Using electronic archives from the USDA Forest Service and from the Departments of Natural Resources of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan, we created and analysed a new, spatially explicit data set: the Lake States Fire Database. Most of the 18 514 fires during 1985—1995 were smaller than 4 ha, although there were 746 fires larger than 41 ha. Most fires were caused by debris burning and incendiary activity. There was considerable interannual variability in fire counts; over 80% of fires occurred in March, April, or May.
We analysed the relationship of land cover and ownership to fires at two different fire size thresholds across four gridded spatial scales. Fires were more likely on non-forest than within forests; this was also true if considering only fires larger than 41 ha. An area of National or State Forest was less likely to have experienced a fire during the study period than was a forest of equal size outside National or State Forest boundaries. Large fires were less likely in State Forests, although they were neither more nor less likely to have occurred on National Forests. Fire frequency also varied significantly by forest type. All results were extremely consistent across analysis resolutions, indicating robust relationships.
", "publicationTitle": "International Journal of Wildland Fire", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "January 1, 2001", "volume": "10", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "145-154", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Int. J. Wildland Fire", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.publish.csiro.au/paper/WF01010", "accessDate": "2013-11-20T19:12:24Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Occurrence of wildfire in the northern Great Lakes Region", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "CSIRO Publishing", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "AEA58ZS8" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-11-20T19:12:24Z", "dateModified": "2013-11-20T19:12:24Z" } }, { "key": "8VVQ3ZMT", "version": 31, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 233132, "name": "MTRI research", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mtri_research", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/233132/items/8VVQ3ZMT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mtri_research/items/8VVQ3ZMT", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 524697, "username": "robotastronaut", "name": "Nick Molen", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/robotastronaut", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Cardille and Ventura", "parsedDate": "2001-01-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "8VVQ3ZMT", "version": 31, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Occurrence of wildfire in the northern Great Lakes Region: Effects of land cover and land ownership assessed at multiple scales", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jeffrey A.", "lastName": "Cardille" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Stephen J.", "lastName": "Ventura" } ], "abstractNote": "Risk of wildfire has become a major concern for forest managers, particularly where humans live in close proximity to forests. To date, there has been no comprehensive analysis of contemporary wildfire patterns or the influence of landscape-level factors in the northern, largely forested parts of Minnesota, Wisconsin and Michigan, USA.Using electronic archives from the USDA Forest Service and from the Departments of Natural Resources of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan, we created and analysed a new, spatially explicit data set: the Lake States Fire Database. Most of the 18 514 fires during 1985—1995 were smaller than 4 ha, although there were 746 fires larger than 41 ha. Most fires were caused by debris burning and incendiary activity. There was considerable interannual variability in fire counts; over 80% of fires occurred in March, April, or May.
We analysed the relationship of land cover and ownership to fires at two different fire size thresholds across four gridded spatial scales. Fires were more likely on non-forest than within forests; this was also true if considering only fires larger than 41 ha. An area of National or State Forest was less likely to have experienced a fire during the study period than was a forest of equal size outside National or State Forest boundaries. Large fires were less likely in State Forests, although they were neither more nor less likely to have occurred on National Forests. Fire frequency also varied significantly by forest type. All results were extremely consistent across analysis resolutions, indicating robust relationships.
", "publicationTitle": "International Journal of Wildland Fire", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "January 1, 2001", "volume": "10", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "145-154", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Int. J. Wildland Fire", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.publish.csiro.au/paper/WF01010", "accessDate": "2013-11-20T19:12:11Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Occurrence of wildfire in the northern Great Lakes Region", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "CSIRO Publishing", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-11-20T19:12:11Z", "dateModified": "2013-11-20T19:12:11Z" } }, { "key": "NUPQ4A87", "version": 32, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 233132, "name": "MTRI research", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mtri_research", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/233132/items/NUPQ4A87", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mtri_research/items/NUPQ4A87", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/233132/items/RQPT4WQV", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 524697, "username": "robotastronaut", "name": "Nick Molen", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/robotastronaut", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "NUPQ4A87", "version": 