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            "title": "Quantifying the urban gradient: A practical method for broad measurements",
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                    "firstName": "Gábor",
                    "lastName": "Seress"
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            "abstractNote": "The process of habitat urbanization has intense and manifold effects on the biota that we need to better understand. The urbanization gradient approach is increasingly used in ecological research to study the responses of communities and populations of plants and animals to different degrees of landscape urbanization. However, the methods used for quantifying the urbanization gradient are heterogeneous. Here, first we validate a manual method designed for broad measures of landscape urbanization, based on major land-cover characteristics calculated from aerial images, that has been applied in former studies, and compare its results to measurements taken with a widely accepted geoinformatics software. Second, on the basis of this manual scoring method we introduce a recently developed, easily feasible, semi-automated method of measuring degree of urbanization, which uses only freely and worldwide accessible satellite imagery. Finally, we compare the results obtained by the three methods and the conclusions they yield within the framework of an ecological study conducted on birds. Our results show that the three methods quantify the urbanization gradient similarly, as the ‘urbanization scores’ they provide are strongly correlated and the results of the ecological analyses are highly repeatable across the three approaches. Since the semi-automated method grants this performance at far the lowest cost of time, we propose it as a useful tool for broad measurements of urbanization and its application can promote greater integrity between studies of urbanization effects on wildlife around the world. We also provide a download link to the free application of our semi-automated method.",
            "publicationTitle": "Landscape and Urban Planning",
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            "date": "novembre 2014",
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                    "firstName": "Matthew",
                    "lastName": "Luck"
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Jianguo",
                    "lastName": "Wu"
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            ],
            "abstractNote": "Urbanization is arguably the most dramatic form of land transformation that profoundly influences biological diversity and human life. Quantifying landscape pattern and its change is essential for the monitoring and assessment of ecological consequences of urbanization. Combining gradient analysis with landscape metrics, we attempted to quantify the spatial pattern of urbanization in the Phoenix metropolitan area, Arizona, USA. Several landscape metrics were computed along a 165 km long and 15 km wide transect with a moving window. The research was designed to address four research questions: How do different land use types change with distance away from the urban center? Do different land use types have their own unique spatial signatures? Can urbanization gradients be detected using landscape pattern analysis? How do the urban gradients differ among landscape metrics? The answers to these questions were generally affirmative and informative. The results showed that the spatial pattern of urbanization could be reliably quantified using landscape metrics with a gradient analysis approach, and the location of the urbanization center could be identified precisely and consistently with multiple indices. Different land use types exhibited distinctive, but not necessarily unique, spatial signatures that were dependent on specific landscape metrics. The changes in landscape pattern along the transect have important ecological implications, and quantifying the urbanization gradient, as illustrated in this paper, is an important first step to linking pattern with processes in urban ecological studies.",
            "publicationTitle": "Landscape Ecology",
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            "date": "2002/12/01",
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            "title": "The Theorized Urban Gradient (TUG) method—A conceptual framework for socio-ecological sampling in complex urban agglomerations",
            "creators": [
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Salman",
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                    "firstName": "Dagmar",
                    "lastName": "Haase"
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                    "firstName": "Richard",
                    "lastName": "Coles"
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            "abstractNote": "Mega-urbanization is a major driving force of environmental changes and sustainability because of its speed, scale and worldwide connectivity. Megacities, due to their spatial extent, multicultural demographic structure and multifunctional land-uses, demand new sophisticated scientific approaches to meet the challenges posed by these socio-ecological complexities. Scientists studying megacities are always confronted with the challenge of stratifying their sampling sites for in-depth field investigations particularly in developing countries where the urban landscapes do not expand in line with any predetermined plans – nevertheless with paradigmatic phenomena. This challenge becomes more complicated when considering socio-ecological studies because of the complexity of coupled human–environmental systems where multifunctional composites of land-uses and respective land cover interplay. This paper presents a conceptual framework for developing an urban gradient model, adapted from a set of scientific postulates to systematically hypothesize the selection of research/sampling sites in the field in large urban agglomerations. This framework, due to its scientific legitimacy, is named the Theorized Urban Gradient (TUG). It is based on the assumption that it would allow examination of field/data samples from a variety of urban structures incorporating different functional characteristics. An application of the framework is presented for the megacity of Karachi, Pakistan, comparing the TUG with other standard sampling methods to test and to show the value and the advantages of it. A systematic selection of samples in a compact and informally growing urban landscape is justified. Results corroborate urban gradient, being supported by deductive scientific postulates, as an important research method rather than merely a modelling approach.",
