[ { "key": "MVTI3UAZ", "version": 88, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 240955, "name": "Cornell Food Studies Collective", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cornell_food_studies_collective", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/240955/items/MVTI3UAZ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cornell_food_studies_collective/items/MVTI3UAZ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1392796, "username": "jmp36", "name": "Jeff Piestrak", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jmp36", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Pudup", "parsedDate": "2008", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "MVTI3UAZ", "version": 88, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "It takes a garden: Cultivating citizen-subjects in organized garden projects", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.B.", "lastName": "Pudup" } ], "abstractNote": "Since the 1980’s organized garden projects have proliferated in a institutional settings associated with the ‘‘roll-out’’ neoliberal state\nand the sad consequences of neoliberalism more generally: jails, schools, hospitals and other clinical settings for ‘‘at-risk’’ populations.\nThis article advances the concept ‘‘organized garden project’’ over the richly connotative, but inchoate term ‘‘community garden,’’ and\nlinks the long episodic history of garden projects with changing discourses about the supposedly transformative power of gardening practice\nfor individual and social transformation. The article highlights two organized garden projects within the San Francisco Bay area, a\nchief locus in the movement to using organized garden projects to produce new individual and collective subjectivities. The case studies\nassess, from the typically unambiguous standpoint of the garden organizers, the nature of the subjectivity that gardening practice is supposed\nto produce, the need for such alternative subjectivity and the ‘‘difference’’ such alternatives are believed to make for the individual\nand in the wider social, political and economic milieu.\n⬚ 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "publicationTitle": "Geoforum", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2008", "volume": "39", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1228-1240", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "It takes a garden: Cultivating citizen-subjects in organized garden projects", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "3", "tags": [], "collections": [ "B9BDNFEW" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-01-12T20:52:05Z", "dateModified": "2015-03-15T16:59:21Z" } }, { "key": "8MWNH9N9", "version": 87, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 240955, "name": "Cornell Food Studies Collective", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cornell_food_studies_collective", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/240955/items/8MWNH9N9", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cornell_food_studies_collective/items/8MWNH9N9", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1392796, "username": "jmp36", "name": "Jeff Piestrak", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jmp36", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Guthman, J.", "parsedDate": "2008", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "8MWNH9N9", "version": 87, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Bringing good food to others: investigating the subjects of alternative food practice", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "name": "Guthman, J." } ], "abstractNote": "Under the banner of food justice, the last few years has seen a profusion of projects focused on selling, donating, bringing or growing fresh fruits and vegetables in neighborhoods inhabited by African Americans – often at below market prices – or educating them to the quality of locally grown, seasonal, and organic food. The focus of this article is the subjects of such projects – those who enroll in such projects ‘to bring good food to others,’ in this case undergraduate majors in Community Studies at the University of California at Santa Cruz who do six-month field studies with such organizations. Drawing on formal and informal communications with me, I show that they are hailed by a set of discourses that reflect whitened cultural histories, such as the value of putting one’s hands in the soil. I show their disappointments when they find these projects lack resonance in the communities in which they are located. I then show how many come to see that current activism reflects white desires more than those of the communities they putatively serve. In this way, the article provides insight into the production and reproduction of whiteness in the alternative food movement, and how it might be disrupted. I conclude that more attention to the cultural politics of alternative food might enable whites to be more effective allies in anti-racist struggles.", "publicationTitle": "Cultural Geographies", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2008", "volume": "15", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "431–447", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "WHG34IMD" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-02-06T13:53:58Z", "dateModified": "2014-02-06T18:00:54Z" } }, { "key": "AP259MH4", "version": 84, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 240955, "name": "Cornell Food Studies Collective", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cornell_food_studies_collective", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/240955/items/AP259MH4", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cornell_food_studies_collective/items/AP259MH4", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1392796, "username": "jmp36", "name": "Jeff Piestrak", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jmp36", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "White, M. M.", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "AP259MH4", "version": 84, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Shouldering Responsibility for the Delivery of Human Rights: A Case Study of the D-Town Farmers of Detroit", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "name": "White, M. M." } ], "abstractNote": "The literature on who is responsible for the delivery of human rights has produced two divergent perspectives. One view suggests that appropriate units for the delivery of human rights are entities external to individuals such as nation-states or non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Another is that individuals themselves are responsible. The issue of race complicates the delivery issue even further. Discourses that assign responsibility to governments typically fail to acknowledge that those governments often have constructed some races as subordinate. Discourses that assign responsibility to individuals, however, sometimes fail to acknowledge that racially marginalized groups often have been so colonized that they see themselves as inherently inferior and thus lacking the capacity to act. This case study of the D-Town farmers of the Detroit Black Community Food Security Network provides an examination of a group that responds to the issue of delivery of human rights by enacting an agentic perspective. D-Town farmers challenge the government's capacity to provide a safe and clean food supply and provide it themselves, challenge the government's capacity to provide culturally relevant information about healthy food, and offer that information to their community, assuming control of their food-security movement.", "publicationTitle": "Race/Ethnicity: Multidisciplinary Global Contexts", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "", "volume": "3", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "189-211", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "WHG34IMD" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-02-06T14:42:38Z", "dateModified": "2014-02-06T14:56:33Z" } }, { "key": "N6V9VNA4", "version": 84, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 