32, "parentItem": "RQPT4WQV", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "JSTOR Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2013-11-20T19:10:54Z", "url": "http://www.jstor.org.proxy2.cl.msu.edu/stable/pdfplus/2260198.pdf?acceptTC=true", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Whitney - 1987 - An Ecological History of the Great Lakes Forest of.pdf", "md5": "9eec2ac914cc4b4f3a065f209b945f5a", "mtime": 1384974664000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-11-20T19:10:54Z", "dateModified": "2013-11-20T19:11:04Z" } }, { "key": "RQPT4WQV", "version": 28, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 233132, "name": "MTRI research", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mtri_research", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/233132/items/RQPT4WQV", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mtri_research/items/RQPT4WQV", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 524697, "username": "robotastronaut", "name": "Nick Molen", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/robotastronaut", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Whitney", "parsedDate": "1987-09-01", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "RQPT4WQV", "version": 28, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "An Ecological History of the Great Lakes Forest of Michigan", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gordon G.", "lastName": "Whitney" } ], "abstractNote": "(1) The historical development, i.e. changing species composition and the areal extent, of the vegetation of the High Plains region of Michigan is traced with the use of printed and manuscript materials and contemporary forest survey records. (2) The classic pre-settlement Great Lakes pine forest occupied the rolling upland areas and was conditioned to fires at 130-260 year intervals. Fires were much more frequent on the drier outwash sands of the jack pine plains and openings and almost non-existent on the moist hemlock-white pine-northern hardwoods forests of the uplands and the swamp conifer forests of the lowlands. (3) Selective logging of the white pine and later the hemlock and the better hardwoods converted the hemlock-white pine-northern hardwoods type to sugar maple. Waves of fires, following the logging in rapid succession, upset the natural equilibrium of the Great Lakes forest. The ignition of the remaining debris or the slash destroyed the remaining seed trees and the seedling pine in the mixed pine type. The result was a poorly stocked forest of oak sprouts and aspen suckers. Oak and aspen had formerly played a relatively subordinate role in the pre-settlement forest. (4) The cessation of fires in 1920-40 allowed the maturation of the oak, the aspen, and the jack pine and set the stage for the new pulp-oriented industrial forest of the 1950s.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Ecology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "September 1, 1987", "volume": "75", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "667-684", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Journal of Ecology", "DOI": "10.2307/2260198", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/2260198", "accessDate": "2013-11-20T19:10:54Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0022-0477", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "JSTOR", "callNumber": "", "rights": "Copyright © 1987 British Ecological Society", "extra": "ArticleType: research-article / Full publication date: Sep., 1987 / Copyright © 1987 British Ecological Society", "tags": [], "collections": [ "AEA58ZS8" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-11-20T19:10:54Z", "dateModified": "2013-11-20T19:10:54Z" } }, { "key": "WME58224", "version": 28, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 233132, "name": "MTRI research", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mtri_research", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/233132/items/WME58224", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mtri_research/items/WME58224", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/233132/items/G3NG4N9K", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 524697, "username": "robotastronaut", "name": "Nick Molen", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/robotastronaut", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "WME58224", "version": 28, "parentItem": "G3NG4N9K", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "JSTOR Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2013-11-20T19:10:33Z", "url": "http://www.jstor.org.proxy2.cl.msu.edu/stable/pdfplus/1939085.pdf?acceptTC=true", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Whitney - 1986 - Relation of Michigan's Presettlement Pine Forests .pdf", "md5": "4944f64df6dce8623b58bc2ebec23c99", "mtime": 1384974635000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-11-20T19:10:33Z", "dateModified": "2013-11-20T19:10:35Z" } }, { "key": "G3NG4N9K", "version": 27, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 233132, "name": "MTRI research", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mtri_research", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/233132/items/G3NG4N9K", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mtri_research/items/G3NG4N9K", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 524697, "username": "robotastronaut", "name": "Nick Molen", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/robotastronaut", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Whitney", "parsedDate": "1986-12-01", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "G3NG4N9K", "version": 27, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Relation of Michigan's Presettlement Pine Forests to Substrate and Disturbance History", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gordon G.", "lastName": "Whitney" } ], "abstractNote": "Little is known of the factors that engendered the classic pine forests of Michigan in the period before settlement by Europeans. Some of the forests were relatively open savannas of jack pine and red pine. Other