[ { "key": "D4GDZ8ED", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 24337, "name": "Gendered Languages", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gendered_languages", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/24337/items/D4GDZ8ED", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gendered_languages/items/D4GDZ8ED", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 244965, "username": "minchunku", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/minchunku", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "STEPHEN", "parsedDate": "1999", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "D4GDZ8ED", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Computer-Assisted Concept Analysis of HCR's First 25 Years", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "TIMOTHY", "lastName": "STEPHEN" } ], "abstractNote": "Human Communication Research's (HCR) silver anniversary provides an occasion for an examination of the journal's history of publication. This was accomplished using new procedures for computer-assisted content analysis of text. Titles of 634 HCR articles were normalized using linguistic reduction, elimination of common words and terms with indiscriminate meaning, and tokenization of phrases and compound concepts. The resulting 86 most frequently occurring tokens were submitted to hierarchical cluster analysis to study conceptual linkage. Concepts represented in HCR articles were found to group into five large clusters: media, family, conflict, and learning; culture, social organization, and self; gender and language; cognition, conversation, persuasion, and influence; and group decision making. Support and clarification are provided for findings that HCR serves as a liaison journal between mass and interpersonal communication. It is suggested that HCR's history of publication manifests a theory of communication that is rooted in social psychological traditions.", "publicationTitle": "Human Communication Research", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1999", "volume": "25", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "498-513", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-09-13T18:39:25Z", "dateModified": "2010-09-13T18:39:25Z" } }, { "key": "EZWB9VZK", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 24337, "name": "Gendered Languages", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gendered_languages", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/24337/items/EZWB9VZK", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gendered_languages/items/EZWB9VZK", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 244965, "username": "minchunku", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/minchunku", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Zubair", "parsedDate": "2007", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "EZWB9VZK", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Silent birds: metaphorical constructions of literacy and gender identity in women's talk", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Shirin", "lastName": "Zubair" } ], "abstractNote": "Most prior research on figurative language has looked at the cognitive aspects of metaphoricity. The present research attempts at going beyond metaphor's cognitive impact and aims to view the social and discoursal aspects of metaphorical constructions in relation to people's identities and social realities. This article reports an analysis and discussion of figurative language used by Pakistani women while talking about their literacies and selfhood. The article makes two claims about figurative language: first, metaphorical constructions are cultural and therefore rooted in social practices and discourses; second, figurative expressions are common to everyday talk, constrain and enable thinking processes and construct social reality. Methodologically too, the article offers an interesting departure from the traditional studies of metaphor as the data cited are `incidental' and natural, rather than elicited or experimental; the researcher `s aim was not to study figurative language but it turned out to be ubiquitous in women's everyday talk. Hence, the present data strengthen Tannen's and Carter's work that creativity and figurative language are not exclusive to literary discourse but are part of everyday discourses.", "publicationTitle": "Discourse Studies", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2007", "volume": "9", "issue": "6", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "766-783.", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-09-13T18:39:02Z", "dateModified": "2010-09-13T18:39:02Z" } }, { "key": "V35738NR", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 24337, "name": "Gendered Languages", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gendered_languages", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/24337/items/V35738NR", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gendered_languages/items/V35738NR", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 244965, "username": "minchunku", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/minchunku", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "MULAC et al.", "parsedDate": "1985", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "V35738NR", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "MALE/FEMALE LANGUAGE DIFFERENCES AND ATTRIBUTIONAL CONSEQUENCES IN CHILDREN'S TELEVISION", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "ANTHONY", "lastName": "MULAC" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "JAMES J.", "lastName": "BRADAC" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "SUSAN KAROL", "lastName": "MANN" } ], "abstractNote": "Children's television programs from public and commercial networks were videotaped: PBS—Mr. Rogers's Neighborhood, Sesame Street, and Villa Alegra; Commercial—Action programs, Comedy/Adventure programs, and Commercials. Random 2–3 minute segments were transcribed and the dialogue of individual characters printed for analysis. In Analysis 1,11 trained linguistic coders assessed 48 transcripts (45–110 words) for 3 7 language variables previously found to differentiate speaker gender. A multiple discriminant analysis showed significant ability (94% accuracy) in predicting character sex from 13 linguistic variables. In Analysis 2, the transcripts were rated by 221 naive observers using the Speech Dialect Attitudinal Scale. MANOVA results indicated that, in general, the male and female