240955, "name": "Cornell Food Studies Collective", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cornell_food_studies_collective", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/240955/items/N6V9VNA4", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cornell_food_studies_collective/items/N6V9VNA4", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1392796, "username": "jmp36", "name": "Jeff Piestrak", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jmp36", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Weis, A. J.", "parsedDate": "2007", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "N6V9VNA4", "version": 84, "itemType": "book", "title": "The global food economy: the battle for the future of farming", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "name": "Weis, A. J." } ], "abstractNote": "The exploding global consumption of meat is implicated in momentous but greatly underappreciated problems, and industrial livestock production is the driving force behind soaring demand. Following his previous groundbreaking Zed book The Global Food Economy, Tony Weis explains clearly why the growth and industrialization of livestock production is a central part of the accelerating biophysical contradictions of industrial capitalist agriculture. The Ecological Hoofprint provides a rigorous and eye-opening way of understanding what this system means for the health of the planet, how it contributes to worsening human inequality, and how it constitutes a profound but invisible aspect of the violence of everyday life (http://www.amazon.com/The-Ecological-Hoofprint-Industrial-Livestock/dp/1780320965).", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2007", "publisher": "London and New York: Zed Books", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "WHG34IMD" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-02-06T14:41:44Z", "dateModified": "2014-02-06T14:56:17Z" } }, { "key": "AAUAFAXD", "version": 84, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 240955, "name": "Cornell Food Studies Collective", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cornell_food_studies_collective", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/240955/items/AAUAFAXD", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cornell_food_studies_collective/items/AAUAFAXD", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1392796, "username": "jmp36", "name": "Jeff Piestrak", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jmp36", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Weis, A. J.", "parsedDate": "2013", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "AAUAFAXD", "version": 84, "itemType": "book", "title": "The ecological hoofprint: the global burden of industrial livestock", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "name": "Weis, A. J." } ], "abstractNote": "This book sets out some answers to the question: how can we build an ecologically sustainable and humane system of food production and distribution? The modern food economy is a paradox. Surplus 'food mountains' sit alongside global malnutrition and the developed world subsidizes its own agriculture while pressurizing the developing world to liberalize at all costs. Export competition is increasingly aggressive whilst the reliance on imports in many countries has worrying implications for food security. Family farms go out of business and dispossessed peasant farmers are driven into urban slums. The WTO's uneven application of neoliberal economics to food production is relatively new, and the consequences of mounting deficits, rising 'food miles', and social upheaval, are untested but ominous (http://www.amazon.com/The-Global-Food-Economy-Farming/dp/1842777955).", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2013", "publisher": "London and New York: Zed Books", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "WHG34IMD" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-02-06T14:40:15Z", "dateModified": "2014-02-06T14:56:04Z" } }, { "key": "FRU47JFU", "version": 84, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 240955, "name": "Cornell Food Studies Collective", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cornell_food_studies_collective", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/240955/items/FRU47JFU", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cornell_food_studies_collective/items/FRU47JFU", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1392796, "username": "jmp36", "name": "Jeff Piestrak", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jmp36", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Smil, V.", "parsedDate": "2001", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "FRU47JFU", "version": 84, "itemType": "book", "title": "Enriching the earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the transformation of world food production", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "name": "Smil, V." } ], "abstractNote": "The industrial synthesis of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen has been of greater fundamental importance to the modern world than the invention of the airplane, nuclear energy, space flight, or television. The expansion of the world's population from 1.6 billion people in 1900 to today's six billion would not have been possible without the synthesis of ammonia. In Enriching the Earth, Vaclav Smil begins with a discussion of nitrogen's unique status in the biosphere, its role in crop production, and traditional means of supplying the nutrient. He then looks at various attempts to expand natural nitrogen flows through mineral and synthetic fertilizers. The core of the book is a detailed narrative of the discovery of ammonia synthesis by Fritz Haber -- a discovery scientists had sought for over one hundred years -- and its commercialization by Carl Bosch and the chemical company BASF. Smil also examines the emergence of the large-scale nitrogen fertilizer industry and analyzes the extent of global dependence on the Haber-Bosch process and its biospheric consequences. Finally, it looks at the role of nitrogen in civilization and, in a sad coda, describes the lives of Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch after the discovery of ammonia synthesis (http://www.amazon.com/Enriching-Earth-Fritz-Transformation-Production/dp/0262693135).", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2001", "publisher": "Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "WHG34IMD" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-02-06T14:37:51Z", "dateModified": "2014-02-06T14:55:11Z" } }, { "key": "F4AGZS9J", "version": 84, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 240955, "name": "Cornell Food Studies Collective", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cornell_food_studies_collective", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/240955/items/F4AGZS9J", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cornell_food_studies_collective/items/F4AGZS9J", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1392796, "username": "jmp36", "name": "Jeff Piestrak", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jmp36", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Slocum, R.", "parsedDate": "2007", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "F4AGZS9J", "version": 84, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Whiteness, space and alternative food practice", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "name": "Slocum, R." } ], "abstractNote": "The paper demonstrates how whiteness is produced in progressive non-profit efforts to promote sustainable farming and food security in the US. I explore whiteness by addressing the spatial dimensions of this food politics. I draw on feminist and materialist theories of nature, space and difference as well as research conducted between 2003 and the present. Whiteness emerges spatially in efforts to increase food access, support farmers and provide organic food to consumers. It clusters and expands through resource allocation to particular organizations and programs and through