stands were composed of large red and white pines, occasionally with an admixture of hemlock and hardwoods. The early Government Land Office Survey records of Ros-common and Crawford Counties were used to determine the composition and the disturbance history of the pine forests of northern lower Michigan. The abundance of pine (mainly Pinus banksiana, P. resinosa, and P. strobus) in this area that was between lobes of the Wisconsin Laurentide ice sheet was correlated with the presence of coarse-textured soils derived from outwash and ice-contact deposits. These soils promoted a vegetation type which was extremely susceptible to fire. Records suggest the average return time for severe crown fires ranged from 80 yr in the case of the jack pine forest type to 120-240 yr for the mixed pine type to 1200 yr for the hemlock-white pine-northern hardwoods type. Blowdowns had a much longer return time and reached their greatest frequency in the swamp conifer and hemlock-white pine-northern hardwoods types. A three-dimensional diagram summarizes the role of fire, windthrow, substrate, and topography in the formation of Michigan's pine forests.", "publicationTitle": "Ecology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "December 1, 1986", "volume": "67", "issue": "6", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1548-1559", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Ecology", "DOI": "10.2307/1939085", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/1939085", "accessDate": "2013-11-20T19:10:33Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0012-9658", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "JSTOR", "callNumber": "", "rights": "Copyright © 1986 Ecological Society of America", "extra": "ArticleType: research-article / Full publication date: Dec., 1986 / Copyright © 1986 Ecological Society of America", "tags": [], "collections": [ "AEA58ZS8" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-11-20T19:10:33Z", "dateModified": "2013-11-20T19:10:33Z" } }, { "key": "4BFDTN8B", "version": 26, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 233132, "name": "MTRI research", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mtri_research", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/233132/items/4BFDTN8B", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mtri_research/items/4BFDTN8B", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/233132/items/JSJVTEQK", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 524697, "username": "robotastronaut", "name": "Nick Molen", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/robotastronaut", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "4BFDTN8B", "version": 26, "parentItem": "JSJVTEQK", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2013-11-20T19:05:29Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com.proxy1.cl.msu.edu/science/article/pii/S0169204697000340/pdf?md5=9d0f415b110da82dc2b2583fc4510df2&pid=1-s2.0-S0169204697000340-main.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Beyer Jr. et al. - 1997 - Ecosystem management in the eastern Upper Peninsul.pdf", "md5": "75119579e947a9807f4b0e2463328596", "mtime": 1384974339000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-11-20T19:05:29Z", "dateModified": "2013-11-20T19:05:39Z" } }, { "key": "P7UTT2MD", "version": 26, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 233132, "name": "MTRI research", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mtri_research", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/233132/items/P7UTT2MD", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mtri_research/items/P7UTT2MD", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/233132/items/JSJVTEQK", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 524697, "username": "robotastronaut", "name": "Nick Molen", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/robotastronaut", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "P7UTT2MD", "version": 26, "parentItem": "JSJVTEQK", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Snapshot", "accessDate": "2013-11-20T19:05:29Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com.proxy1.cl.msu.edu/science/article/pii/S0169204697000340", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "S0169204697000340.html", "md5": "96548746099d5e11874de33d25ce7f75", "mtime": 1384974333000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-11-20T19:05:29Z", "dateModified": "2013-11-20T19:05:29Z" } }, { "key": "JSJVTEQK", "version": 24, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 233132, "name": "MTRI research", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mtri_research", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/233132/items/JSJVTEQK", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mtri_research/items/JSJVTEQK", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 524697, "username": "robotastronaut", "name": "Nick Molen", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/robotastronaut", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Beyer Jr. et al.", "parsedDate": "1997-11-15", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "JSJVTEQK", "version": 24, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Ecosystem management in the eastern Upper Peninsula of Michigan: A case history", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Dean E.", "lastName": "Beyer Jr." }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Les", "lastName": "Homan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David N.", "lastName": "Ewert" } ], "abstractNote": "In 1992, a group composed of state and federal government agencies, a non-government organization, and industrial land holders formed to coordinate management efforts in the eastern Upper Peninsula of Michigan (EUP). The EUP landscape, characterized by a variety of glacial landforms, encompasses 1.6 million ha. Members of the group represent organizations that manage two-thirds of the land in the EUP. The group's mission is to facilitate complementary management of public and private lands for all appropriate uses, using an ecological approach