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Many of the physiological traits that are exhibited in a biofilm environment have been observed and studied previously in detail in planktonic cultures. However, their differential and combinatorial phenotypic expression in distinct subpopulations localized to different regions in a biofilm is the cause for the overall biofilm heterogeneity. In this chapter, the causes and consequences of this interplay are elaborated with a special focus on processes controlling biofilm stability and dispersal.", "publicationTitle": "Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2008", "volume": "322", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "17-36", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18453270", "accessDate": "2011-08-09T15:13:48Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0070-217X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 18453270", "tags": [ { "tag": "Biofilms", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Pseudomonas", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Shewanella", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Vibrio cholerae", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "XA9VTJW3" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-08-09T15:13:48Z", "dateModified": "2011-08-09T15:13:48Z" } }, { "key": "U7D8WEFD", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 23959, "name": "CESPN", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cespn", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/23959/items/U7D8WEFD", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cespn/items/U7D8WEFD", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/23959/items/TXVMH69F", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 39819, "username": "Ming.li", "name": "Ming Li", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ming.li", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 236055, "username": "Azen", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/azen", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "U7D8WEFD", "version": 1, "parentItem": "TXVMH69F", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Snapshot", "accessDate": "2011-07-18T13:50:09Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0958166905001953", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "S0958166905001953.html", "md5": null, "mtime": null, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-07-18T13:50:09Z", "dateModified": "2011-07-18T13:50:09Z" } }, { "key": "H7UTK4QT", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 23959, "name": "CESPN", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cespn", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/23959/items/H7UTK4QT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cespn/items/H7UTK4QT", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/23959/items/TXVMH69F", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 39819, "username": "Ming.li", "name": "Ming Li", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ming.li", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 236055, "username": "Azen", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/azen", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "H7UTK4QT", "version": 1, "parentItem": "TXVMH69F", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2011-07-18T13:50:06Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6VRV-4HWX8SV-1-1&_cdi=6244&_user=940030&_pii=S0958166905001953&_origin=&_coverDate=02%2F28%2F2006&_sk=999829998&view=c&wchp=dGLbVzW-zSkWl&md5=0774918d7492903b722b5914c2a8ac2f&ie=/sdarticle.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Madsen - 2006 - The use of stable isotope probing techniques in bi.pdf", "md5": null, "mtime": null, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-07-18T13:50:06Z", "dateModified": "2011-07-18T13:50:07Z" } }, { "key": "TXVMH69F", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 23959, "name": "CESPN", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cespn", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/23959/items/TXVMH69F", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cespn/items/TXVMH69F", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 39819, "username": "Ming.li", "name": "Ming Li", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ming.li", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Madsen", "parsedDate": "2006-02", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "TXVMH69F", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The use of stable isotope probing techniques in bioreactor and field studies on bioremediation", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Eugene L", "lastName": "Madsen" } ], "abstractNote": "


Stable isotope probing (SIP) is a molecular technique that allows investigators to follow the flow of atoms in isotopically enriched molecules through complex microbial communities into metabolically active microorganisms. Thus, SIP has immense promise for discovering microorganisms responsible for ecologically important biogeochemical reactions in nature. Applications of SIP to biodegradation and bioremediation processes are still in their infancy. In the past few years, approximately a dozen biodegradation studies using SIP based on the analysis of labeled DNA, RNA or phospholipid fatty acids have been completed. Results have begun to link biomarkers (especially sequences of 16S ribosomal RNA and functional genes) to biodegradation reactions in naturally occurring microbial communities. As extensive compilations of ecologically important genotypes and phenotypes accrue, predictive abilities for contaminant metabolism in particular habitats may be achieved.

