[ { "key": "TB3TV82T", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 23292, "name": "International Political Economy", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/international_political_economy", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/23292/items/TB3TV82T", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/international_political_economy/items/TB3TV82T", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/23292/items/R5T366K4", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 4839, "username": "littlefield", "name": "Alex Littlefield", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/littlefield", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "TB3TV82T", "version": 1, "parentItem": "R5T366K4", "itemType": "note", "note": "The process of globalization is coming to bear a greater deal of influence on societies all over the world. This process is being shaped by a number of factors, none the least of which are the international financial organizations that seek to develop and formulate policies that they encourage their member countries to take on. One of the most prominent of these organization is the WTO. As part of the expanse in mandate of these organizations, the WTO has seen its mandate expand to encompass areas that were once considered the exclusive domain of national governments. One of these areas is intellectual property rights, which the WTO has sought to regulate and influence with its TRIPS agreement. This thesis looks at the way in which the expanse of the mandate of the WTO/TRIPS has been characterized by hegemony, in that it has largely reflected the best trading interests of the privileged western countries at the expense of those developing countries. As it pertains to intellectual property rules, it is argued that this hegemonic expanse has facilitated the process of biopiracy, whereby western companies use these western-style intellectual property regimes to patent and exploit the biodiversity or knowledge thereof that is held in developing countries. This thesis concludes in examining the way in which developing countries and their people are concerned about this process, and have advanced potential alternatives. These alternatives suggest action both from within and from without the WTO, aimed at reinterpreting the globalization of intellectual property regulations in a fashion that is more reflective of the concerns of the developing world.", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-12-31T17:59:31Z", "dateModified": "2012-12-31T17:59:31Z" } }, { "key": "R5T366K4", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 23292, "name": "International Political Economy", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/international_political_economy", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/23292/items/R5T366K4", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/international_political_economy/items/R5T366K4", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 4839, "username": "littlefield", "name": "Alex Littlefield", "links": { "alternate": { "href": 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In the future, stresses in the relations between business and the state and contradictions between ruling coalitions and organized labor may lead to changes in political strategies.", "publicationTitle": "International Organization", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "October 01, 1977", "volume": "31", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "879-920", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/2706323", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "00208183", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "ArticleType: research-article / Issue Title: Between Power and Plenty: Foreign Economic Policies of Advanced Industrial States / Full publication date: Autumn, 1977 / Copyright © 1977 The MIT Press", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-09-06T11:57:09Z", "dateModified": "2011-09-06T11:57:09Z" } }, { "key": "CRU8S4Q3", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 23292, "name": "International Political Economy", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/international_political_economy", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/23292/items/CRU8S4Q3", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/international_political_economy/items/CRU8S4Q3", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 4839, "username": "littlefield", "name": "Alex Littlefield", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/littlefield", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Krasner", "parsedDate": "1977-10-01", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "CRU8S4Q3", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "US Commercial and Monetary Policy: Unravelling the Paradox of External Strength and Internal Weakness", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Stephen D.", "lastName": "Krasner" } ], "abstractNote": "The fundamental objective of American foreign economic policy after the Second World War was to establish a regime in which impediments to the movement of capital and goods were minimized. In this quest American central decision makers were largely successful because of America's external power. However, because of the weakness of the US political system, that is, the ability of private groups to check state initiatives, public officials were constantly faced with domestic political constraints. These constraints were more apparent in the area of commercial policy, where decisions involved Congress and executive agencies susceptible to societal influences, than in monetary policy, where decisions were made in a more insulated environment. The decline of America's external power, which became evident in the mid-1960s, was accompanied by growing demands for protection as more sectors of the American economy were adversely affected by foreign trade. This has led to increasing incoherence in US policy and greater instability in the international economic regime.", "publicationTitle": "International Organization", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "October 01, 1977", "volume": "31", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "635-671", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/2706317", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "00208183", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "ArticleType: research-article / Issue Title: Between Power and Plenty: Foreign Economic Policies of Advanced Industrial States / Full publication date: Autumn, 1977 / Copyright © 1977 The MIT Press", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-09-06T11:57:09Z", "dateModified": "2011-09-06T11:57:09Z" } }, { "key": "XBUHW6PI", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 23292, "name": "International Political Economy", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/international_political_economy", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/23292/items/XBUHW6PI", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/international_political_economy/items/XBUHW6PI", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 