participation in non-profit conferences. Community food’s discourse builds on a late-modern and, in practice, ‘white’ combination of science and ideology concerning healthful food and healthy bodies. Whiteness in alternative food efforts rests, as well, on inequalities of wealth that serve both to enable different food economies and to separate people by their ability to consume. It is latent in the support of romanticized notions of community, but also in the more active support for coalition-building across social differences. These well-intentioned food practices reveal both the transformative potential of progressive whiteness and its capacity to become exclusionary in spite of itself. Whiteness coheres precisely, therefore, in the act of ‘doing good’.", "publicationTitle": "Geoforum", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2007", "volume": "38", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "520-533", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "WHG34IMD" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-02-06T14:36:40Z", "dateModified": "2014-02-06T14:54:56Z" } }, { "key": "KUVJ3FBX", "version": 84, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 240955, "name": "Cornell Food Studies Collective", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cornell_food_studies_collective", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/240955/items/KUVJ3FBX", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cornell_food_studies_collective/items/KUVJ3FBX", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1392796, "username": "jmp36", "name": "Jeff Piestrak", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jmp36", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Slocum, R.", "parsedDate": "2011", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "KUVJ3FBX", "version": 84, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Race in the study of food", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "name": "Slocum, R." } ], "abstractNote": "Recent reviews of food scholarship in Progress in Human Geography have begun to engage with racial identity but have not considered the breadth of work on the subject. Once we look outside what is known as agri-food studies to research in international development, environmental history, feminist theory, cultural studies and anthropology, it is evident that a large body of research exists relating race to the production, distribution and consumption of food. However, to see how this work actually refers to race often requires reading between the lines. Authors may refer to ‘difference’, ‘alterity’ or ‘Otherness’ instead of race and some are not explicit about the theory of race upon which they draw. Consequently, it is not always evident how race matters to the study of food. This paper’s contribution is to propose how theories of race are being used in this literature. It does so by drawing on the work of geographers, but the paper seeks to engage with research outside the discipline as well. Most literature implicitly relies on the social construction of race to consider representations and performances of race in contexts of eating or producing food. A smaller body of work theorizes racial embodiment as a material process. Explicit engagement with the concept of race and its diverse theoretical foundations is important because it allows scholars to make arguments about how racism shapes food systems, to understand how race changes through food, and to consider how food might enable different theorizations of race.", "publicationTitle": "Progress in Human Geography", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2011", "volume": "35", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "303-327", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "WHG34IMD" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-02-06T14:34:41Z", "dateModified": "2014-02-06T14:54:42Z" } }, { "key": "DIKRFGCK", "version": 84, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 240955, "name": "Cornell Food Studies Collective", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cornell_food_studies_collective", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/240955/items/DIKRFGCK", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cornell_food_studies_collective/items/DIKRFGCK", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1392796, "username": "jmp36", "name": "Jeff Piestrak", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jmp36", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Roberts, W.", "parsedDate": "2008", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "DIKRFGCK", "version": 84, "itemType": "book", "title": "The no-nonsense guide to world food", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "name": "Roberts, W." } ], "abstractNote": "Covering fast food, organic food, junk food, institutional food, and more, this guide shows how “real food” has become increasingly scarce, with production and distribution increasingly dominated in the West by agri-business. The guide goes on to present the alternatives that are emerging based on the concept of community food security (http://www.amazon.com/No-Nonsense-Guide-World-Food-Guides/dp/1904456960).", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2008", "publisher": "Toronto: New Internationalist Publications", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "WHG34IMD" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-02-06T14:33:54Z", "dateModified": "2014-02-06T14:54:29Z" } }, { "key": "7U94QQ9J", "version": 84, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 240955, "name": "Cornell Food Studies Collective", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cornell_food_studies_collective", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/240955/items/7U94QQ9J", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cornell_food_studies_collective/items/7U94QQ9J", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1392796, "username": "jmp36", "name": "Jeff Piestrak", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jmp36", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Pudup, M. B.", "parsedDate": "2008", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "7U94QQ9J", "version": 84, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "It takes a garden: Cultivating citizen-subjects in organized garden projects", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "name": "Pudup, M. B." } ], "abstractNote": "Since the 1980’s organized garden projects have proliferated in a institutional settings associated with the ‘‘roll-out’’ neoliberal state and the sad consequences of neoliberalism more generally: jails, schools, hospitals and other clinical settings for ‘‘at-risk’’ populations. This article advances the concept ‘‘organized garden project’’ over the richly connotative, but inchoate term ‘‘community garden,’’ and links the long episodic history of garden projects with changing discourses about the supposedly transformative power of gardening practice for individual and social transformation. The article highlights two organized garden projects within the San Francisco Bay area, a chief locus in the movement to using organized garden projects to produce new individual and collective subjectivities. The case studies assess, from the typically unambiguous standpoint of the garden organizers, the nature of the subjectivity that gardening practice is supposed to produce, the need for such alternative subjectivity and the ‘‘difference’’ such alternatives are believed to make for the individual and in the wider social, political and economic milieu.", "publicationTitle": "Geoforum", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2008", "volume": "39", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1228-1240", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "WHG34IMD" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-02-06T14:32:30Z", "dateModified": "2014-02-06T14:54:18Z" } }, { "key": "8GZ6US7T", "version": 84, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 240955, "name": "Cornell Food Studies