[ { "key": "RQBBA94B", "version": 13, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 234079, "name": "bio-oil properties", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio-oil_properties", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/234079/items/RQBBA94B", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio-oil_properties/items/RQBBA94B", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/234079/items/C4SPAKNE", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "RQBBA94B", "version": 13, "parentItem": "C4SPAKNE", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ACS Full Text Snapshot", "accessDate": "2013-11-25T18:40:52Z", "url": "http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/ie100758s", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "ie100758s.html", "md5": "64adf6fa75b45e09460193e6b8839b0a", "mtime": 1385404852000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-11-25T18:40:52Z", "dateModified": "2013-11-25T18:40:52Z" } }, { "key": "C4SPAKNE", "version": 12, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 234079, "name": "bio-oil properties", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio-oil_properties", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/234079/items/C4SPAKNE", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio-oil_properties/items/C4SPAKNE", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Duan and Savage", "parsedDate": "2011-01-05", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "C4SPAKNE", "version": 12, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Hydrothermal Liquefaction of a Microalga with Heterogeneous Catalysts", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Peigao", "lastName": "Duan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Phillip E.", "lastName": "Savage" } ], "abstractNote": "We produced crude bio-oils from the microalga Nannochloropsis sp. via reactions in liquid water at 350 °C in the presence of six different heterogeneous catalysts (Pd/C, Pt/C, Ru/C, Ni/SiO2?Al2O3, CoMo/?-Al2O3 (sulfided), and zeolite) under inert (helium) and high-pressure reducing (hydrogen) conditions. To our knowledge, this is the first application of common hydrocarbon processing catalysts to microalgae liquefaction in water. In the absence of added H2, all of the catalysts tested produced higher yields of crude bio-oil from the liquefaction of Nannochloropsis sp., but the elemental compositions and heating values of the crude oil (about 38 MJ/kg) were largely insensitive to the catalyst used. The gaseous products were mainly H2, CO2, and CH4, with lesser amounts of C2H4 and C2H6. The Ru and Ni catalysts produced the highest methane yields. Only the zeolite catalyst produced significant amounts of N2. Typical H/C and O/C atomic ratios for the crude bio-oil are 1.7 and 0.09, respectively. In the presence of high-pressure H2, the crude bio-oil yield and heating value were largely insensitive to the presence or identity of the catalyst. The presence of either the hydrogen or the higher pressure in the reaction system did suppress the formation of gas, however. The total gas yield was always lower in H2 than it was in analogous experiments without H2 and at lower pressure. In both the presence and absence of H2, the supported Ni catalyst produced a crude bio-oil with a sulfur content below the detection limits. This apparent desulfurization activity for the Ni catalyst was unique to this material.", "publicationTitle": "Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "January 5, 2011", "volume": "50", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "52-61", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.", "DOI": "10.1021/ie100758s", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie100758s", "accessDate": "2013-11-25T18:40:48Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0888-5885", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ACS Publications", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-11-25T18:40:48Z", "dateModified": "2013-11-25T18:40:48Z" } }, { "key": "XRDJENBW", "version": 13, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 234079, "name": "bio-oil properties", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio-oil_properties", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/234079/items/XRDJENBW", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio-oil_properties/items/XRDJENBW", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/234079/items/KDU573V9", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "XRDJENBW", "version": 13, "parentItem": "KDU573V9", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Snapshot", "accessDate": "2013-11-25T18:08:15Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960852412000144", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "S0960852412000144.html", "md5": "5a0522cb5193439e215134d2d067da30", "mtime": 1385402896000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-11-25T18:08:15Z", "dateModified": "2013-11-25T18:08:15Z" } }, { "key": "KDU573V9", "version": 12, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 234079, "name": "bio-oil properties", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio-oil_properties", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/234079/items/KDU573V9", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio-oil_properties/items/KDU573V9", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Vardon et al.", "parsedDate": "2012-04", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "KDU573V9", "version": 12, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Thermochemical conversion of raw and defatted algal biomass via hydrothermal liquefaction and slow pyrolysis", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Derek R.", "lastName": "Vardon" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Brajendra