            "publicationTitle": "Ecological Indicators",
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                    "firstName": "Mary L.",
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            "abstractNote": "Urban areas are heterogeneous. Transitions in architecture and building density, vegetation, economic activity, and culture can occur at the scale of city blocks. Ecologists have been criticized for treating the city as homogeneous and urbanization as one-dimensional. To develop ecological understanding of integrated human–natural systems, the fine-scale heterogeneity of their built and natural components must be quantified. There have been calls for the integration of the biophysical and human components of systems, but here we provide a new tool to quantify this integrated heterogeneity by reconceptualizing urban land-use and land-cover classification approaches. This new tool, High Ecological Resolution Classification for Urban Landscapes and Environmental Systems (HERCULES), balances detail and efficiency and is flexible, allowing it to be used for interdisciplinary research, with ancillary datasets, and across urban systems.",
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                    "firstName": "Amare Sewnet",
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                    "firstName": "K. Kameswara",
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            "abstractNote": "Catchment system and its interface with atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere assume greater importance to climate conditions. Lake Tana, the biggest basin in the catchment area, is a very important water resource for livelihood of community near and around it. It plays a role in balancing of the microclimate of local areas in the catchment of the lake. Gilgel Abbay River catchment, the study area, is one of the most important components of Lake Tana and contributes more than 40 % of the lake’s water. However, development activities at the catchment areas appear to have affected the local climate and consequently affected the river systems and the lake. The land cover/use status of Gilgel Abbay River catchment in the years 1973, 1986, 1995, and 2008 were examined using landsat images. For the last 30 years, temperature and rainfall data were evaluated for the catchment. These were analyzed by employing the trend and conversion matrix tools, to understand the relationship between the land cover changes and climate conditions. The results have shown that within the last 35 years in the Gilgel Abbay catchment, about 72.3 % of forest, 55 % of grasslands, 47.2 % of wetlands, and 6.3 % of lake areas were converted to farm and settlement lands, which have expanded from 33.5 to 58 %. Parallel to this period within the catchment, there was a decline in rainfall and rise of temperature. Thus, in the catchment within the stated period, there was land conversion which has resulted change in local climate.",
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            "title": "Les îlots de chaleur urbains à Paris – Phase 1",
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            "abstractNote": "Paris, de par sa densité urbaine, possède un climat plus doux que le reste de la région Ile-de-France. Ce phénomène climatique, documenté depuis le XIXe siècle, est appelé « îlot de chaleur urbain » (ICU).       La canicule de 2003 a mis en exergue le caractère éminemment problématique de cette particularité climatique, son effet amplificateur sur la mortalité a marqué les esprits et interroge de façon plus générale les pratiques urbaines et leurs effets sur l’expression du climat d’une ville.",
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                    "tag": "îlot de chaleur",
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            "abstractNote": "Using ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer) infrared remote sensing data we inversed the parameters of urban surface heat fluxes applying the PCACA model and theoretical position algorithm, and then we analyzed the influence of different land use types on the surface heat fluxes and energy balance. In this study, Kumagaya, a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan, was selected as the experimental area. The result shows that the PCACA model is feasible for the surface heat fluxes estimation in urban areas because this model requires less parameters in the procedure of heat fluxes estimation in urban areas with complicated surface structure and can decrease the uncertainty. And we found that different land-use types have indicated the height heterogeneity on the surface heat fluxes significantly. The magnitudes of Bowen ratio in descending order are industrial, residential, transportation, institutional, dry farmland, green space, and water body. Under the same meteorological condition, there are distinct characteristics and regional differences in Bowen ratios among different surface covers, indicating higher sensible heat flux and lower latent heat flux in the urban construction land, while lower sensible heat flux and higher latent heat flux in the vegetation-covered area, the outskirt of the urban area. The increase of urban impervious surface area caused by the urban sprawl can enlarge the sensible heat flux and the Bowen ratio, so that it causes the increasing of urban surface temperature and air temperature, which is the mechanism of the so-called heat island effect.",
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                    "tag": "Physical Geography",