characters' language led to character perceptions consistent with the Gender-Linked Language Effect: female characters rated higher on Socio-Intellectual Status and Aesthetic Quality; male characters rated higher on Dynamism. In Analysis 3, multiple regression analyses suggested a causal link between 9 of the 13 gender-discriminating variables from Analysis 1 and all three attributional dimensions in Analysis 2. Results are discussed in terms of sex-role stereotypes.", "publicationTitle": "Human Communication Research", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1985", "volume": "11", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "481-5-6", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-09-13T02:50:26Z", "dateModified": "2010-09-13T02:50:26Z" } }, { "key": "JCHTP79D", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 24337, "name": "Gendered Languages", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gendered_languages", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/24337/items/JCHTP79D", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gendered_languages/items/JCHTP79D", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 244965, "username": "minchunku", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/minchunku", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Reid et al.", "parsedDate": "2009", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "JCHTP79D", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Gender, Language, and Social Influence: A Test of Expectation States, Role Congruity, and Self-Categorization Theories", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Scott A.", "lastName": "Reid" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Nicholas A.", "lastName": "Palomares" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Grace L.", "lastName": "Anderson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Beverly", "lastName": "Bondad-Brown" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Human Communication Research", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2009", "volume": "35", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "465–490", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-09-13T02:50:24Z", "dateModified": "2010-09-13T02:50:24Z" } }, { "key": "T6RU76AQ", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 24337, "name": "Gendered Languages", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gendered_languages", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/24337/items/T6RU76AQ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gendered_languages/items/T6RU76AQ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 244965, "username": "minchunku", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/minchunku", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Lee", "parsedDate": "2007", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "T6RU76AQ", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Effects of Gendered Language on Gender Stereotyping in Computer-Mediated Communication: The Moderating Role of Depersonalization and Gender-Role Orientation", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Eun-Ju", "lastName": "Lee" } ], "abstractNote": "This experiment examined what situational and dispositional features moderate the effects of linguistic gender cues on gender stereotyping in anonymous, text-based computer-mediated communication. Participants played a trivia game with an ostensible partner via computer, whose comments represented either prototypically masculine or feminine language styles. Consistent with the social identity model of deindividuation effects, those who did not exchange brief personal profiles with their partner (i.e., depersonalization) were more likely to infer their partner’s gender from the language cues than those who did. Depersonalization, however, facilitated stereotype-consistent conformity behaviors only among gender-typed individuals; that is, participants conformed more to their masculine- than feminine-comment partners, and men were less conforming than were women, only when they were both gender-typed and depersonalized.", "publicationTitle": "Human Communication Research", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2007", "volume": "33", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "515-535", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-09-13T02:50:10Z", "dateModified": "2010-09-13T02:50:10Z" } }, { "key": "M8UR5CI3", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 24337, "name": "Gendered Languages", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gendered_languages", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/24337/items/M8UR5CI3", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gendered_languages/items/M8UR5CI3", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 244965, "username": "minchunku", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/minchunku", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Rodino", "parsedDate": "1997", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "M8UR5CI3", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Breaking out of Binaries: Reconceptualizing Gender and its Relationship to Language in Computer-Mediated Communication", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michelle", "lastName": "Rodino" } ], "abstractNote": "Virtual environments provide a rich testing ground for theories of gender and language. This paper analyzes interactions in one virtual environment, Internet Relay Chat (IRC), to look at the extent to which research on face-to-face (FTF) talk and computer-mediated communication (CMC) can describe gender and its relationship to language. I find that neither the function of utterances nor the construction of gender adheres to dualistic descriptions, as past research has implied. Reconceptualizing gender as performative helps researchers break out of binary categories that have bound past research. Conceiving of gender as under constant construction also helps demystify and thus disrupt the binary gender system which naturalizes patriarchy.