K.", "lastName": "Sharma" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Grant V.", "lastName": "Blazina" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kishore", "lastName": "Rajagopalan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Timothy J.", "lastName": "Strathmann" } ], "abstractNote": "Thermochemical conversion is a promising route for recovering energy from algal biomass. Two thermochemical processes, hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL: 300 °C and 10–12 MPa) and slow pyrolysis (heated to 450 °C at a rate of 50 °C/min), were used to produce bio-oils from Scenedesmus (raw and defatted) and Spirulina biomass that were compared against Illinois shale oil. Although both thermochemical conversion routes produced energy dense bio-oil (35–37 MJ/kg) that approached shale oil (41 MJ/kg), bio-oil yields (24–45%) and physico-chemical characteristics were highly influenced by conversion route and feedstock selection. Sharp differences were observed in the mean bio-oil molecular weight (pyrolysis 280–360 Da; HTL 700–1330 Da) and the percentage of low boiling compounds (bp < 400 °C) (pyrolysis 62–66%; HTL 45–54%). Analysis of the energy consumption ratio (ECR) also revealed that for wet algal biomass (80% moisture content), HTL is more favorable (ECR 0.44–0.63) than pyrolysis (ECR 0.92–1.24) due to required water volatilization in the latter technique.", "publicationTitle": "Bioresource Technology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "April 2012", "volume": "109", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "178-187", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Bioresource Technology", "DOI": "10.1016/j.biortech.2012.01.008", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960852412000144", "accessDate": "2013-11-25T18:08:14Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0960-8524", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-11-25T18:08:14Z", "dateModified": "2013-11-25T18:08:14Z" } }, { "key": "VW7B3MC5", "version": 12, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 234079, "name": "bio-oil properties", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio-oil_properties", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/234079/items/VW7B3MC5", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio-oil_properties/items/VW7B3MC5", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Demirbas", "parsedDate": "2011-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "VW7B3MC5", "version": 12, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Competitive liquid biofuels from biomass", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ayhan", "lastName": "Demirbas" } ], "abstractNote": "The cost of biodiesels varies depending on the feedstock, geographic area, methanol prices, and seasonal variability in crop production. Most of the biodiesel is currently made from soybean, rapeseed, and palm oils. However, there are large amounts of low-cost oils and fats (e.g., restaurant waste, beef tallow, pork lard, and yellow grease) that could be converted to biodiesel. The crop types, agricultural practices, land and labor costs, plant sizes, processing technologies and government policies in different regions considerably vary ethanol production costs and prices by region. The cost of producing bioethanol in a dry mill plant currently totals US$1.65/galon. The largest ethanol cost component is the plant feedstock. It has been showed that plant size has a major effect on cost. The plant size can reduce operating costs by 15–20%, saving another $0.02–$0.03 per liter. Thus, a large plant with production costs of $0.29 per liter may be saving $0.05–$0.06 per liter over a smaller plant. Viscosity of biofuel and biocrude varies greatly with the liquefaction conditions. The high and increasing viscosity indicates a poor flow characteristic and stability. The increase in the viscosity can be attributed to the continuing polymerization and oxidative coupling reactions in the biocrude upon storage. Although stability of biocrude is typically better than that of bio-oil, the viscosity of biocrude is much higher. The bio-oil produced by flash pyrolysis is a highly oxygenated mixture of carbonyls, carboxyls, phenolics and water. It is acidic and potentially corrosive. Bio-oil can also be potentially upgraded by hydrodeoxygenation. The liquid, termed biocrude, contains 60% carbon, 10–20 wt.% oxygen and 30–36 MJ/kg heating value as opposed to <1 wt.% and 42–46 MJ/kg for petroleum.", "publicationTitle": "Applied Energy", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "January 2011", "volume": "88", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "17-28", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Applied Energy", "DOI": "10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.07.016", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261910002850", "accessDate": "2013-11-25T18:04:11Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0306-2619", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-11-25T18:04:11Z", "dateModified": "2013-11-25T18:04:11Z" } }, { "key": "3HBNKGJB", "version": 12, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 234079, "name": "bio-oil properties", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio-oil_properties", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/234079/items/3HBNKGJB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio-oil_properties/items/3HBNKGJB", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Garcia Alba et al.", "parsedDate": "2012-01-19", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "3HBNKGJB", "version": 12, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Hydrothermal Treatment (HTT) of Microalgae: Evaluation of the Process As Conversion Method in an Algae Biorefinery Concept", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Laura", "lastName": "Garcia