614-5770-1", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4614-5770-1_4", "accessDate": "2014-10-13T03:36:23Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "link.springer.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "©2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Earth System Sciences", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Geophysics and Environmental Physics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Inorganic Chemistry", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Meteorology/Climatology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "climate change", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-10-13T03:36:23Z", "dateModified": "2014-10-13T03:36:23Z" } }, { "key": "JP32HHDC", "version": 182, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 244787, "name": "Geoengineering Session", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/geoengineering_session", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/244787/items/JP32HHDC", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/geoengineering_session/items/JP32HHDC", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1766815, "username": "saragoldstein", "name": "Sara", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/saragoldstein", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Lunt", "parsedDate": "2013-01-01", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "JP32HHDC", "version": 182, "itemType": "bookSection", "title": "Sunshades for Solar Radiation Management", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Daniel J.", "lastName": "Lunt" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Tim", "lastName": "Lenton" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Naomi", "lastName": "Vaughan" } ], "abstractNote": "There is strong scientific consensus that the Earth’s climate has been warming over the last century and that this warming is primarily due to human influences on the climate system (IPCC 2007). Attempts to curb human emissions of greenhouse gases have so far largely failed; as such, and in an attempt to avoid or delay potential dangerous climate change, several geoengineering schemes have been suggested for modifying Earth’s climate directly. One such scheme is the construction of a sunshade in space, in orbit between the Earth and the Sun, with the aim of reducing the effective strength of the Sun’s rays, and cooling the Earth’s climate. However, it is now thought that such a sunshade, although highly effective in terms of cooling the planet, would have other, perhaps undesirable, impacts on Earth’s climate, in particular on precipitation patterns. This highlights the importance of using a whole-Earth system approach when considering the potential impacts of any geoengineering scheme.", "bookTitle": "Geoengineering Responses to Climate Change", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2013/01/01", "publisher": "Springer New York", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "pages": "9-20", "ISBN": "978-1-4614-5769-5, 978-1-4614-5770-1", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4614-5770-1_2", "accessDate": "2014-10-13T03:36:23Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "link.springer.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "©2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Earth System Sciences", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Geophysics and Environmental Physics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Inorganic Chemistry", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Meteorology/Climatology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "climate change", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-10-13T03:36:23Z", "dateModified": "2014-10-13T03:36:23Z" } }, { "key": "UZS799EU", "version": 182, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 244787, "name": "Geoengineering Session", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/geoengineering_session", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/244787/items/UZS799EU", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/geoengineering_session/items/UZS799EU", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1766815, "username": "saragoldstein", "name": "Sara", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/saragoldstein", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Shackley et al.", "parsedDate": "2013-01-01", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "UZS799EU", "version": 182, "itemType": "bookSection", "title": "Biochar, Tool for Climate Change Mitigation and Soil Management", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Simon", "lastName": "Shackley" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Saran", "lastName": "Sohi" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Rodrigo", "lastName": "Ibarrola" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jim", "lastName": "Hammond" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ondřej", "lastName": "Mašek" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Peter", "lastName": "Brownsort" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Andrew", "lastName": "Cross" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Miranda", "lastName": "Prendergast-Miller" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Stuart", "lastName": "Haszeldine" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Tim", "lastName": "Lenton" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Naomi", "lastName": "Vaughan" } ], "abstractNote": "Biochar is the solid remains of any organic material that has been heated to at least 350oC in a zero-oxygen or oxygen-limited environment, which is intended to be mixed with soils. If the solid remains are not suitable for addition to soils, or will be burned as a fuel or used as an aggregate in construction, it is defined as char not biochar. There is a very wide range of potential biochar feedstocks, e.g., wood waste, timber, agricultural residues and wastes (straws, bagasse, manure, husks, shells, fibers, etc.), leaves, food wastes, paper and sewage sludge, green waste, distiller’s grain, and many others. Pyrolysis is usually the technology of choice for producing biochar, though biomass gasification also produces smaller char yields. Syngas and pyrolytic bio-liquids, which have a potential use as energy carriers, are produced alongside biochar.", "bookTitle": "Geoengineering Responses to Climate Change", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2013/01/01", "publisher": "Springer New York", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "pages": "73-140", "ISBN": "978-1-4614-5769-5, 978-1-4614-5770-1", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4614-5770-1_6", "accessDate": "2014-10-13T03:36:23Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "link.springer.