", "publicationTitle": "Current Opinion in Biotechnology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "February 2006", "volume": "17", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "92-97", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "16/j.copbio.2005.12.004", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0958166905001953", "accessDate": "2011-07-18T13:50:05Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0958-1669", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "J8I5XP58" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-07-18T13:50:05Z", "dateModified": "2011-07-18T13:50:05Z" } }, { "key": "NMTU3U5X", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 23959, "name": "CESPN", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cespn", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/23959/items/NMTU3U5X", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cespn/items/NMTU3U5X", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 39819, "username": "Ming.li", "name": "Ming Li", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ming.li", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 236055, "username": "Azen", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/azen", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Henze", "parsedDate": "2000", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "NMTU3U5X", "version": 1, "itemType": "book", "title": "Activated sludge models ASM1, ASM2, ASM2d and ASM3", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "Henze" } ], "abstractNote": "", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2000", "publisher": "IWA publishing", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "", "ISBN": "1900222248", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Google Scholar", "callNumber": "0000", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "8XPGWK4A" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-05-04T01:15:48Z", "dateModified": "2011-05-06T00:54:10Z" } }, { "key": "GXN9WIV6", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 23959, "name": "CESPN", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cespn", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/23959/items/GXN9WIV6", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cespn/items/GXN9WIV6", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/23959/items/NMTU3U5X", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 39819, "username": "Ming.li", "name": "Ming Li", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ming.li", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "GXN9WIV6", "version": 1, "parentItem": "NMTU3U5X", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Google Scholar Linked Page", "accessDate": "2011-05-04T01:15:51Z", "url": "http://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=W0NTq3LUfOUC&oi=fnd&pg=PT4&dq=asm+activated+sludge+model&ots=kmWbvpNbtA&sig=ezgNz1Ps0bimkAclcSDkCU6EF_c", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "books.html", "md5": null, "mtime": 1304471751781, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-05-04T01:15:51Z", "dateModified": "2011-05-04T01:16:49Z" } }, { "key": "WTWMT95Z", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 23959, "name": "CESPN", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cespn", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/23959/items/WTWMT95Z", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cespn/items/WTWMT95Z", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 39819, "username": "Ming.li", "name": "Ming Li", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ming.li", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 236055, "username": "Azen", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/azen", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Bakke and Olsson", "parsedDate": "1986-07", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "WTWMT95Z", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Biofilm thickness measurements by light microscopy", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R.", "lastName": "Bakke" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "P.Q.", "lastName": "Olsson" } ], "abstractNote": "


Light microscopy has been used to measure biofilm thickness. The vertical displacement of the sample required to focus from the biofilm-liquid interface to the biofilm-substratum interface is measured by the stage micrometer. Biofilm thickness is proportional, but not equal, to the measured vertical displacement. An expression for the proportionality constant, kf, in terms of refractive indices is determined from a geometric analysis of the light path. kf can be estimated as the ratio of the refractive index of the film to the refractive index of the media interfacing the film between the objective lens and the sample. The thickness of any transparent film may be determined by light microscopy when the refractive index of the film is known.

", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Microbiological Methods", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "July 1986", "volume": "5", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "93-98", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1016/0167-7012(86)90005-9", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T30-478HPH2-G/2/a62ed0c08b83de2c82f796f846c91269", "accessDate": "2011-04-27T17:17:01Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0167-7012", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "0000", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Biofilm", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Light microscopy", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Refractive index", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Thickness", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Thin film", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "5V8TJTBC" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-04-27T17:17:01Z", "dateModified": "2011-04-28T01:57:02Z" } }, { "key": "WGD7QEUX", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 23959, "name": "CESPN", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cespn", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/23959/items/WGD7QEUX", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cespn/items/WGD7QEUX", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 39819, "username": "Ming.li", "name": "Ming Li", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ming.li", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 236055, "username": "Azen", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/azen", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Bakke et al.", "parsedDate": "2001-02", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "WGD7QEUX", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Quantification of biofilm accumulation by an optical approach", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R.", "lastName": "Bakke" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R.", "lastName": "Kommedal" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S.", "lastName": "Kalvenes" } ], "abstractNote": "


Methods for non-invasive, in situ, measurements of biofilm optical density and biofilm optical thickness were evaluated based on Pseudomonas aeruginosa experiments. Biofilm optical density, measured as intensity reduction of a light beam transmitted through the biofilm, correlates with biofilm mass, measured as total carbon and as cell mass. The method is more sensitive and less labor intensive than other commonly used methods for determining extent of biofilm mass accumulation. Biofilm optical thickness, measured by light microscopy, is translated into physical thickness based on biofilm refraction measurements. Biofilm refractive index was found to be close to the refractive index of water. The P. aeruginosa biofilms studied reached a pseudo steady state in less than a week, with stable liquid phase substrate, cell and TOC concentrations and average biofilm thickness. True steady state was, however, not reached as both biofilm density and roughness were still increasing after 3 weeks.

", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Microbiological Methods", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "February 2001", "volume": "44", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "13-26", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1016/S0167-7012(00)00236-0", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T30-4287BK0-2/2/83ee4d8f8dc0ac3f1abb9d930b9998db", "accessDate": "2011-04-27T19:16:48Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0167-7012", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "0000", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Biofilm density", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Biofilm morphology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Biofilm optical density", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Biofilm refractive index", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Biofilm thickness", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "5V8TJTBC" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-04-27T19:16:48Z", "dateModified": "2011-04-28T01:57:01Z" } }, { "key": "UUJ7EE4H", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 23959, "name": "CESPN", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cespn", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/23959/items/UUJ7EE4H", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cespn/items/UUJ7EE4H", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 39819, "username": "Ming.li", "name": "Ming Li", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ming.li", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 236055, "username": "Azen", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/azen", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Ro and Neethling", "parsedDate": "1991-07-01", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "UUJ7EE4H", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Biofilm Density for Biological Fluidized Beds", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kyoung Sin", "lastName": "Ro" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J. B.", "lastName": "Neethling" } ], "abstractNote": "

The density of biological particles in fluidized beds changes as the biofilm grows due to changes in the biofilm makeup and morphology. These changes cause a decrease in biofilm dry density to approximately 0.01 to 0.02 ${\\rm g}/{\\rm cm}^{3}$ when the relative biofilm thickness (defined as the ratio between the bioparticle size and the support medium size) exceeds approximately 2. The biofilm wet density (dry density plus water) decreases linearly with decreasing dry biofilm density, approaching the density of water for thick biofilms. Therefore, a thicker biofilm will form a larger but less dense particle. This finding is important in order to understand the interaction between particle characteristics and particle-settling velocity, a critical parameter for designing and operating biological fluidized beds.", "publicationTitle": "Research Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "July 01, 1991", "volume": "63", "issue": "5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "815-818", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25044060", "accessDate": "2011-04-27T17:17:22Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1047-7624", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "JSTOR", "callNumber": "0000", "rights": "", "extra": "ArticleType: research-article / Full publication date: Jul. - Aug., 1991 / Copyright © 1991 Water Environment Federation", "tags": [], "collections": [ "5V8TJTBC" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-04-27T17:17:22Z", "dateModified": "2011-04-28T01:57:00Z" } }, { "key": "4ZAF8WZH", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 23959, "name": "CESPN", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cespn", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/23959/items/4ZAF8WZH", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cespn/items/4ZAF8WZH", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 39819, "username": "Ming.li", "name": "Ming Li", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ming.li", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 236055, "username": "Azen", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/azen", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Paramonova et al.", "parsedDate": "2007-11", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "4ZAF8WZH", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Low-Load Compression Testing: a Novel Way of Measuring Biofilm Thickness", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ekaterina", "lastName": "Paramonova" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ed D.", "lastName": "de Jong" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Bastiaan P.", "lastName": "Krom" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Henny C.", "lastName": "van der Mei" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Henk J.", "lastName": "Busscher" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Prashant K.", "lastName": "Sharma" } ], "abstractNote": "Biofilms are complex and dynamic communities of microorganisms that are studied in many fields due to their abundance and economic impact. Biofilm thickness is an important parameter in biofilm characterization. Current methods of measuring biofilm thicknesses have several limitations, including application, availability, and costs. Here, we present low-load compression testing (LLCT) as a new method for measuring biofilm thickness. With LLCT, biofilm thicknesses are measured during compression by inducing small loads, up to 5 Pa, corresponding to 0.1% deformation, making LLCT essentially a nondestructive technique. Comparison of the thicknesses of various bacterial and yeasts biofilms obtained by LLCT and by using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) resulted in the conclusion that CLSM underestimates the biofilm thickness due to poor penetration of different fluorescent dyes, especially through the thicker biofilms, whereas LLCT does not suffer from this thickness limitation.", "publicationTitle": "Applied and Environmental Microbiology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2007-11", "volume": "73", "issue": "21", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "7023-7028", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Appl Environ Microbiol", "DOI": "10.1128/AEM.00935-07", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0099-2240", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Low-Load Compression Testing", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "PubMed Central", "callNumber": "0000", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 17766443\nPMCID: 2074951", "tags": [], "collections": [ "5V8TJTBC" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-04-27T17:17:09Z", "dateModified": "2011-04-28T01:56:59Z" } }, { "key": "29HR86AC", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 23959, "name": "CESPN", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cespn", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/23959/items/29HR86AC", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cespn/items/29HR86AC", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 39819, "username": "Ming.li", "name": "Ming Li", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ming.li", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 236055, "username": "Azen", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/azen", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Lauvvik and Bakke", "parsedDate": "1994-09", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "29HR86AC", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Biofilm thickness measurements by variance analysis of optical images", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Terje", "lastName": "Lauvvik" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Rune", "lastName": "Bakke" } ], "abstractNote": "