Alba" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Cristian", "lastName": "Torri" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Chiara", "lastName": "Samorì" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jaapjan", "lastName": "van der Spek" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Daniele", "lastName": "Fabbri" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sascha R. A.", "lastName": "Kersten" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Derk W. F. (Wim)", "lastName": "Brilman" } ], "abstractNote": "The hydrothermal treatment (HTT) technology is evaluated for its potential as a process to convert algae and algal debris into a liquid fuel, within a sustainable algae biorefinery concept in which, next to fuels (gaseous and liquid), high value products are coproduced, nutrients and water are recycled, and the use of fossil energy is minimized. In this work, the freshwater microalgae Desmodesmus sp. was used as feedstock. HTT was investigated over a very wide range of temperatures (175?450 °C) and reaction times (up to 60 min), using a batch reactor system. The different product phases were quantified and analyzed. The maximum oil yield (49 wt %) was obtained at 375 °C and 5 min reaction time, recovering 75% of the algal calorific value into the oil and an energy densification from 22 to 36 MJ/kg. At increasing temperature, both the oil yield and the nitrogen content in the oil increased, necessitating further investigation on the molecular composition of the oil. This was performed in the adjacent collaborative paper with special attention to the nitrogen-containing compounds and to gain insight in the liquefaction mechanism. A pioneering visual inspection of the cells after HTT showed that a large step increase in the HTT oil yield, when going from 225 to 250 °C at 5 min reaction time, coincided with a major cell wall rupture under these conditions. Additionally, it was found that the oil composition, by extractive recovery after HTT below 250 °C, did change with temperature, even though the algal cells were visually still unbroken. Finally, the possibilities of recycling growth nutrients became evident by analyzing the aqueous fractions obtained after HTT. From the results obtained, we concluded that HTT is most suited as post-treatment technology in an algae biorefinery system, after the wet extraction of high value products, such as protein-rich food/feed ingredients and lipids.", "publicationTitle": "Energy & Fuels", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "January 19, 2012", "volume": "26", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "642-657", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Energy Fuels", "DOI": "10.1021/ef201415s", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef201415s", "accessDate": "2013-11-25T17:40:11Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0887-0624", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Hydrothermal Treatment (HTT) of Microalgae", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ACS Publications", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-11-25T17:40:11Z", "dateModified": "2013-11-25T17:40:11Z" } }, { "key": "K96APK6M", "version": 12, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 234079, "name": "bio-oil properties", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio-oil_properties", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/234079/items/K96APK6M", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio-oil_properties/items/K96APK6M", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Akhtar and Amin", "parsedDate": "2011-04", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "K96APK6M", "version": 12, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "A review on process conditions for optimum bio-oil yield in hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Javaid", "lastName": "Akhtar" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Nor Aishah Saidina", "lastName": "Amin" } ], "abstractNote": "Hydrothermal liquefaction is a technique for obtaining clean biofuel from biomass in the presence of a solvent at moderate to high temperature (250–550 °C) and pressure (5–25 MPa). Hydrothermal decomposition of biomass leads to the formation of various compounds depending upon operating parameters. The role of processing conditions including final liquefaction temperature, residence times, rate of biomass heating, size of biomass particles, type of solvent media and hydrogen donor solvents is important for the bio-oil yield and quality of the product. The effect of these parameters on the yield and composition of the liquid products is reviewed in the paper. A brief description about the decomposition mechanism is also included to highlight the product types during hydrothermal liquefaction.", "publicationTitle": "Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "April 2011", "volume": "15", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1615-1624", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews", "DOI": "10.1016/j.rser.2010.11.054", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032110004235", "accessDate": "2013-11-25T17:36:56Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1364-0321", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-11-25T17:36:56Z", "dateModified": "2013-11-25T17:36:56Z" } }, { "key": "I3NCM2ZH", "version": 12, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 234079, "name": "bio-oil properties", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio-oil_properties", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/234079/items/I3NCM2ZH", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio-oil_properties/items/I3NCM2ZH", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Chakraborty et al.", "parsedDate": "2012-05", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "I3NCM2ZH", "version": 12, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Concomitant extraction of bio-oil and value added polysaccharides from Chlorella sorokiniana using a unique sequential hydrothermal extraction technology", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Moumita", "lastName": "Chakraborty" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Chao", "lastName": "Miao" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Armando", "lastName": "McDonald" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Shulin", "lastName": "Chen" } ], "abstractNote": "To make algal bio-fuel economically viable, extraction of value added co-products along with oil, appears absolutely necessary. The major barrier in algal co-product development is the lack of an efficient separation technology. To address this issue a unique two-step sequential hydrothermal liquefaction (SEQHTL) technology for the simultaneous production of value-added polysaccharides and bio-oil from algal-biomass was developed. The first step involves the subcritical water extraction of valuable algal (Chlorella sorokiniana) polysaccharides at 160 °C. The polysaccharide rich water extract was removed and precipitated with ethanol. In the next step, the extracted biomass was liquefied to bio-oil at 300 °C. The yield of bio-oil by SEQHTL was 24% of the dry weight. In addition, this method also extracted 26% of the polysaccharides present whereas; direct hydrothermal liquefaction (DIRHTL) only generated 28% bio oil. In the SEQHTL method bio-char formation was remarkably low, and as such, SEQHTL produce 63% less bio-char than DIRHTL. The yield of bio-char production is negatively correlated to polysaccharide content (p > 0.98) suggesting majority of carbohydrates present in algal biomass were converted into bio-char. This conversion did not significantly influence the bio-oil production. Comparative GC-FID, GC–MS, NMR, FT-IR analysis and ESI-MS of the bio-oil extracted by SEQHTL with DIRHTL showed no significant differences. Elemental analysis of the SEQHTL bio-oil demonstrated that it contained 70% carbon, 0.8% nitrogen, and 11% oxygen. This method demonstrates an important proof-of-concept step towards the concomitant production of value added co-products, along with bio-oil, from algal biomass.", "publicationTitle": "Fuel", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "May 2012", "volume": "95", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "63-70", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Fuel", "DOI": "10.1016/j.fuel.2011.10.055", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016236111006739", "accessDate": "2013-11-25T17:19:05Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0016-2361", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-11-25T17:19:05Z", "dateModified": "2013-11-25T17:19:05Z" } }, { "key": "TSBFX2HX", "version": 9, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 234079, "name": "bio-oil properties", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio-oil_properties", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/234079/items/TSBFX2HX", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio-oil_properties/items/TSBFX2HX", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Feng et al.", "parsedDate": "2014-01-15", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "TSBFX2HX", "version": 9, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Hydrothermal liquefaction of barks into bio-crude – Effects of species and ash content/composition", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Shanghuan", "lastName": "Feng" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Zhongshun", "lastName": "Yuan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Matthew", "lastName": "Leitch" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Chunbao Charles", "lastName": "Xu" } ], "abstractNote": "Abstract\nLiquefaction of barks of white pine, white spruce and white birch was performed in ethanol–water (50:50, v/v) co-solvents under the initial N2 pressure of 2.0 MPa at 300 °C for 15 min. It was found that the liquefaction efficiency, in terms of bark conversion and bio-crude yield, varied significantly with bark species and ash content/composition. As far as the bark conversion was concerned, the order follows: white spruce bark (92%) > white birch bark (89%) > white pine bark (68%), which is also in good agreement with the ash content of the barks: white spruce bark (3.07%) > white birch bark (2.68%) > white pine bark (1.07%). Bio-crude yield reduced in the following order: white birch bark (67%) > white spruce bark (58%) ≫ white pine bark (36%). Effects of ash content on bark liquefaction were investigated by comparing the liquefaction efficiencies between crude bark and de-ashed bark. Deashing pre-treatment of barks in 0.5 M nitric acid efficiently decreased ash content in barks of white pine, white spruce and white birch form 1.07%, 3.07%, 2.68% to 0.67%, 0.33% and 0.32%, respectively. The de-ashing of bark decreased both bark conversion rate and bio-crude yield for all barks, suggesting that the ash of the bark play catalytic roles in the bark liquefaction, which was confirmed by the addition of K2CO3 and Ca(OH)2 into de-ashed barks. The bark-derived bio-crude oils are aromatic/phenolic in nature with HHVs of 25–39 MJ/kg. The obtained bio-crude oils also have relatively lower molecular weights (Mn = 320–600 g/mol, Mw = 800–1700 g/mol, PDI = 2.2–2.9), which makes the bio-crude oils promising in the applications for either bio-fuel or as a phenol substitute in bio-phenolic resins.", "publicationTitle": "Fuel", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "January 15, 