Collective", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cornell_food_studies_collective", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/240955/items/8GZ6US7T", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cornell_food_studies_collective/items/8GZ6US7T", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1392796, "username": "jmp36", "name": "Jeff Piestrak", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jmp36", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Van der Ploeg, J. D.", "parsedDate": "2010", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "8GZ6US7T", "version": 84, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The peasantries of the twenty-first century: the commoditisation debate revisited", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "name": "Van der Ploeg, J. D." } ], "abstractNote": "This article examines the re-emergence of the peasantry. It argues that farming is increasingly being restructured in a peasant-like way. This restructuring is an actively constructed response to the agrarian crisis that has grown out of five decades of state-induced modernisation and is currently being accelerated by the financial crisis and the generalised economic depression. Through a process of restructuring that is both multi-dimensional and multi-level farmers are reconstituting themselves into peasants (although important features of operating as peasants have never been completely absent), a process that is occurring as much in developed countries as in developing ones. At more or less the same time theoretical concepts of the peasantry and the peasant way of farming are being rediscovered and revisited. Earlier debates are highly relevant for understanding the current situation of a generalised crisis and the responses that are being triggered among farmers. The rediscovery of the peasant as theoretically meaningful concept reflects the socio-material re-emergence of the peasantry, and helps to explain the particular features of this process. The article concludes by arguing that the reconstitution of the peasantry is strategic to future world food security.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Peasant Studies", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2010", "volume": "37", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1-30", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "WHG34IMD" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-02-06T14:31:17Z", "dateModified": "2014-02-06T14:54:00Z" } }, { "key": "VID6RQQB", "version": 84, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 240955, "name": "Cornell Food Studies Collective", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cornell_food_studies_collective", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/240955/items/VID6RQQB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cornell_food_studies_collective/items/VID6RQQB", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1392796, "username": "jmp36", "name": "Jeff Piestrak", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jmp36", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Mintz, S. W.", "parsedDate": "1986", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "VID6RQQB", "version": 84, "itemType": "book", "title": "Sweetness and power: the place of sugar in modern history", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "name": "Mintz, S. W." } ], "abstractNote": "Sidney Mintz, an anthropologist of the Caribbean, has written a provocative book based on historical data rather than anthropological fieldwork. Sweetness and Power concerns what its subtitle indicates: “the place of sugar in modern history,” which is to say, the long-term change in the historical role of what has become a most ordinary commodity. In discussing sugar’s production and consumption, as well as its use and function, Mintz tries to answer questions that historians do not normally ask of the historical record. He wants to decipher the codes of meaning that account for the transformation of an upper-class, luxury good into a commonplace, working-class necessity. His history is not the usual subspecialist recounting of slavery and imperialism, industrialization and work patterns, and dietary preference and caroler requirements. Instead, it cuts across temporal boundaries and disciplinary strongholds to ask what fascinates both historians and anthropologists about structure and change: “how the world changes from what it was to what it may become, and how it manages at the same time to stay in certain regards very much the same” (p. xxix). In the same way, his anthropology is nontraditional – not limited to exotic non-Western peoples with small populations and modest technologies or to timeless, unchanging structures. Instead, Mintz writes “s social history of the use of new foods in a western nation [England]” as part of a practical demonstration of a “new anthropology” of the present world. Thus, the relation between structure and change, as seen from the point of view of what economists might call “taste” or what social psychologists might call “choice,” here provides a perspective on sugar, spice, and everything nice that challenges readers to examine how they and their own sugar-coated society became who and what they are.\nfrom a review (Marino, J. A. 1987. Review. The Journal of Modern History 59 (3):549–551).", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "1986", "publisher": "New York: Penguin Books", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "WHG34IMD" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-02-06T14:29:10Z", "dateModified": "2014-02-06T14:53:32Z" } }, { "key": "DNUDNU3V", "version": 84, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 240955, "name": "Cornell Food Studies Collective", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cornell_food_studies_collective", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/240955/items/DNUDNU3V", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cornell_food_studies_collective/items/DNUDNU3V", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1392796, "username": "jmp36", "name": "Jeff Piestrak", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jmp36", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "McMichael, P.", "parsedDate": "2008", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "DNUDNU3V", "version": 84, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Peasants make their own history, but not just as they please...", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "name": "McMichael, P." } ], "abstractNote": "This essay employs contemporary peasant mobilizing discourses and practices to evaluate the terms in which we understand agrarian movements today, through an exercise of historical specification. First, it considers why the terms of the original agrarian question no longer apply to agrarian change today. The shift in the terms corresponds to the movement from the late-nineteenth century and twentieth century, when states were the organizing principle of political-economy, to the twenty-first century, when capital has become the organizing principle. Second, and related, agrarian mobilizations are viewed here as barometers of contemporary political-economic relations. In politicizing the socio-ecological crisis of neoliberalism, they problematize extant categories of political and sociological analysis, re-centering agriculture and food as key to democratic and sustainable relations of social production.