An approach to automation biofilm thickness measurements by light microscopy based on variance analysis of optical images is described in this article. This new in situ method is tested and the results are consistent with manually determined thickness measurements. The method's main advantage is in its efficiency in, for instance, acquiring large quantities of data in long term biofilm experiments. The method is based on the hypothesis that the variance of a series of images in a biofilm is a function of the image's vertical position within the biofilm at a fixed horizontal position. The method was tested on a 40 [mu]m thick biofilm for which a variance maximum at 38±5 [mu]m was observed.

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The growth and decay of microoganisms in an auto-/heterotrophic biofilm were investigated experimentally and by modelling. The long-term study (220 days) of the biofilm was based on measurement with microelectrodes and enabled the formulation of decay processes for the bacteria considered. The oxygen demand and, with it, the activity of the bacteria during a phase without substrate feeding were demonstrated by measuring the oxygen concentration in the diffusion field of the boundary layer above the biofilm by means of an oxygen microelectrode. For autotrophic bacteria, the formulation of the processes of death and endogenous respiration by a first-order reaction is sufficient to describe the loss of active bacteria in a biofilm. When modelling a biofilm with heterotrophic bacteria, the processes of growth and decay have to be described in more detail. In order to achieve an agreement between the model and the experimental results, the process of maintenance as well as the process of lysis of the heterotrophic bacteria must be considered. The interaction among the bacteria involved and their competition for existence in the biofilm have been worked out during the transition from a heterotrophic to an auto-/heterotrophic biofilm.

", "publicationTitle": "Water Research", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "September 1997", "volume": "31", "issue": "9", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "2243-2252", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1016/S0043-1354(97)00081-X", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V73-3SWK7K6-D/2/709afd10cffc0453713d5091e27a5d5a", "accessDate": "2011-04-15T19:00:42Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0043-1354", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "0000", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "auto-/heterotrophic biofilm", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "death", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "endogenous respiration", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "glucose microelectrode", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "growth", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "lysis", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "maintenance", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "modelling", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "oxygen microelectrode", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "UF6M286E" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-04-15T19:00:42Z", "dateModified": "2011-04-18T01:56:41Z" } }, { "key": "T77DU4W6", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 23959, "name": "CESPN", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cespn", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/23959/items/T77DU4W6", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cespn/items/T77DU4W6", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/23959/items/9PR4N23D", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 39819, "username": "Ming.li", "name": "Ming Li", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ming.li", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "T77DU4W6", "version": 1, "parentItem": "9PR4N23D", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Snapshot", "accessDate": "2011-04-15T19:00:46Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V73-3SWK7K6-D&_user=940030&_coverDate=09%2F30%2F1997&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=gateway&_origin=gateway&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1719832351&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C000048763&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=940030&md5=23110c423f4786a4fa84a35db7349191&searchtype=a", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "science.html", "md5": null, "mtime": null, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-04-15T19:00:46Z", "dateModified": "2011-04-15T19:00:46Z" } }, { "key": "9HF9UTQ3", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 23959, "name": "CESPN", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cespn", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/23959/items/9HF9UTQ3", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cespn/items/9HF9UTQ3", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/23959/items/9PR4N23D", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 39819, "username": "Ming.li", "name": "Ming Li", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ming.li", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "9HF9UTQ3", "version": 1, "parentItem": "9PR4N23D", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2011-04-15T19:00:43Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6V73-3SWK7K6-D-1&_cdi=5831&_user=940030&_pii=S004313549700081X&_origin=gateway&_coverDate=09%2F30%2F1997&_sk=999689990&view=c&wchp=dGLbVtz-zSkzV&md5=ecf373a14889f938b30ce6692a023b03&ie=/sdarticle.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Horn and Hempel - 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