2014", "volume": "116", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "214-220", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Fuel", "DOI": "10.1016/j.fuel.2013.07.096", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016236113006959", "accessDate": "2013-11-25T16:46:10Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0016-2361", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-11-25T16:46:10Z", "dateModified": "2013-11-25T16:46:10Z" } }, { "key": "B9CT8FCV", "version": 7, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 234079, "name": "bio-oil properties", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio-oil_properties", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/234079/items/B9CT8FCV", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio-oil_properties/items/B9CT8FCV", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Karagöz et al.", "parsedDate": "2005-04-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "B9CT8FCV", "version": 7, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Low-temperature catalytic hydrothermal treatment of wood biomass: analysis of liquid products", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Selhan", "lastName": "Karagöz" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Thallada", "lastName": "Bhaskar" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Akinori", "lastName": "Muto" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Yusaku", "lastName": "Sakata" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Toshiyuki", "lastName": "Oshiki" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Tamiya", "lastName": "Kishimoto" } ], "abstractNote": "Catalytic hydrothermal treatment of wood biomass was performed at 280 °C for 15 min in the presence of alkaline solutions (NaOH, Na2CO3, KOH and K2CO3). Oil products were extracted from both liquid and solid portion by different solvents and analyzed individually. The effect of base solutions on the yield of oil products and composition of oils obtained at different stages were discussed in detail. Based on the conversion and yield of liquid products, the catalytic activity can be ranked as follows: K2CO3 > KOH > Na2CO3 > NaOH. In thermal run, the yield of solid residue was about 42% whereas it was 4.0% in the presence of K2CO3. Catalytic hydrothermal treatment of biomass produced mainly phenolic compounds. In thermal run, furan derivatives were observed whereas these compounds could not be observed in catalytic runs. The volatility distribution of hydrocarbons (ether extract) was characterized by using C-NP gram and it showed that the majority of hydrocarbons for all runs including thermal were distributed boiling point range of n-C11. The products from hydrothermal treatment of wood biomass were analyzed using GC–MS, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, TOC and ion chromatograph.", "publicationTitle": "Chemical Engineering Journal", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "April 1, 2005", "volume": "108", "issue": "1–2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "127-137", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Chemical Engineering Journal", "DOI": "10.1016/j.cej.2005.01.007", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1385894705000227", "accessDate": "2013-11-25T16:42:07Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1385-8947", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Low-temperature catalytic hydrothermal treatment of wood biomass", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-11-25T16:42:07Z", "dateModified": "2013-11-25T16:42:07Z" } }, { "key": "76E93SA2", "version": 5, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 234079, "name": "bio-oil properties", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio-oil_properties", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/234079/items/76E93SA2", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio-oil_properties/items/76E93SA2", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Karagöz et al.", "parsedDate": "2005-05", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "76E93SA2", "version": 5, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Comparative studies of oil compositions produced from sawdust, rice husk, lignin and cellulose by hydrothermal treatment", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Selhan", "lastName": "Karagöz" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Thallada", "lastName": "Bhaskar" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Akinori", "lastName": "Muto" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Yusaku", "lastName": "Sakata" } ], "abstractNote": "The objective of this study is to investigate the distribution of products, i.e. liquid, gas and solid from wood (sawdust) and non-wood biomass (rice husk), and major biomass components, i.e. lignin, cellulose produced by hydrothermal treatment (280 °C for 15 min) and analysis of liquid hydrocarbons (oils) for the differences in the hydrocarbon composition with respect to feed material. Cellulose showed the highest conversion among the four samples investigated in the present study. Sawdust and rice husk has almost similar conversions. Liquid products were recovered with various solvents (ether, acetone, and ethyl acetate) and analyzed by GC–MS. The oil (ether extract) from the hydrothermal treatment of cellulose consisted of furan derivatives whereas lignin-derived oil contained phenolic compounds. The compositions of oils (ether extract) from sawdust and rice husk contained both phenolic compounds and furans, however phenolic compounds were dominant. Rice husk derived oil consists of more benzenediols than sawdust derived oil. The volatility distribution of oxygenated hydrocarbons were carried out by C-NP gram and it showed that the majority of oxygenated hydrocarbons from sawdust, rice husk and lignin were distributed at n-C11, whereas they were distributed at n-C8 and n-C10 in cellulose-derived oil. The gaseous products were carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane in sawdust, rice