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            "abstractNote": "The climate in cities differs significantly from those found in the surrounding area. These differences results from modifications of the Earth's surface that alters the disposition of “natural energy balance” at a micro-scale and the concentration of activities that results in anthropogenic emissions that change the composition of the atmosphere. These urban effects have distinctive temporal and spatial properties with different impacts on building energy performance depending on their purpose which are rarely accounted for.\n\nThis paper examines performance implications of a change-of-use (from office to residential) in the context of the UK government's proposal to encourage regeneration and to meet housing needs. However, the diurnal occupation and activity patterns of these uses are distinct. For office buildings, with daytime occupation, focus is on the diurnal heating cycle driven by solar energy gains to which internal energy sources must be added. For residential buildings occupation and activity are primarily associated with the diurnal cooling period, and lower levels of activity that results in a primary heating need. This paper highlights the link between the timing of the urban climate effects, the urban setting and energy performance in a typical city street, where buildings are currently designed for commercial use. It employs London's current and projected climate to simulate heating and cooling demands. By studying the role of urban form and its implications on the suitability of a buildings function we find that a ‘form first’ approach should be considered in the early design stages over the standard ‘fabric first’ approach.",
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            "title": "Remote sensing of land cover’s effect on surface temperatures : a case study of the urban heat island in Bangalore, India",
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            "url": "http://arrow.monash.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/monash:64232?solrServerQuery=start%3D0%26rows%3D15%26fq%3Dsm_creator%253A%2522Ambinakudige%252C%2BShrinidhi%2522%26fq%3DNOT%2B%2528ss_state%253AI%2BOR%2Bss_state%253AD%2529%2BAND%2Bbs_accessInGV%253Atrue%2BAND%2BNOT%2B%2528bs_isCollection%253Atrue%2BOR%2Bbs_isCommunity%253Atrue%2529%2BAND%2B%2BNOT%2Bbs_isCModel%253Atrue%2BAND%2BNOT%2Bss_pid%253Asdep%255C%253A*%2BAND%2BNOT%2Bss_pid%253Asdef%255C%253A*%2BAND%2BNOT%2Bss_pid%253Afedora-system%255C%253A*%26facet%3Dtrue%26facet.mincount%3D1%26facet.sort%3Dcount%26q%3Did%253A%255B*%2BTO%2B*%255D%26qt%3Dstandard%26facet.limit%3D20%26facet.field%3Dsm_creator%26facet.field%3Dsm_subject%26facet.field%3Dsm_type%26facet.field%3Dsm_mimeType%26sort%3Dscore%2Bdesc%252Css_dateNormalized%2Bdesc%252Csort_ss_title%2Basc&exact=sm_creator%3A%22Ambinakudige%2C+Shrinidhi%22",
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            "extra": "Urbanization has substantially altered the earth’s surface, and cities’ impervious surfaces for anthropogenic activities often generate an urban heat island (UHI). This paper analyses the effects of the UHI in Bangalore, which in recent years has witnessed tremendous in-migration of people and expansion of infrastructure due to rapid growth of its information technology, biotechnology and manufacturing sectors. Temperature values extracted from the Landsat satellite’s Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) thermal bands and a “Normalized Difference Vegetation Index” (NDVI) were used to ascertain the relationship between vegetation cover and temperature. Results indicate that the city core has a significantly lower mean temperature than the city’s outgrowth zones. The presence of water bodies and vegetation in the city’s core helped to maintain lower temperatures than those found in the city’s outskirts, even though within the city core temperatures varied from 1 to 7° C within different land cover classes. The continued expansion of urban infrastructure and new, residential neighborhoods which lack vegetation seem to be contributing substantially to higher temperatures in the outgrowth zones.",
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                    "firstName": "Igor",
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            "abstractNote": "With more than 80% of Brazilians living in cities, urbanization has had an important impact on climatic variations. São José dos Campos is located in a region experiencing rapid urbanization, which has produced a remarkable Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect. This effect influences the climate, environment and socio-economic development on a regional scale. In this study, the brightness temperatures and land cover types from Landsat TM images of São José dos Campos from 1986, 2001 and 2010 were analyzed for the spatial distribution of changes in temperature and land cover. A quantitative approach was used to explore the relationships among temperature, land cover areas and several indices, including the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) and Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI). The results showed that urban and bare areas correlated positively with high temperatures. Conversely, areas covered in vegetation and water correlated positively with low temperatures. The indices showed that correlations between the NDVI and NDWI and temperature were low (<0.5); however, a moderate correlation was found between the NDBI and temperature.",
            "publicationTitle": "Remote Sensing",
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            "abstractNote": "Gardens remain the least studied and least understood habitat in urban areas. With the recent exception of the URGENT funded urban domestic gardens project in the UK, there is a notable lack of research on the ecological character and contribution of gardens to the wider urban biodiversity. This is despite the fact that gardens usually comprise the largest vegetated component of the urban greenspace resource. In part this omission has been due to the difficulties inherent in obtaining ecological data on gardens and the lack of a methodology for classifying and analysing garden data. This paper presents data from a study undertaken in the city of Dunedin, New Zealand. The study developed a methodology using object-oriented classification techniques and very high-resolution multispectral Ikonos imagery to automatically map the extent, distribution and density of private gardens in the city. The focus was on the vegetated garden area which was calculated as comprising 46% of the residential area or 36% of the total urban area. Rigorous accuracy assessments were undertaken. When using the automated classification technique, a total of 90.7% of the private gardens were correctly identified. Discrimination of garden types (e.g. trees or grass dominated) was encouraging, but still requires improvement. Our results indicate the great potential that the methodology has in providing a quick method for obtaining good quality ecological data on garden habitats in urban areas.",
            "publicationTitle": "Landscape and Urban Planning",
            "publisher": "",
            "place": "",