to sustain and enhance representative ecosystems, globally significant communities and landscapes, and threatened and endangered species. Several factors make this a challenging mission. First, the EUP contains a wide variety of ecological units, each with a unique suite of species and management considerations. Second, the management goals of the stakeholders are diverse, ranging from preservation of natural and cultural resources to economically profitable timber production. Finally, the group has to deal with many of the issues that have recently received national attention: threatened and endangered species management, forest fragmentation, old growth, deer browsing, fire management, forest conversion, effects of management decisions on local and regional economies, and maintenance of ecosystem function. This paper chronicles the efforts and group dynamics of the eastern Upper Peninsula Ecosystem Management Group. The complexity of managing a large and diverse area is illustrated by describing the area's ecology and biological significance, ownership patterns, and management goals of stakeholders. Partners work together informally, making decisions by consensus, stressing communication, understanding, and cooperation, rather than formal procedures and protocols. Working this way, the group communicates openly and honestly and has established working relationships built on trust. We also highlight accomplishments to date including the development of an ecological classification system that serves as a foundation for our efforts. We conclude with a discussion of the direction and projected activities of the group and obstacles the group faces.", "publicationTitle": "Landscape and Urban Planning", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "November 15, 1997", "volume": "38", "issue": "3–4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "199-211", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Landscape and Urban Planning", "DOI": "10.1016/S0169-2046(97)00034-0", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204697000340", "accessDate": "2013-11-20T19:05:29Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0169-2046", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Ecosystem management in the eastern Upper Peninsula of Michigan", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Ecological classification system", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Ecosystem management", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Endangered species", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Forest fragmentation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Michigan", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "AEA58ZS8" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-11-20T19:05:29Z", "dateModified": "2013-11-20T19:05:29Z" } }, { "key": "TGR839TB", "version": 23, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 233132, "name": "MTRI research", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mtri_research", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/233132/items/TGR839TB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mtri_research/items/TGR839TB", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/233132/items/HR6ISTKC", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 524697, "username": "robotastronaut", "name": "Nick Molen", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/robotastronaut", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "TGR839TB", "version": 23, "parentItem": "HR6ISTKC", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "NRC Research Press PDF fulltext", "accessDate": "2013-11-20T19:04:40Z", "url": "http://www.nrcresearchpress.com.proxy1.cl.msu.edu/doi/pdfplus/10.1139/x98-184", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Zhang et al. - 1999 - Catastrophic disturbance in the presettlement fore.pdf", "md5": "3d4b3f1ee35c00a85a4ee4490861ce19", "mtime": 1384974285000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-11-20T19:04:40Z", "dateModified": "2013-11-20T19:04:45Z" } }, { "key": "BI45IGQM", "version": 23, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 233132, "name": "MTRI research", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mtri_research", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/233132/items/BI45IGQM", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mtri_research/items/BI45IGQM", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/233132/items/HR6ISTKC", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 524697, "username": "robotastronaut", "name": "Nick Molen", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/robotastronaut", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "BI45IGQM", "version": 23, "parentItem": "HR6ISTKC", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "NRC Research Press Snapshot", "accessDate": "2013-11-20T19:04:40Z", "url": "http://www.nrcresearchpress.com.proxy1.cl.msu.edu/doi/abs/10.1139/x98-184#.Uo0HwkMQ4ak", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "x98-184.html", "md5": "bacaa4f40dfc6337cd88b398bfc4a942", "mtime": 1384974282000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-11-20T19:04:40Z", "dateModified": "2013-11-20T19:04:40Z" } }, { "key": "HR6ISTKC", "version": 22, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 233132, "name": "MTRI research", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mtri_research", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/233132/items/HR6ISTKC", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mtri_research/items/HR6ISTKC", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 524697, "username": "robotastronaut", "name": "Nick Molen", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/robotastronaut", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Zhang et al.", "parsedDate": "1999-01-01", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "HR6ISTKC", "version": 22, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Catastrophic disturbance in the presettlement forests of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Quanfa", "lastName": "Zhang" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kurt