husk, lignin and cellulose. In addition to this, ethylene, ethane and propane were observed for sawdust, rice husk and lignin. The major gas product was carbon dioxide for all samples.", "publicationTitle": "Fuel", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "May 2005", "volume": "84", "issue": "7–8", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "875-884", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Fuel", "DOI": "10.1016/j.fuel.2005.01.004", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016236105000220", "accessDate": "2013-11-25T16:37:37Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0016-2361", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-11-25T16:37:37Z", "dateModified": "2013-11-25T16:37:37Z" } }, { "key": "XVE3FP4T", "version": 4, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 234079, "name": "bio-oil properties", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio-oil_properties", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/234079/items/XVE3FP4T", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio-oil_properties/items/XVE3FP4T", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Demirbaş", "parsedDate": "2005", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "XVE3FP4T", "version": 4, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass to Liquid Products in the Aqueous Medium", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ayhan", "lastName": "Demirbaş" } ], "abstractNote": "We would have to get this one through interlibrary loan. The article was referenced in another article and the abstract looks promising.\n\nAqueous liquefaction of biomass samples was carried out in an autoclave in the reaction temperature range of 550–650 K. In this study, the maximum liquid yield (49%) was obtained from the spruce wood powder at 650 K. It is clear that the yield of liquid products increase with increasing liquefaction temperature for each biomass sample. In general, composition of liquefaction products depends on structural composition of the sample. The yield of water soluble fraction increases with increasing lignin content of the biomass sample, and the highest water soluble fraction (WSF) yield was obtained for hazelnut shell at liquefaction temperature around 650 K, which was about 21%. The yield of heavy oil generally decreases with increasing lignin content of the biomass sample, and the highest heavy oil yield was obtained for beech wood at liquefaction temperature around 650 K, which was about 28%. The yield of acetone insoluble fraction (residue) decreases with increasing liquefaction temperature for all of runs.", "publicationTitle": "Energy Sources", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "10/2005", "volume": "27", "issue": "13", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1235-1243", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1080/009083190519357", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/009083190519357", "accessDate": "2013-11-25T16:31:59Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0090-8312, 1521-0510", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "CrossRef", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": { "owl:sameAs": "http://zotero.org/groups/195352/items/UVXVR446" }, "dateAdded": "2013-11-25T16:33:08Z", "dateModified": "2013-11-25T16:33:08Z" } }, { "key": "5UUK3E3C", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 234079, "name": "bio-oil properties", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio-oil_properties", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/234079/items/5UUK3E3C", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bio-oil_properties/items/5UUK3E3C", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Toor et al.", "parsedDate": "2011-05", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "5UUK3E3C", "version": 2, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass: A review of subcritical water technologies", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Saqib Sohail", "lastName": "Toor" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Lasse", "lastName": "Rosendahl" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Andreas", "lastName": "Rudolf" } ], "abstractNote": "This article reviews the hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass with the aim of describing the current status of the technology. Hydrothermal liquefaction is a medium-temperature, high-pressure thermochemical process, which produces a liquid product, often called bio-oil or bi-crude. During the hydrothermal liquefaction process, the macromolecules of the biomass are first hydrolyzed and/or degraded into smaller molecules. Many of the produced molecules are unstable and reactive and can recombine into larger ones. During this process, a substantial part of the oxygen in the biomass is removed by dehydration or decarboxylation. The chemical properties of bio-oil are highly dependent of the biomass substrate composition. Biomass constitutes of various components such as protein; carbohydrates, lignin and fat, and each of them produce distinct spectra of compounds during hydrothermal liquefaction. In spite of the potential for hydrothermal production of renewable fuels, only a few hydrothermal technologies have so far gone beyond lab- or bench-scale.", "publicationTitle": "Energy", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "May 2011", "volume": "36", "issue": "5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "2328-2342", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Energy", "DOI": "10.1016/j.energy.2011.03.013", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544211001691", "accessDate": "2013-11-25T16:30:04Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0360-5442", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-11-25T16:30:04Z", "dateModified": "2013-11-25T16:30:04Z" } } ]