            "date": "June 20, 2007",
            "volume": "81",
            "issue": "3",
            "section": "",
            "partNumber": "",
            "partTitle": "",
            "pages": "179-192",
            "series": "",
            "seriesTitle": "",
            "seriesText": "",
            "journalAbbreviation": "Landscape and Urban Planning",
            "DOI": "10.1016/j.landurbplan.2006.11.009",
            "citationKey": "",
            "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204606002684",
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            "language": "",
            "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect",
            "callNumber": "",
            "rights": "",
            "extra": "",
            "tags": [
                {
                    "tag": "Ikonos",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "New Zealand",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Object-oriented classification",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Urban areas",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Vegetation mapping",
                    "type": 1
                }
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    },
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            "creatorSummary": "Luck et al.",
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        "data": {
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            "title": "Socio-Economics and Vegetation Change in Urban Ecosystems: Patterns in Space and Time",
            "creators": [
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Gary W.",
                    "lastName": "Luck"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Lisa T.",
                    "lastName": "Smallbone"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Rachel",
                    "lastName": "O’Brien"
                }
            ],
            "abstractNote": "By 2050, 70% of the Earth’s human population will live in urban areas. Urbanization can have a devastating impact on local ecosystems, but these impacts vary across time and space. Identifying links between spatiotemporal change in urban ecosystems and neighborhood socio-economics is crucial to management aimed at maintaining flora and fauna in urban areas. Here, we tracked 20 years of socio-economic change and 15 years of vegetation change in 32 residential neighborhoods in south-eastern Australia. Regression models that explicitly accounted for a time lag between neighborhood socio-economic characteristics and vegetation response explained more variation in vegetation cover than models that ignored the effects of time. Also, relationships between vegetation and socio-economic factors were stronger in later years for the same neighborhoods suggesting the influence of socio-economics is more readily identified in established neighborhoods. Socio-economic variables alone, or in combination with biophysical variables, were better predictors of vegetation cover than only biophysical variables. Across space, vegetation cover had a negative quadratic relationship with neighborhood housing density, peaking at mid-density values, and a positive relationship with education level and immigration status (the percentage of residents with a non-Australian background). Over time, housing density had a positive relationship with vegetation cover, reflecting an increase in vegetation as neighborhoods develop. Our results highlight the need to understand temporal context when attempting to explain contemporary patterns in vegetation cover and the increasing importance of socio-economic factors in influencing cover as neighborhoods become established.",
            "publicationTitle": "Ecosystems",
            "publisher": "",
            "place": "",
            "date": "2009/06/01",
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            "pages": "604-620",
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                    "tag": "Ecology",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Environmental Management",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Geoecology/Natural Processes",
                    "type": 1
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                {
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                    "type": 1
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                {
                    "tag": "Plant Sciences",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Zoology",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "socio-economics",
                    "type": 1
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                {
                    "tag": "spatiotemporal patterns",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "time lag",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "urban ecosystems",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "urbanization",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "vegetation change",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "vegetation cover",
                    "type": 1
                }
            ],
            "collections": [],
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            "dateAdded": "2014-01-22T13:35:05Z",
            "dateModified": "2014-01-22T16:39:19Z"
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            "creatorSummary": "Clarkson et al.",
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            "itemType": "journalArticle",
            "title": "A spatial analysis of indigenous cover patterns and implications for ecological restoration in urban centres, New Zealand",
            "creators": [
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Bruce D.",
                    "lastName": "Clarkson"
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Priscilla M.",
                    "lastName": "Wehi"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Lars K.",
                    "lastName": "Brabyn"
                }
            ],