S", "lastName": "Pregitzer" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David D", "lastName": "Reed" } ], "abstractNote": "The General Land Office (GLO) survey notes (1840-1856) were used to examine the interaction among natural disturbance, vegetation type, and topography in the presettlement forests of the Luce District, an ecological unit of approximately 902 000 ha in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, U.S.A. The surveyors recorded 104 fire and 126 windthrow incidences covering 3.1 and 2.8% of the total length of the surveyed lines, respectively. The rotation periods over the entire landscape were 480 years for fire and 541 years for windthrow, but these varied with vegetation type and topographic position. Fire occurred more frequently on southerly aspects and at elevations where pinelands were concentrated. The density of windthrow events increased with elevation and slope, with the highest occurrence on westerly aspects. Based on the estimated rotation periods, we calculated that 7.5, 24.4, and 68.1% of the presettlement forest were in the stand initiation, stem exclusion, and old forest (including both understory reinit..., Les notes des levés (1840-1856) de l'Office général des terres ont été utilisées pour examiner l'interaction entre les perturbations naturelles, le type de végétation et la topographie dans les forêts précoloniales du district de Luce, une unité écologique d'environ 902 000 ha, dans la péninsule Nord du Michigan, aux États-Unis. Les arpenteurs géomètres ont enregistré 104 feux et 126 chablis couvrant respectivement 3,1 et 2,8% de la longueur totale des lignes d'arpentage. La période de rotation dans l'ensemble du paysage était de 480 ans pour le feu et de 541 ans pour le chablis. Cependant, ces données variaient selon le type de végétation et la position topographique. Le feu se produisait plus fréquemment sur les expositions sud et sur les hauteurs où étaient concentrées les pinèdes. La fréquence des chablis augmentait avec l'altitude et la pente pour atteindre le maximum sur les expositions ouest. En s'appuyant sur les périodes estimées de rotation, les auteurs ont calculé que 7,5, 24,4 et 68,1% des for...", "publicationTitle": "Canadian Journal of Forest Research", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "January 1, 1999", "volume": "29", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "106-114", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Can. J. For. Res.", "DOI": "10.1139/x98-184", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.nrcresearchpress.com.proxy1.cl.msu.edu/doi/abs/10.1139/x98-184", "accessDate": "2013-11-20T19:04:40Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0045-5067", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NRC Research Press", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "AEA58ZS8" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-11-20T19:04:40Z", "dateModified": "2013-11-20T19:04:40Z" } }, { "key": "C6PVKF4Z", "version": 21, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 233132, "name": "MTRI research", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mtri_research", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/233132/items/C6PVKF4Z", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mtri_research/items/C6PVKF4Z", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1693485, "username": "jmccarty_geo", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jmccarty_geo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Austin and Buhl", "parsedDate": "2013-06-01", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "C6PVKF4Z", "version": 21, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Relating Yellow Rail (Coturnicops noveboracensis) Occupancy to Habitat and Landscape Features in the Context of Fire", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jane E.", "lastName": "Austin" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Deborah A.", "lastName": "Buhl" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Waterbirds", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "June 1, 2013", "volume": "36", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "199-213", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Waterbirds", "DOI": "10.1675/063.036.0209", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://services.lib.mtu.edu:2155/doi/abs/10.1675/063.036.0209", "accessDate": "2013-11-20T18:35:17Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1524-4695", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "BioOne", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "AEA58ZS8" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-11-20T18:35:17Z", "dateModified": "2013-11-20T18:56:08Z" } }, { "key": "DXJ9K8J6", "version": 20, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 233132, "name": "MTRI research", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mtri_research", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/233132/items/DXJ9K8J6", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mtri_research/items/DXJ9K8J6", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1693485, "username": "jmccarty_geo", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jmccarty_geo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Drobyshev et al.", "parsedDate": "2008-11-10", "numChildren": 3 }, "data": { "key": "DXJ9K8J6", "version": 20, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Interactions among forest composition, structure, fuel loadings and fire history: A case study of red pine-dominated forests of Seney National Wildlife Refuge, Upper Michigan", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Igor", "lastName": "Drobyshev" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "P. Charles", "lastName": "Goebel" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David M.", "lastName": "Hix" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R. Gregory", "lastName": "Corace III" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Marie