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1997", "volume": "3", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.libezproxy2.syr.edu/doi/10.1111/j.1083-6101.1997.tb00074.x/full", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-09-13T02:50:06Z", "dateModified": "2010-09-13T02:50:06Z" } }, { "key": "EXW2RTAF", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 24337, "name": "Gendered Languages", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gendered_languages", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/24337/items/EXW2RTAF", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gendered_languages/items/EXW2RTAF", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 244965, "username": "minchunku", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/minchunku", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "de Oliveira", "parsedDate": "2003", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "EXW2RTAF", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Breaking Conversational Norms on a Portuguese Users Network: Men as Adjudicators of Politeness?", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sandi Michele", "lastName": "de Oliveira" } ], "abstractNote": "This article examines messages exchanged via asynchronous CMC at a Portuguese university that would be considered impolite in face-to-face interaction (cf. Brown & Levinson, 1987; Culpeper, 1996; Oliveira, 1985, 2003; Oliveira Medeiros, 1994). A comparison by gender was conducted of the degree and nature of participation in the university Users' network, focusing on transgressions and chastisement involving inappropriate message content, message form and address form selection. Although women participate less often in discussions on the network, messages posted by women are more often treated as transgressions, while men more often initiate responses demonstrating concern with established norms of politeness and the importance of adhering to them. These results confirm traditional gender roles of men as interactionally dominant and representative of “authority,” but do not support findings for English-language CMC that women are more concerned with politeness than men (Herring, 1994; Smith, McLaughlin & Osborn,1997); rather, Portuguese men on the university network assume the role of “politeness adjudicators.”", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2003", "volume": "9", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.libezproxy2.syr.edu/doi/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2003.tb00361.x/full", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-09-13T02:50:03Z", "dateModified": "2010-09-13T02:50:03Z" } }, { "key": "Z7RES94F", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 24337, "name": "Gendered Languages", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gendered_languages", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/24337/items/Z7RES94F", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gendered_languages/items/Z7RES94F", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 244965, "username": "minchunku", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/minchunku", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Jensen", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "Z7RES94F", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Sexual Polysemy: The Discursive Ground of Talk about Sex and Education in U.S. History", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Robin E.", "lastName": "Jensen" } ], "abstractNote": "Communication researchers from a range of methodological backgrounds are studying the relationship between communication and sexual health. The present study contributes to this line of research, offering a rhetorical history of the earliest conversations about public sexual education in the United States. By analyzing highly circulated texts from figures representing three of the major ideological positions on public sexual education in the late 19th century (i.e., supporters of vice reformer Anthony Comstock, social purists, and free-love advocates), this study identifies the discursive ground for these early conversations. More specifically, the present article demonstrates how polysemous language (i.e., language containing multiple meanings as intended by authors or interpreted by audiences) often functioned to confuse the debate about public sexual education and disguise race, class, and gender biases in legal and educational policies. This analysis offers communication scholars information about the historical antecedents to contemporary debates about public sexual education content.", "publicationTitle": "Communication, Culture & Critique", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "", "volume": "1", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "396-415", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-09-12T23:38:42Z", "dateModified": "2010-09-12T23:38:42Z" } }, { "key": "HNTPPBU8", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 24337, "name": "Gendered Languages", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gendered_languages", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/24337/items/HNTPPBU8", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gendered_languages/items/HNTPPBU8", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 244965, "username": "minchunku", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/minchunku", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Fiedler et al.", "parsedDate": "1993", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "HNTPPBU8", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The Battle of Words Between Gender Groups A Language-Based Approach to Intergroup Processes", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Klaus", "lastName": "Fiedler" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gun R.", "lastName": "Semin" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Catrin", "lastName": "Finkenauer" } ], "abstractNote": "Based on free descriptions of men and women by male and female respondents, a language approach to outgroup homogeneity and discrimination between gender groups is presented. Verbalizations elicited by 10 topic cues (e.g., sexuality, education of children, and housework) were coded by valence (positive vs. negative), group reference (ingroup vs. outgroup), and the abstractness of the predicate (descriptive action verb, interpretive action verb, state verb, and adjective). Outgroup discrimination was confined to female respondents, as manifested in their tendency to describe men in more negative terms than women. Outgroup-related statements in general, and outgroup-derogative statements in particular, were more abstract than statements about the ingroup. However, outgroup discrimination was due more to repetition of biased statements than to differential abstraction. The distribution of discrimination