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "©2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Earth System Sciences", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Geophysics and Environmental Physics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Inorganic Chemistry", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Meteorology/Climatology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "climate change", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-10-13T03:36:23Z", "dateModified": "2014-10-13T03:36:23Z" } }, { "key": "EBZ6P7SU", "version": 182, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 244787, "name": "Geoengineering Session", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/geoengineering_session", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/244787/items/EBZ6P7SU", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/geoengineering_session/items/EBZ6P7SU", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1766815, "username": "saragoldstein", "name": "Sara", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/saragoldstein", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Kravitz", "parsedDate": "2013-01-01", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "EBZ6P7SU", "version": 182, "itemType": "bookSection", "title": "Stratospheric Aerosols for Solar Radiation Management", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ben", "lastName": "Kravitz" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Tim", "lastName": "Lenton" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Naomi", "lastName": "Vaughan" } ], "abstractNote": "SRM in the context of this entry involves placing a large amount of aerosols in the stratosphere to reduce the amount of solar radiation reaching the surface, thereby cooling the surface and counteracting some of the warming from anthropogenic greenhouse gases. The way this is accomplished depends on the specific aerosol used, but the basic mechanism involves backscattering and absorbing certain amounts of solar radiation aloft. Since warming from greenhouse gases is due to longwave (thermal) emission, compensating for this warming by reduction of shortwave (solar) energy is inherently imperfect, meaning SRM will have climate effects that are different from the effects of climate change. This will likely manifest in the form of regional inequalities, in that, similarly to climate change, some regions will benefit from SRM, while some will be adversely affected, viewed both in the context of present climate and a climate with high CO2 concentrations. These effects are highly dependent upon the means of SRM, including the type of aerosol to be used, the particle size and other microphysical concerns, and the methods by which the aerosol is placed in the stratosphere. SRM has never been performed, nor has deployment been tested, so the research up to this point has serious gaps. The amount of aerosols required is large enough that SRM would require a major engineering endeavor, although SRM is potentially cheap enough that it could be conducted unilaterally. Methods of governance must be in place before deployment is attempted, should deployment even be desired. Research in public policy, ethics, and economics, as well as many other disciplines, will be essential to the decision-making process. SRM is only a palliative treatment for climate change, and it is best viewed as part of a portfolio of responses, including mitigation, adaptation, and possibly CDR. At most, SRM is insurance against dangerous consequences that are directly due to increased surface air temperatures.", "bookTitle": "Geoengineering Responses to Climate Change", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2013/01/01", "publisher": "Springer New York", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "pages": "21-38", "ISBN": "978-1-4614-5769-5, 978-1-4614-5770-1", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4614-5770-1_3", "accessDate": "2014-10-13T03:36:23Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "link.springer.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "©2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Earth System Sciences", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Geophysics and Environmental Physics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Inorganic Chemistry", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Meteorology/Climatology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "climate change", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-10-13T03:36:23Z", "dateModified": "2014-10-13T03:36:23Z" } }, { "key": "TVWWQKP5", "version": 182, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 244787, "name": "Geoengineering Session", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/geoengineering_session", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/244787/items/TVWWQKP5", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/geoengineering_session/items/TVWWQKP5", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1766815, "username": "saragoldstein", "name": "Sara", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/saragoldstein", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Lenton and Vaughan", "parsedDate": "2013-01-01", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "TVWWQKP5", "version": 182, "itemType": "bookSection", "title": "Introduction", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Timothy M.", "lastName": "Lenton" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Naomi E.", "lastName": "Vaughan" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Tim", "lastName": "Lenton" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Naomi", "lastName": "Vaughan" } ], "abstractNote": "This section focuses on ideas to deliberately remedy anthropogenic climate change, either by