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Agrarian Change", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2008", "volume": "8", "issue": "2-3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "205-228", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "WHG34IMD" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-02-06T14:27:39Z", "dateModified": "2014-02-06T14:53:18Z" } }, { "key": "FVJN7HX6", "version": 84, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 240955, "name": "Cornell Food Studies Collective", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cornell_food_studies_collective", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/240955/items/FVJN7HX6", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cornell_food_studies_collective/items/FVJN7HX6", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1392796, "username": "jmp36", "name": "Jeff Piestrak", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jmp36", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "McMichael, P.", "parsedDate": "2009", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "FVJN7HX6", "version": 84, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "A food regime genealogy", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "name": "McMichael, P." } ], "abstractNote": "Food regime analysis emerged to explain the strategic role of agriculture and food in the construction of the world capitalist economy. It identifies stable periods of capital accumulation associated with particular configurations of geopolitical power, conditioned by forms of agricultural production and consumption relations within and across national spaces. Contradictory relations within food regimes produce crisis, transformation, and transition to successor regimes. This ‘genealogy’ traces the development of food regime analysis in relation to historical and intellectual trends over the past two decades, arguing that food regime analysis underlines agriculture’s foundational role in political economy/ecology.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Peasant Studies", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2009", "volume": "36", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "139-169", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "WHG34IMD" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-02-06T14:26:11Z", "dateModified": "2014-02-06T14:53:01Z" } }, { "key": "CSB2CMBF", "version": 84, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 240955, "name": "Cornell Food Studies Collective", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cornell_food_studies_collective", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/240955/items/CSB2CMBF", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cornell_food_studies_collective/items/CSB2CMBF", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1392796, "username": "jmp36", "name": "Jeff Piestrak", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jmp36", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "McClintock, N.", "parsedDate": "2010", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "CSB2CMBF", "version": 84, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Why farm the city? Theorizing urban agriculture through a lens of metabolic rift", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "name": "McClintock, N." } ], "abstractNote": "The literature on who is responsible for the delivery of human rights has produced two divergent perspectives. One view suggests that appropriate units for the delivery of human rights are entities external to individuals such as nation-states or non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Another is that individuals themselves are responsible. The issue of race complicates the delivery issue even further. Discourses that assign responsibility to governments typically fail to acknowledge that those governments often have constructed some races as subordinate. Discourses that assign responsibility to individuals, however, sometimes fail to acknowledge that racially marginalized groups often have been so colonized that they see themselves as inherently inferior and thus lacking the capacity to act. This case study of the D-Town farmers of the Detroit Black Community Food Security Network provides an examination of a group that responds to the issue of delivery of human rights by enacting an agentic perspective. D-Town farmers challenge the government's capacity to provide a safe and clean food supply and provide it themselves, challenge the government's capacity to provide culturally relevant information about healthy food, and offer that information to their community, assuming control of their food-security movement.", "publicationTitle": "Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2010", "volume": "3", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "191-207", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "WHG34IMD" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-02-06T14:25:02Z", "dateModified": "2014-02-06T14:52:45Z" } }, { "key": "VJBV97QK", "version": 84, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 240955, "name": "Cornell Food Studies Collective", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cornell_food_studies_collective", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/240955/items/VJBV97QK", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cornell_food_studies_collective/items/VJBV97QK", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1392796, "username": "jmp36", "name": "Jeff Piestrak", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jmp36", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "London, C.", "parsedDate": "2012", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "VJBV97QK", "version": 84, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Coffee, Certification, and the Incorrigibility of Capitalism", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "name": "London, C." } ], "abstractNote": "Marx’s Outrage: Unlike most animals, we humans have a tendency to destroy the conditions of our existence. We readily despoil the land, vegetation, and other animals in our surroundings, but we reserve a particular viciousness for our own kind. Our wars, genocides, and diverse forms of slavery have bequeathed us a grotesque heritage of degradation and suffering. Yet all the while we have created forms of art and politics that provide foundations for constituting social lives of profound dignity. Ancient Athens gave us works of literature and political theory that merit study today for insights on how we can form a democratic public sphere founded on critical debate among equals. Still, that same state depended for its basic survival, its food and commerce, on slavery and the subordination of women. This tale can be repeated for any number of civilizations; indeed it is one I will repeat below when I discuss the history of coffee, a product that has fueled the construction of the modern world but has done so on the backs of peasants. Must it be that the heights of civilization depend on subordinating, if not crushing, those who produce the essential elements of our collective survival? […]\nIn this essay I will explore some failings of a recent attempt to practice what we know: that of the certified coffee movement. Fair Trade, organic, and environmental coffee certifications are attempts to reshape markets by placing social and environmental values alongside and in dialog with the determination of monetary value. Despite its noble intentions, the certified coffee movement is currently at best a rearguard action that serves to ameliorate in a few locations the destructive consequences of long understood structural economic conditions, but it does not change those conditions in their essentials. My goal here is to argue that the problems that confront our world today—war, disease, famine, desertification, global warming, and so forth—are not so much in need of more scientific data or technologies. Rather, pace Marx, we need to act on what we already know. The reason we fail to do this, as the case of coffee illustrates, is that we are too enmeshed in the mythologies of capitalist culture: the drive for ever-increasing growth, the primacy of profit margins, and the treadmill of consumerism. Overcoming this culture will require both decommodifying economic practices and asserting ourselves as citizens. I certainly don’t claim to have a solution to capitalism, but rather will use this case to point to some signposts that mark out where we might go from here.", "publicationTitle": "Social Research: An International