across topics is neither related to conflict proneness nor to the empathic experience associated with intimate (e.g., sexuality) as opposed to other topics (e.g., driving). Outgroup homogeneity is apparent in the consistency of language profiles characterizing outgroup descriptions for different topics but not in generalization over outgroup members. Discrimination and homogeneity are systematically related across topics, and this relation is not due to evaluative constraints. Rather, discrimination is strongest for topics for which the most distinctive and reliable language profiles are available. These results are discussed in the context of a language-based approach to intergroup affairs.", "publicationTitle": "Human Communication Researc", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1993", "volume": "19", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "409-441", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.libezproxy2.syr.edu/doi/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1993.tb00308.x/abstract", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-09-12T23:38:39Z", "dateModified": "2010-09-12T23:38:39Z" } }, { "key": "7TU3R6XW", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 24337, "name": "Gendered Languages", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gendered_languages", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/24337/items/7TU3R6XW", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gendered_languages/items/7TU3R6XW", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 244965, "username": "minchunku", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/minchunku", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "WEATHERALL", "parsedDate": "1998", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "7TU3R6XW", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Women and Men in Language An Analysis of Seminaturalistic Person Descriptions", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "ANN", "lastName": "WEATHERALL" } ], "abstractNote": "Empirical and theoretical research on gender and language has demonstrated how issues of power and identity are communicated by the way in which women and men are referred to in language. To broaden and update past work on sex bias in language, the present study investigated references to men and women in prompted but impromptu discussions of a popular television program. The content of the descriptions was examined for evidence of sex bias. There was some indication that the form and content of descriptions varied depending on the sex of the referent. However, the language used was not as overtly or pervasively sexist as had been expected. It is suggested that an important task is to document how linguistic bias is routinized or legitimated in different conversational contexts. In that way, language use can lead to a better understanding of the creation and maintenance of power hierarchies in social groups.", "publicationTitle": "Human Communication Research", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1998", "volume": "25", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "275-292", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-09-12T23:38:35Z", "dateModified": "2010-09-12T23:38:35Z" } }, { "key": "SJXWK77F", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 24337, "name": "Gendered Languages", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gendered_languages", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/24337/items/SJXWK77F", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gendered_languages/items/SJXWK77F", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 244965, "username": "minchunku", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/minchunku", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Palomares", "parsedDate": "2008", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "SJXWK77F", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Explaining Gender-Based Language Use: Effects of Gender Identity Salience on References to Emotion and Tentative Language in Intra- and Intergroup Contexts", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Nicholas A.", "lastName": "Palomares" } ], "abstractNote": "An experiment tested hypotheses derived from self-categorization theory’s explanation for gender-based language use. Under high or low conditions of gender salience, men and women sent e-mail to an ostensible male or female recipient yielding either an intra- or an intergroup setting. Gender salience was manipulated so that the stereotypically feminine characteristic of supportiveness was the sole attribute that defined the prototype of intergender relations. Messages were examined for references to emotion and tentative language. Women referenced emotion significantly more than men in the high gender salience condition, but this gender difference was reduced when salience was low. Moreover, women with high gender salience in an intergroup context referenced emotion more than women with high salience in an intragroup setting or men with high salience in either an intra- or an intergroup context. Tentative language use, however, was similar across all conditions as anticipated.", "publicationTitle": "Human Communication Research", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2008", "volume": "34", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "263–286", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-09-12T23:38:17Z", "dateModified": "2010-09-12T23:38:17Z" } }, { "key": "RGZ5E7MQ", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 24337, "name": "Gendered Languages", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gendered_languages", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/24337/items/RGZ5E7MQ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gendered_languages/items/RGZ5E7MQ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 244965, "username": "minchunku", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/minchunku", "type": "text/html" } } }, "parsedDate": "2010", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "RGZ5E7MQ", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "News Coverage of Violence Against Muslim Women: A View From the Arabian Gulf", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "This study examines news coverage of violence against Muslim women in English-language newspapers in Saudi Arabia, Bahrain and Kuwait. Using discourse analysis, it asks whether coverage reflects traditional Islamic