E.", "lastName": "Semko-Duncan" } ], "abstractNote": "Red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) has been a historically important species in the eastern United States and Canada. Prior to European settlement, fire played a major role in determining the composition and structure of red pine-dominated forests. However, fire suppression efforts have prevented natural regeneration of red pine and the development of structurally diverse red pine-dominated forests across its natural range. To better understand how past forest history affects the current state of red pine-dominated forests in Upper Michigan, we quantified the role of forest history on forest structure and fuel loadings on eighty 500 m2 plots distributed across Seney National Wildlife Refuge (SNWR). The Seney Wilderness Area of SNWR has experienced few direct human effects, and has escaped the impact of fire suppression policies. Using principal components analysis, we quantified the variation in stand composition, structure, and diversity and related this variability to current fuel loadings, fire history, and harvesting history. The first principal component represented the structural and compositional variation across our dataset associated with the harvesting history of the 50 sampled stands. Stands with a history of cutting clearly differentiated themselves by high abundance of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lam.) and lower structural diversity of the overstory and of the understory vegetation. The second principal component revealed a negative correlation between red pine overstory abundance and compositional diversity of the stands, as determined by the Shannon Diversity Index. The third principal component differentiated complex, multi-cohort stands with old (250–300 years) trees in the overstory, which we believe resulted from repeated fires, from younger, less structurally complex stands. Stands which experienced repeated fires showed reduced amounts of fine woody debris and shallower duff depth. No relationship was found between descriptors of fire history and the amount of coarse woody debris (CWD) or litter. CWD increased in multi-cohort stands with high variations in tree diameter, whereas litter depth was higher in both jack pine-dominated, harvested stands and structurally diverse red pine stands and lower in the middle of this gradient. We suggest that fire has a role in restoration programs and sustainable management of red pine-dominated forest ecosystems of this region.", "publicationTitle": "Forest Ecology and Management", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "November 10, 2008", "volume": "256", "issue": "10", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1723-1733", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Forest Ecology and Management", "DOI": "10.1016/j.foreco.2008.05.017", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S037811270800426X", "accessDate": "2013-11-20T18:43:12Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0378-1127", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Interactions among forest composition, structure, fuel loadings and fire history", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Boreal", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Canopy dynamics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Dendrochronology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Fire hazard", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Fire history", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Fire management", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Lake States", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Stand structure", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-11-20T18:43:12Z", "dateModified": "2013-11-20T18:56:08Z" } }, { "key": "K47M6GEF", "version": 20, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 233132, "name": "MTRI research", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mtri_research", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/233132/items/K47M6GEF", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mtri_research/items/K47M6GEF", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/233132/items/8ZJVIR29", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 524697, "username": "robotastronaut", "name": "Nick Molen", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/robotastronaut", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "K47M6GEF", "version": 20, "parentItem": "8ZJVIR29", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_file", "title": "Cleland et al. - 2004 - Characterizing historical and modern fire regimes .pdf", "accessDate": "", "url": "", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Cleland et al. - 2004 - Characterizing historical and modern fire regimes .pdf", "md5": "4d0d2648bb8d46e10fca6358c7b46d95", "mtime": 1384973585000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-11-20T18:52:51Z", "dateModified": "2013-11-20T18:53:06Z" } }, { "key": "7I8ITENT", "version": 20, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 233132, "name": "MTRI research", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mtri_research", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/233132/items/7I8ITENT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mtri_research/items/7I8ITENT", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/233132/items/8ZJVIR29", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 524697, "username": "robotastronaut", "name": "Nick Molen", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/robotastronaut", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "7I8ITENT", "version": 20, "parentItem": "8ZJVIR29", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2013-11-20T18:50:46Z", "url": "http://link.springer.com.proxy1.cl.msu.edu/article/10.1023%2FB%3ALAND.0000030437.29258.3c", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "10.1023BLAND.0000030437.29258.html", "md5": "aa76a414bc15c56e6735cfac311a3508", "mtime": 1384973448000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-11-20T18:50:46Z", "dateModified": "2013-11-20T18:50:46Z" } } ]