Quarterly", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2012", "volume": "79", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1045-1069", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "WHG34IMD" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-02-06T14:23:17Z", "dateModified": "2014-02-06T14:52:33Z" } }, { "key": "ZSSQBRJD", "version": 84, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 240955, "name": "Cornell Food Studies Collective", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cornell_food_studies_collective", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/240955/items/ZSSQBRJD", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cornell_food_studies_collective/items/ZSSQBRJD", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1392796, "username": "jmp36", "name": "Jeff Piestrak", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jmp36", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Liu, Y. Y. and Apollon, D.", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "ZSSQBRJD", "version": 84, "itemType": "report", "title": "The Color of Food", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "name": "Liu, Y. Y." }, { "creatorType": "author", "name": "Apollon, D." } ], "abstractNote": "This report brief is intended to support the collaborative efforts of advocates and researchers—such as those at the Food Chain Workers Alliance, the Data Center and Food First—who are working diligently to bring attention to the invisible labor that populate the food supply chain. Like these advocates, ARC is committed to identifying solutions through which food workers can make their jobs and lives sustainable for themselves and their families. The Color of Food explores the universe of workers that populate the food chain, from food’s inception as seed to when it reaches our plates at home or in restaurants. Generally, such broad explorations of the color and gender of the food workforce have been rare. This mapping of the race, class and gender of food workers will be a baseline from which the food justice movement can dream of a new supply chain, one that sustains and nourishes its labor, as well as its consumers.", "reportNumber": "", "reportType": "", "institution": "", "place": "", "date": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.foodfirst.org/en/node/3305", "accessDate": "2014-01-16", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "WHG34IMD" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-02-06T14:19:16Z", "dateModified": "2014-02-06T14:52:17Z" } }, { "key": "FXM9C7XV", "version": 84, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 240955, "name": "Cornell Food Studies Collective", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cornell_food_studies_collective", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/240955/items/FXM9C7XV", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cornell_food_studies_collective/items/FXM9C7XV", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1392796, "username": "jmp36", "name": "Jeff Piestrak", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jmp36", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Holt Giménez, E. and Shattuck, A.", "parsedDate": "2011", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "FXM9C7XV", "version": 84, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Food crises, food regimes and food movements: rumblings of reform or tides of transformation?", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "name": "Holt Giménez, E." }, { "creatorType": "author", "name": "Shattuck, A." } ], "abstractNote": "This article addresses the potential for food movements to bring about substantive changes to the current global food system. After describing the current corporate food regime, we apply Karl Polanyi’s ‘double-movement’ thesis on capitalism to explain the regime’s trends of neoliberalism and reform. Using the global food crisis as a point of departure, we introduce a comparative analytical framework for different political and social trends within the corporate food regime and global food movements, characterizing them as ‘Neoliberal’, ‘Reformist’, ‘Progressive’, and ‘Radical’, respectively, and describe each trend based on its discourse, model, and key actors, approach to the food crisis, and key documents. After a discussion of class, political permeability, and tensions within the food movements, we suggest that the current food crisis offers opportunities for strategic alliances between Progressive and Radical trends within the food movement. We conclude that while the food crisis has brought a retrenchment of neoliberalization and weak calls for reform, the worldwide growth of food movements directly and indirectly challenge the legitimacy and hegemony of the corporate food regime. Regime change will require sustained pressure from a strong global food movement, built on durable alliances between Progressive and Radical trends.", "publicationTitle": "The Journal of peasant studies", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2011", "volume": "38", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "109-144", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "WHG34IMD" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-02-06T14:16:07Z", "dateModified": "2014-02-06T14:52:03Z" } }, { "key": "556CC989", "version": 84, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 240955, "name": "Cornell Food Studies Collective", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cornell_food_studies_collective", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/240955/items/556CC989", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cornell_food_studies_collective/items/556CC989", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1392796, "username": "jmp36", "name": "Jeff Piestrak", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jmp36", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Hinrichs, C. C.", "parsedDate": "2000", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "556CC989", "version": 84, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Embeddedness and local food systems: notes on two types of direct agricultural market", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "name": "Hinrichs, C. C." } ], "abstractNote": "Direct agricultural markets, predicated on face-to-face ties between producers and consumers, are often seen as central components of local food systems. Activists and academic analysts often assume that trust and social connection characterize direct agricultural markets, distinguishing local food systems from the ‘global food system’. This article examines that premise about direct agricultural markets, using the concept of social embeddedness from economic sociology to analyze the interplay of the economic and the social. Specifically, it draws on Block's (1990) elaboration of the concepts of marketness and instrumentalism to qualify the concept of social embeddedness. Taken together, and augmented by consideration of how they relate to power and privilege, these concepts provide an analytical framework that more accurately describes the social relations of two types of direct agricultural markets * the farmers’ market and community supported agriculture. In providing an alternative market, farmers' markets create a context for closer social ties between farmers and consumers, but remain fundamentally rooted in commodity relations. In attempting to construct an alternative to the market, as reflected in an explicit emphasis on community and in the distinctive ‘share’ relationship, community supported agriculture moves closer towards the decommodification of food. Nonetheless, in both types of direct markets, tensions between embeddedness, on the one hand, and marketness and instrumentalism, on the other, suggest how power and privilege may sometimes rest more with educated, middle-class consumers than with farmers or less-advantaged consumers. Recognizing how marketness and instrumentalism complicate social embeddedness is critical for understanding the viability, development and prospects of local food systems.