4839, "username": "littlefield", "name": "Alex Littlefield", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/littlefield", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Maier", "parsedDate": "1977-10-01", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "XBUHW6PI", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The Politics of Productivity: Foundations of American International Economic Policy after World War II", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Charles S.", "lastName": "Maier" } ], "abstractNote": "The years immediately after World War II provided American policy makers with a unique opportunity to help shape the international economic order for a generation to come. United States objectives are usually described in terms of enlightened idealism or capitalist expansionism. But much of the way policy makers envisaged international economic reconstruction derived from the ambivalent way in which domestic economic conflict had been resolved before and during the New Deal. In the inconclusive struggle between business champions and the spokesmen for reform, Americans achieved consensus by celebrating a supposedly impartial efficiency and productivity and by condemning allegedly wasteful monopoly. Looking outward during and after World War II, United States representatives condemned Fascism as a form of monopoly power, then later sought to isolate Communist parties and labor unions as adversaries of their priorities of production. American blueprints for international monetary order, policy toward trade unions, and the intervention of occupation authorities in West Germany and Japan sought to transform political issues into problems of output, to adjourn class conflict for a consensus on growth. The American approach was successful because for almost two decades high rates of growth made the politics of productivity apparently pay off. 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"https://www.zotero.org/groups/international_political_economy", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/23292/items/DKGG5STH", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/international_political_economy/items/DKGG5STH", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/23292/items/WAVDQ2CV", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 4839, "username": "littlefield", "name": "Alex Littlefield", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/littlefield", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "DKGG5STH", "version": 1, "parentItem": "WAVDQ2CV", "itemType": "note", "note": "The 30 years of reform and opening have brought great material progress to China. By becoming a big country, China's actions created huge spillovers on other countries. The result has been a rise in trade tension between China and its trade partners. Recently, some have claimed that China's prolonged large trade surpluses have undermined global financial stability and tilted the world into a deep recession, if not a 1930s-style depression. Others have claimed that the greenhouse gases from China's industrialization would soon cause cataclysmic global climate change. One blunt but effective way to eliminate these negative spillovers is to restrict imports from China. Labor in the rich countries is under considerable stress because of the deep global structural adjustments brought by: (1) the integration of the labor force of China, India and the Soviet bloc into the world economy; and (2) the acceleration of technological innovations (as exemplified by the revolution in information technology). The new global equilibrium could be a win-win outcome for the world but the process of moving to it is a painful one. Protectionism to avoid the transitional pains is, however, likely to end up in a lose-lose outcome for the world. China must therefore, in its own interests, help to reduce international tension by updating its strategy of international economic engagement. China has to go beyond being a passive beneficiary of the WTO system to being an active promoter of WTO objectives. China should work with the US to bring Doha Rounds negotiations to a successful conclusion. China must also play a stronger and more constructive role in the forthcoming international talks on global climate change. China and India are simply too big to be exempted for a long time from national ceilings on the emission of greenhouse gases. China will have to face down its internal political opposition to replace the backward state-controlled financial system with a dynamic, but well-regulated, diversified private financial system in order to eliminate the odd phenomenon of a poor country lending to a rich country. For its neighborhood, China should push for an Asian Economic Union that takes the form of a WTO-plus free trade and open investment area that has regional pooling of foreign exchange reserves. Since there is no prospect of free labor mobility within East Asia, monetary integration would produce an economically inefficient outcome. East Asia should therefore be focusing its energy on creating as large a free trade area as possible, and forgo the unrealistic goal of a common Asian currency.", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-08-16T09:45:07Z", "dateModified": "2010-08-16T09:45:07Z" } }, { "key": "3HTZVXU8", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 23292, "name": "International Political Economy", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/international_political_economy", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/23292/items/3HTZVXU8", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/international_political_economy/items/3HTZVXU8", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/23292/items/A4UEPTWA", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 4839, "username": "littlefield", "name": "Alex Littlefield", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/littlefield", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "3HTZVXU8", "version": 1, "parentItem": "A4UEPTWA", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "09692290903306869", "accessDate": "2010-05-22T13:30:35Z", "url": "http://www.informaworld.com/10.1080/09692290903306869", "note": "", "contentType": "", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-08-16T09:45:07Z", "dateModified": "2010-08-16T09:45:07Z" } }, { "key": "W3BE5BZE", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 23292, "name": "International Political Economy", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/international_political_economy", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/23292/items/W3BE5BZE", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/international_political_economy/items/W3BE5BZE", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/23292/items/A4UEPTWA", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 4839, "username": "littlefield", "name": "Alex Littlefield", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/littlefield", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "W3BE5BZE", "version": 1, "parentItem": "A4UEPTWA", "itemType": "note", "note": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-08-16T09:45:07Z", "dateModified": "2010-08-16T09:45:07Z" } } ]