or Islamic feminist perspectives. The findings indicate the news overwhelmingly reflected traditional Islamic beliefs concerning the secondary status of Muslim women. Coverage minimized the violence, blamed victims, omitted women's voices, and treated sympathetically men who committed honor crimes. However, an Islamic feminist perspective was evident in some content that challenged women's segregation in Saudi Arabia. This study concludes that this news coverage shares many of the same characteristics of news reporting of violence against women in the West by ignoring its systemic nature and relation to male supremacy and patriarchal ideology.", "publicationTitle": "COMMUNICATION, CULTURE & CRITIQUE", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2010", "volume": "3", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "85-104", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-09-02T20:30:47Z", "dateModified": "2010-09-02T20:30:47Z" } }, { "key": "2THT8F2C", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 24337, "name": "Gendered Languages", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gendered_languages", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/24337/items/2THT8F2C", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gendered_languages/items/2THT8F2C", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 244965, "username": "minchunku", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/minchunku", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Kathlene", "parsedDate": "1994", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "2THT8F2C", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Power and Influence in State Legislative Policymaking: The Interaction of Gender and Position in Committee Hearing Debates", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Lyn", "lastName": "Kathlene" } ], "abstractNote": "There is an implicit assumption behind advocating for more minorities or women in elected office, namely, that these officials will bring a new power and influence to their underrepresented groups. However, for women, this idealized viewpoint ignores the social dynamics that subordinate women's words and actions even in \"well-balanced\" male and female group interactions. Using transcribed verbatim transcripts of 12 state legislative committee hearings, this research analyzes the conversational dynamics of committee members, witnesses, chairs, and sponsors. Sex differences among committee members are highly significant, even after accounting for political factors and structural features of the hearing. In addition, male and female chairs do not conduct hearings in the same way, and these differences affect the behavior of witnesses and committee members. The findings suggest that as the proportion of women increases in a legislative body, men become more verbally aggressive and controlling of the hearing. Women legislators may be seriously disadvantaged and unable to participate equally in legislative policymaking in committee hearings.", "publicationTitle": "The American Political Science Review", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1994", "volume": "88", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "560-576", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-09-02T17:27:33Z", "dateModified": "2010-09-02T17:27:33Z" } }, { "key": "9FC8STBV", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 24337, "name": "Gendered Languages", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gendered_languages", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/24337/items/9FC8STBV", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gendered_languages/items/9FC8STBV", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 244965, "username": "minchunku", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/minchunku", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Palomares", "parsedDate": "2004", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "9FC8STBV", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Gender Schematicity, Gender Identity Salience, and Gender-Linked Language Use", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Nicholas A.", "lastName": "Palomares" } ], "abstractNote": "Using self-categorization theory, the effects of sex, chronic gender accessibility (i.e., gender schematicity), and gender identity salience on gender-linked language use in e-mail are examined. Results confirmed interactive effects only. Gender schematic men and women whose gender was salient used typical gender-linked language (e.g., men used male language). With low gender salience, schematic men and women used countertypical gender-linked language (e.g., men used female language). The language of nonschematics varied minimally. Results are discussed regarding previous research on gendered language, the nature of gender identity salience, and examining gendered language in computer-mediated communication.", "publicationTitle": "Human Communication Research", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2004", "volume": "30", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "556-588", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-09-02T17:27:16Z", "dateModified": "2010-09-02T17:27:16Z" } }, { "key": "PE6HUDC9", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 24337, "name": "Gendered Languages", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gendered_languages", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/24337/items/PE6HUDC9", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gendered_languages/items/PE6HUDC9", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 244965, "username": "minchunku", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/minchunku", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Huffake and Calvert", "parsedDate": "2005", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "PE6HUDC9", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Gender, Identity, and Language Use in Teenage Blogs", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David A.", "lastName": "Huffake" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sandra L.", "lastName": "Calvert" } ], "abstractNote": "his study examines issues of online identity and language use among male and female teenagers who created and maintained weblogs, personal journals made publicly accessible on the World Wide Web. Online identity and language use were examined in terms of the disclosure of personal information, sexual identity, emotive features, and semantic themes. Male and female teenagers presented themselves similarly in their blogs, often revealing personal information such as their real names, ages, and locations. Males more so than females used emoticons, employed an active and resolute style of language, and were more likely to present themselves as gay. The results suggest that teenagers stay closer to reality in their online expressions of self than has previously been suggested, and that these explorations involve issues, such as learning about their sexuality, that commonly occur during the adolescent years.