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Rural Studies", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2000", "volume": "16", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "295-303", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "WHG34IMD" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-02-06T14:11:59Z", "dateModified": "2014-02-06T14:51:49Z" } }, { "key": "UHAUCK7K", "version": 84, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 240955, "name": "Cornell Food Studies Collective", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cornell_food_studies_collective", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/240955/items/UHAUCK7K", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cornell_food_studies_collective/items/UHAUCK7K", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1392796, "username": "jmp36", "name": "Jeff Piestrak", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jmp36", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Hassanein, N.", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "UHAUCK7K", "version": 84, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Practicing food democracy: a pragmatic politics of transformation", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "name": "Hassanein, N." } ], "abstractNote": "There is a tension regarding the potential of the alternative agro-food movement to create meaningful change. From one perspective, individual and organizational actors working to change the dominant food system need to be engaged on a daily basis in political and social struggles and accomplish what is presently possible given existing opportunities and barriers. From an alternate view, such pragmatism is woefully inadequate for achieving the complete transformation of the food and agriculture system that many movement actors and academic analysts see as necessary. This paper examines some of the issues underlying this tension. It is argued that the ‘‘sustainability’’ of food and agriculture systems is understandably a contested concept because it inevitably involves both conflicts over values and uncertainty about outcomes. These same characteristics make democracy the method of choice for the alternative agro-food movement, and this paper discusses the emerging concept of ‘‘food democracy’’ in order to elaborate upon its practical utility with respect to collective action. The existing alternative agro-food movement is the main source of the pressure to democratize the agro-food system. While the movement in the United States (and elsewhere) is very diverse in terms of organizational forms and strategies, there are important opportunities for developing coalitions among various groups. Lastly, food democracy is discussed as a pragmatic method for transforming the agro-food system.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Rural Studies", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "", "volume": "19", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "77-86", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "WHG34IMD" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-02-06T14:10:05Z", "dateModified": "2014-02-06T14:51:29Z" } }, { "key": "BHXNCVBE", "version": 84, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 240955, "name": "Cornell Food Studies Collective", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cornell_food_studies_collective", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/240955/items/BHXNCVBE", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cornell_food_studies_collective/items/BHXNCVBE", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1392796, "username": "jmp36", "name": "Jeff Piestrak", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jmp36", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Harris, E.", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "BHXNCVBE", "version": 84, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Neoliberal subjectivities or a politics of the possible? Reading for difference in alternative food networks", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "name": "Harris, E." } ], "abstractNote": "Recent research on alternative food networks has highlighted the centrality of place embeddedness as a strategy in constructing alternatives to conventional agri-industrial food systems, and has illustrated the political nature of these strategic localisms. Recently, critical human geographers and sociologists have drawn on relational theory to criticize the localism of alternative food networks as representing a politics of place which is unreflexive or defensive. Furthermore, some readings of alternative food networks argue that they reproduce the very neoliberal subjectivities that they seek to oppose. This article argues that agri-food scholars should be aware of the ways in which their readings of alternative food networks can guide and reproduce alternative food network practice. Drawing on Gibson-Graham’s technique of ‘reading for difference’, I argue for a reading of alternative food networks that sees difference beyond the discursive field of neoliberalism. The article explores recent debates around governmentality as the mechanism through which neoliberal subjectivities are reproduced, and draws on a preliminary discussion of the alternative food network practice of the 100 Mile Diet in order to illustrate the arguments made.", "publicationTitle": "Area", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "", "volume": "41", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "55-63", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "WHG34IMD" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-02-06T14:08:55Z", "dateModified": "2014-02-06T14:51:16Z" } }, { "key": "6MQZQABA", "version": 84, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 240955, "name": "Cornell Food Studies Collective", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cornell_food_studies_collective", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/240955/items/6MQZQABA", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cornell_food_studies_collective/items/6MQZQABA", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1392796, "username": "jmp36", "name": "Jeff Piestrak", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jmp36", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Pratt, J.", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "6MQZQABA", "version": 84, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Incorporation and Resistance: Analytical Issues in the Conventionalization Debate and Alternative Food Chains", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "name": "Pratt, J." } ], "abstractNote": "This article examines arguments about the relationship between mainstream agriculture and alternative food chains. It begins with a summary of Guthman’s study of organic agriculture in California and her conclusion that it has come to resemble conventional, industrial agriculture in its agrarian structures and its supply chains. The article raises questions about both the evidence that smaller alternative producers have been squeezed out, and the assumptions underlying the analysis of relations between capitalist and non-capitalist forms. The issues are contextualized through a summary of earlier debates about the fate of non-capitalist producers in the ‘development’ process, and through reference to studies in economic anthropology, including research on household farming strategies in Italy. The article concludes that alternative food chains do not follow a simple linear trajectory, and that we need to include an ethnographic approach to understand both their economic values and political objectives.