actively removing greenhouse gases from the atmosphere or by decreasing the amount of sunlight absorbed at the Earth’s surface. The technologies discussed are commonly grouped under the term “geoengineering,” defined in a 2009 report by the Royal Society as the “deliberate large-scale manipulation of the planetary environment to counteract anthropogenic climate change.” Geoengineering methods can be contrasted with more conventional approaches to mitigating climate change that involve reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide (CO2). However, there is some overlap as enhancing the sinks of greenhouse gases, for example, by afforestation, can be described as both geoengineering and mitigation. (The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Working Group III) states that “mitigation means implementing policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and enhance sinks” [our emphasis].)", "bookTitle": "Geoengineering Responses to Climate Change", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2013/01/01", "publisher": "Springer New York", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "pages": "1-7", "ISBN": "978-1-4614-5769-5, 978-1-4614-5770-1", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4614-5770-1_1", "accessDate": "2014-10-13T03:36:23Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "link.springer.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "©2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Earth System Sciences", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Geophysics and Environmental Physics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Inorganic Chemistry", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Meteorology/Climatology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "climate change", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-10-13T03:36:23Z", "dateModified": "2014-10-13T03:36:23Z" } }, { "key": "P5PQQ2P5", "version": 182, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 244787, "name": "Geoengineering Session", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/geoengineering_session", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/244787/items/P5PQQ2P5", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/geoengineering_session/items/P5PQQ2P5", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1766815, "username": "saragoldstein", "name": "Sara", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/saragoldstein", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Boyd", "parsedDate": "2013-01-01", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "P5PQQ2P5", "version": 182, "itemType": "bookSection", "title": "Ocean Fertilization for Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide from the Atmosphere", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Philip W.", "lastName": "Boyd" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Tim", "lastName": "Lenton" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Naomi", "lastName": "Vaughan" } ], "abstractNote": "The ocean is a major sink for both preindustrial and anthropogenic carbon dioxide. Both physically and biogeochemically driven pumps, termed the solubility and biological pump, respectively Fig.5.1) are responsible for the majority of carbon sequestration in the ocean’s interior [1]. The solubility pump relies on ocean circulation – specifically the impact of cooling of the upper ocean at high latitudes both enhances the solubility of carbon dioxide and the density of the waters which sink to great depth (the so-called deepwater formation) and thereby sequester carbon in the form of dissolved inorganic carbon (Fig.5.1). The biological pump is driven by the availability of preformed plant macronutrients such as nitrate or phosphate which are taken up by phytoplankton during photosynthetic carbon fixation. A small but significant proportion of this fixed carbon sinks into the ocean’s interior in the form of settling particles, and in order to maintain equilibrium carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is transferred across the air–sea interface into the ocean (the so-called carbon drawdown) thereby decreasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (Fig.5.1).Fig.5.1", "bookTitle": "Geoengineering Responses to Climate Change", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2013/01/01", "publisher": "Springer New York", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "pages": "53-72", "ISBN": "978-1-4614-5769-5, 978-1-4614-5770-1", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4614-5770-1_5", "accessDate": "2014-10-13T03:36:23Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "link.springer.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "©2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Earth System Sciences", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Geophysics and Environmental Physics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Inorganic Chemistry", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Meteorology/Climatology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "climate change", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-10-13T03:36:23Z", "dateModified": "2014-10-13T03:36:23Z" } }, { "key": "H5C96ACJ", "version": 181, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 244787, "name": "Geoengineering Session", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/geoengineering_session", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/244787/items/H5C96ACJ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/geoengineering_session/items/H5C96ACJ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1766815, "username": "saragoldstein", "name": "Sara", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/saragoldstein", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "H5C96ACJ", "version": 181, "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_file", "title": "Examining State Environmental Policy Design Koski.pdf", "accessDate": "", "url": "", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Examining State Environmental Policy Design Koski.pdf", "md5": "893bbd71363f142af7e5a909f05c4ffc", "mtime": 1407951173000, "tags": [], "collections": [ "WK29DGEN" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-08-13T17:32:53Z", "dateModified": "2014-08-13T17:32:53Z" } } ]