            "abstractNote": "High levels of endemism, the sensitivity of species that have evolved without humans, and the invasion of exotic species have all contributed to severe depletion of indigenous biodiversity in New Zealand. We considered the contribution that urban restoration can make to maximising biodiversity by analysing landcover patterns from two national databases along an urban–rural gradient. Thirteen of 20 land environments in New Zealand are represented in cities, and nearly three-quarters of all acutely threatened land environments are represented within 20 km of city cores nationally. Despite this, remaining indigenous landcover is low within urban cores, with less than 2% on average, but increasing to more than 10% on average in the periurban zone. Threatened lowland environments are most commonly represented within cities, and least represented within protected natural areas. Restoration of existing urban habitat is insufficient to halt biodiversity loss. Ecosystem reconstruction is required to achieve a target of 10% indigenous cover within cities. A co-ordinated national urban biodiversity plan to address issues beyond a local and regional focus is needed. Analysis of national patterns of urban land environments, indigenous cover and remnant ecosystems will support action at a regional and local level while enhancing national and global biodiversity goals.",
            "publicationTitle": "Urban Ecosystems",
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            "date": "2007/12/01",
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            "pages": "441-457",
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                },
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                    "type": 1
                },
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                {
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                },
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                },
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            "title": "Remote sensinig survey of italian urban green areas",
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Nico",
                    "lastName": "Bonora"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Valter",
                    "lastName": "Sambucini"
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                    "firstName": "Ines",
                    "lastName": "Marinosci"
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                    "firstName": "Federico",
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                    "lastName": "Visentin"
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Marcello",
                    "lastName": "Marinelli"
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            ],
            "abstractNote": "",
            "publicationTitle": "Italian Journal of Remote Sensing",
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            },
            "creatorSummary": "Bell et al.",
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        "data": {
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            "version": 52,
            "itemType": "journalArticle",
            "title": "Mapping research priorities for green and public urban space in the UK",
            "creators": [
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Simon",
                    "lastName": "Bell"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Alicia",
                    "lastName": "Montarzino"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Penny",
                    "lastName": "Travlou"
                }
            ],
            "abstractNote": "Research mapping is a method of organising research information as part of a process of formulating a research policy in a specific area. A research mapping project was undertaken in the UK, which aimed to map existing and future research into public and green space, to identify gaps in order to help set priorities for future research, and to develop a freely accessible and searchable database of this research. The mapping was structured around two axes. The first axis was of research themes based on The Value of Public Space but developed further and broken down into sub-themes. The second axis was a typology of green and public space based around Planning and Policy Guidance Note 17 (PPG17) with elaboration from Green Spaces, Better Places. Research dating back to 10 years was collected together with information on recently completed, ongoing and planned UK research. Only research meeting specific quality criteria was included. Some information was also collected at a seminar where attendees from a range of organisations were invited to offer their perspectives on where research priorities should be directed. All the material was analysed and the main trends were identified. Three key cross-cutting themes common to much of the research were identified. These are the general lack of baseline surveys against which to assess progress over time; methodological issues, especially the need to standardise data collection methods and techniques; the classification of social groups, currently considered to be too crude.\n\nIt was found that most research has been undertaken on physical aspects, such as planning and on biodiversity. Economic values have also been a focus, but on a smaller scale. Social research is quite well covered but very patchy. Management is better covered than maintenance. By far the weakest area represented in the research is health and well-being, both in terms of social groups and types of green space. Priorities for further research were then identified.",
            "publicationTitle": "Urban Forestry & Urban Greening",
            "publisher": "",
            "place": "",
            "date": "May 25, 2007",
            "volume": "6",
            "issue": "2",
            "section": "",
            "partNumber": "",
            "partTitle": "",
            "pages": "103-115",
            "series": "",
            "seriesTitle": "",
            "seriesText": "",
            "journalAbbreviation": "Urban Forestry & Urban Greening",
            "DOI": "10.1016/j.ufug.2007.03.005",
            "citationKey": "",
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                    "tag": "Green space typology",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Research mapping",
                    "type": 1
                }
            ],
            "collections": [],
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            "dateAdded": "2014-01-22T13:35:08Z",
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    },
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            "title": "The domestic garden – Its contribution to urban green infrastructure",
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Ross W. F.",
                    "lastName": "Cameron"
                },
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                    "lastName": "Blanuša"