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Agrarian Change", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "", "volume": "9", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "155-174", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "WHG34IMD" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-02-06T13:57:48Z", "dateModified": "2014-02-06T14:50:27Z" } }, { "key": "REWEFDW8", "version": 84, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 240955, "name": "Cornell Food Studies Collective", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cornell_food_studies_collective", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/240955/items/REWEFDW8", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cornell_food_studies_collective/items/REWEFDW8", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1392796, "username": "jmp36", "name": "Jeff Piestrak", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jmp36", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Guthman, J.", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "REWEFDW8", "version": 84, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The Trouble with “Organic Lite” in California: a Rejoinder to the “Conventionalisation” Debate", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "name": "Guthman, J." } ], "abstractNote": "In 1997, I, along with my colleagues, published a piece in this journal on the emerging conventionalisation of organic agriculture. Based on a preliminary study of the organic vegetable commodity chain in California, we argued that the most high-value crops and the most lucrative segments of organic commodity chains were being appropriated by agribusiness firms, many of which were abandoning the more sustainable agronomic and marketing practices associated with organic agriculture (Buck et al. 1997). This argument has since been canonised as the ‘conventionalisation thesis’ and has sparked considerable debate, including a special issue in this journal dedicated to the ‘Politics, Ideology and Practice of Organic Farming’ (January 2001), formulated in part to rebut our claims. While some have found divergent empirical evidence in other national or regional settings (e.g., Hall and Mogyorody 2001), others have responded as if we had set out to undermine organic agriculture, and on the basis of shaky data to boot (Michelsen 2001). The more incisive criticisms, in my view, were the accusations of universalizing and linearity, in respect to our implication that appropriation was somehow inevitable (see Coombes and Campbell 1998; DuPuis 2000; Campbell and Liepins 2001). Based on a much more comprehensive study of the California organic sector, this paper seeks to complicate the position we originally took, but not substantially alter it.1 As an empirical point, I intend to document the form and extent of agribusiness involvement in the California organic sector. I will show, for instance, the increased dominance of powerful buyer firms, countering the ideal of a collection of small independent farms. In so doing, I will say something about why this sectoral structure exists. Specifically, I will point to California’s agrarian history, which was never founded upon true family farming.", "publicationTitle": "Sociologia Ruralis", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "", "volume": "44", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "301-316", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "WHG34IMD" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-02-06T13:56:20Z", "dateModified": "2014-02-06T14:47:30Z" } }, { "key": "WEUFMC2V", "version": 84, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 240955, "name": "Cornell Food Studies Collective", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cornell_food_studies_collective", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/240955/items/WEUFMC2V", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cornell_food_studies_collective/items/WEUFMC2V", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1392796, "username": "jmp36", "name": "Jeff Piestrak", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jmp36", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Block, D.R. et al.", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "WEUFMC2V", "version": 84, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Food sovereignty, urban food access, and food activism: contemplating the connections through examples from Chicago", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "name": "Block, D.R." }, { "creatorType": "author", "name": "Chavez, N." }, { "creatorType": "author", "name": "Allen, E." }, { "creatorType": "author", "name": "Ramirez, D." } ], "abstractNote": "The idea of food sovereignty has its roots primarily in the response of small producers in developing countries to decreasing levels of control over land, production practices, and food access. While the concerns of urban Chicagoans struggling with low food access may seem far from these issues, the authors believe that the ideas associated with food sovereignty will lead to the construction of solutions to what is often called the ‘‘food desert’’ issue that serve and empower communities in ways that less democratic solutions do not. In Chicago and elsewhere, residents and activists often see and experience racial and economic inequalities through the variety of stores and other food access sites available in their community. The connections between food access, respect, and activism are first considered through a set of statements of Chicagoans living in food access poor areas. We will then discuss these connections through the work and philosophy of activists in Chicago centered in food sovereignty and food justice. Particular focus will be placed on Growing Power, an urban food production, distribution, and learning organization working primarily in Milwaukee and Chicago, and Healthy South Chicago, a community coalition focused on health issues in a working class area of the city.", "publicationTitle": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "WHG34IMD" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-02-06T13:50:32Z", "dateModified": "2014-02-06T14:45:55Z" } }, { "key": "TJE766VA", "version": 84, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 240955, "name": "Cornell Food Studies Collective", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cornell_food_studies_collective", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/240955/items/TJE766VA", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cornell_food_studies_collective/items/TJE766VA", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1392796, "username": "jmp36", "name": "Jeff Piestrak", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jmp36", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Allen, P.", "parsedDate": "2008", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "TJE766VA", "version": 84, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Mining for justice in the food system: perceptions, practices, and possibilities", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "name": "Allen, P." } ], "abstractNote": "Despite much popular interest in food issues, there remains a lack of social justice in the American agrifood system, as evidenced by prevalent hunger and obesity in low-income populations and exploitation of farmworkers. While many consumers and alternative agrifood organizations express interest in and support social justice goals, the incorporation of these goals into on-the-ground alternatives is often tenuous. Academics have an important role in calling out social justice issues and developing the critical thinking skills that can redress inequality in the agrifood system. Academics can challenge ideological categories of inquiry and problem definition, include justice factors in defining research problems, and develop participatory, problem-solving research within social justice movements. In addition, scholars can educate students about the power of epistemologies, discourse, and ideology, thereby expanding the limits and boundaries of what is possible in transforming the agrifood system. In these ways, the academy can be a key player in the creation of a diverse agrifood movement that embraces the discourse of social justice.", "publicationTitle": "Agriculture and Human Values", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2008", "volume": "25", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "157-161", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "WHG34IMD" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-02-06T13:48:55Z", "dateModified": "2014-02-06T14:45:33Z" } } ]