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2005", "volume": "10", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2005.tb00238.x/full", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-09-02T17:26:44Z", "dateModified": "2010-09-02T17:26:44Z" } }, { "key": "A5DAPTGD", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 24337, "name": "Gendered Languages", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gendered_languages", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/24337/items/A5DAPTGD", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gendered_languages/items/A5DAPTGD", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 244965, "username": "minchunku", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/minchunku", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Savicki et al.", "parsedDate": "1996", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "A5DAPTGD", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Gender Language Style and Group Composition in Internet Discussion Groups", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Victor", "lastName": "Savicki" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Dawn", "lastName": "Lingenfelter" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Merle", "lastName": "Kelley" } ], "abstractNote": "This study focuses on group gender composition and the seeming relatedness between gender roles and group process functions described as task and maintenance, as found on the Internet. The sample was drawn from randomly selected set of 27 online discussion groups from both the Internet and from commercial information services (e.g. Compuserv) using the ProjectH dataset. The 2692 valid messages were coded for language content (fact, apology, first person flaming, status, etc.) that has been related to gender role in other research. Each message was also coded regarding the gender of its author. Results held with the conventional impression that men far outnumber women as participants in online discussion groups. However, results were mixed in regard to the relation of language patterns and group gender composition. Gender composition was related to patterns of computer mediated communication in this context. However, there were an unexpectedly high proportion of participants of indeterminate gender in this dataset, it is difficult to test the hypotheses with precision. However, the sample is comprised of “real-life” groups, so what is lost in experimental control is compensated for in generalization to other uncontrolled settings.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1996", "volume": "2", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1083-6101.1996.tb00191.x/full", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-09-02T17:26:40Z", "dateModified": "2010-09-02T17:26:40Z" } }, { "key": "QADWJFEJ", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 24337, "name": "Gendered Languages", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gendered_languages", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/24337/items/QADWJFEJ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gendered_languages/items/QADWJFEJ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 244965, "username": "minchunku", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/minchunku", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Mulac et al.", "parsedDate": "2001", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "QADWJFEJ", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Empirical support for the gender-as-culture hypothesis. An intercultural analysis of male/female language differences", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A", "lastName": "Mulac" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "JJ", "lastName": "Bradac" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "P", "lastName": "Gibbons" } ], "abstractNote": "This investigation provided a test of the gender-as-culture, or ‘two cultures’, hypothesis proposed by Maltz and Borker (1982) to explain male/female differences in language use. Analysis of previous empirical investigations located 16 language features that had consistently been shown to indicate communicator gender and these were tested within the framework of the four dimensions of intercultural style proposed by Gudykunst and Ting-Toomey (1998): direct versus indirect, succinct versus elaborate, personal versus contextual and instrumental versus affective. Study 1 provided preliminary evidence supporting the hypothesized language-feature-by-dimension relationships (e.g., male directives were rated more direct and female uncertainty verbs more indirect). In Study 2, respondents rated multiple exemplars of the 16 language features, as well as 16 contrasting foil sentences, on all four dimensions, finding that nearly all of the variables fell on the hypothesized intercultural dimensions. In Study 3, respondents rated four sets of naturally occurring target sentences and matching foil sentences, representing all language variables, on their appropriate intercultural dimensions in order to establish dimensional polarity. Results across the three studies supported the hypothesized language feature-by-stylistic dimension relationship for 15 of the 16 variables: The 6 male language features were rated as more direct, succinct, personal, and instrumental, whereas 9 of the 10 female features were perceived as more indirect, elaborate, and affective. The findings demonstrate that gender preferences for language use function in ways that are consistent with stylistic preferences that distinguish national cultures.", "publicationTitle": "Human Communication Research", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2001", "volume": "27", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "121-152", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-09-02T17:26:38Z", "dateModified": "2010-09-02T17:26:38Z" } } ]