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Jane E.",
                    "lastName": "Taylor"
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                {
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                    "lastName": "Salisbury"
                },
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                    "firstName": "Andrew J.",
                    "lastName": "Halstead"
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Béatrice",
                    "lastName": "Henricot"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Ken",
                    "lastName": "Thompson"
                }
            ],
            "abstractNote": "Domestic gardens provide a significant component of urban green infrastructure but their relative contribution to eco-system service provision remains largely un-quantified. ‘Green infrastructure’ itself is often ill-defined, posing problems for planners to ascertain what types of green infrastructure provide greatest benefit and under what circumstances. Within this context the relative merits of gardens are unclear; however, at a time of greater urbanization where private gardens are increasingly seen as a ‘luxury’, it is important to define their role precisely. Hence, the nature of this review is to interpret existing information pertaining to gardens/gardening per se, identify where they may have a unique role to play and to highlight where further research is warranted. The review suggests that there are significant differences in both form and management of domestic gardens which radically influence the benefits. Nevertheless, gardens can play a strong role in improving the environmental impact of the domestic curtilage, e.g. by insulating houses against temperature extremes they can reduce domestic energy use. Gardens also improve localized air cooling, help mitigate flooding and provide a haven for wildlife. Less favourable aspects include contributions of gardens and gardening to greenhouse gas emissions, misuse of fertilizers and pesticides, and introduction of alien plant species. Due to the close proximity to the home and hence accessibility for many, possibly the greatest benefit of the domestic garden is on human health and well-being, but further work is required to define this clearly within the wider context of green infrastructure.",
            "publicationTitle": "Urban Forestry & Urban Greening",
            "publisher": "",
            "place": "",
            "date": "2012",
            "volume": "11",
            "issue": "2",
            "section": "",
            "partNumber": "",
            "partTitle": "",
            "pages": "129-137",
            "series": "",
            "seriesTitle": "",
            "seriesText": "",
            "journalAbbreviation": "Urban Forestry & Urban Greening",
            "DOI": "10.1016/j.ufug.2012.01.002",
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            "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1618866712000076",
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            "tags": [
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                    "tag": "Carbon footprint",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Ecosystem services",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Green space",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Private garden",
                    "type": 1
                },
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                    "tag": "Well-being",
                    "type": 1
                }
            ],
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            "title": "Multiscale ecological assessment of remote sensing images",
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            "title": "Development of an ecological mapping methodology for urban areas in New Zealand",
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            "abstractNote": "At present there is no ecologically based mapping system designed for application to urban areas in New Zealand. New Zealand’s ecological structure is particularly interesting as it combines indigenous habitats comprising significant numbers of endemic species with a vibrant imported ecology comprising habitats characteristic of their primarily European and Australian origins. In New Zealand, the focus to date in habitat mapping has been on developing vegetation mapping techniques for application to predominantly indigenous habitats in rural areas. Thus, they omit reference to the type of mixed exotic-indigenous vegetation associated with habitats common to urban areas, such as cliff faces, disused quarries, private gardens and grounds, river and rail corridors. A project was undertaken in conjunction with the Dunedin City Council to develop a habitat map of the city. The aim was to produce a map that would accommodate the diverse highly modified habitats characteristic of Dunedin and that would incorporate all types of urban open space ranging from indigenous habitats, such as forest to exotic habitats such as lawns, and residential gardens. The project developed a land use and habitat classification hierarchy applicable to the New Zealand urban context, including a classification system for private gardens. This paper describes the classification system that was developed, its benefits, limitations and application. The map is the first attempt to record all natural land uses, including gardens in any New Zealand city at a detailed level, i.e. at a scale of 1:3000. In all 1100 separate habitat parcels were mapped. The map revealed that whilst Dunedin is a city rich in natural vegetation very little of this is indigenous or even predominantly indigenous vegetation. A Geographic Information System was used to map the urban habitats and store the habitat data. The habitat map and associated data will be used by the council in developing an open space strategy for the city.",
            "publicationTitle": "Landscape and Urban Planning",
            "publisher": "",
            "place": "",
            "date": "April 30, 2003",
            "volume": "63",
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            "partNumber": "",
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            "pages": "161-173",
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            "journalAbbreviation": "Landscape and Urban Planning",
            "DOI": "10.1016/S0169-2046(02)00188-3",
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