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"https://api.zotero.org/groups/230822/items/BMEEJ5W5", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/community_food_systems/items/BMEEJ5W5", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 522986, "username": "shister", "name": "Christy Shi", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/shister", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Johnson", "parsedDate": "2013-03-12", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "BMEEJ5W5", "version": 10, "itemType": "report", "title": "The Role of Local Food Systems in U.S. Farm Policy", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Renee", "lastName": "Johnson" } ], "abstractNote": "Sales of locally produced foods comprise a small but growing part of U.S. agricultural sales.\nUSDA estimates that farm-level value of local food sales totaled about $4.8 billion in 2008, or\nabout 1.6% of the U.S. market for agricultural products. An estimated total of 107,000 farms are\nengaged in local food systems, or about 5% of all U.S. farms.\nThere is no established definition of what constitutes a “local food.” Local and regional food\nsystems generally refer to agricultural production and marketing that occurs within a certain\ngeographic proximity (between farmer and consumer) or that involves certain social or supply\nchain characteristics in producing food (such as small family farms, urban gardens, or farms using\nsustainable agriculture practices). Some perceive locally sourced foods as fresher and higher in\nquality compared to some other readily available foods, and also believe that purchasing local\nfoods helps support local farm economies and/or farmers that use certain production practices that\nare perceived to be more environmentally sustainable.\nA wide range of farm businesses may be considered to be engaged in local foods. These include\ndirect-to-consumer marketing, farmers’ markets, farm-to-school programs, community-supported\nagriculture, community gardens, school gardens, food hubs and market aggregators, and kitchen\nincubators and mobile slaughter units. Other types of operations include on-farm sales/stores,\ninternet marketing, food cooperatives and buying clubs, pick-your-own or “U-Pick” operations,\nroadside farm stands, urban farms (and rooftop farms and gardens), community kitchens, smallscale\nfood processing and decentralized root cellars, and some agritourism or other types of onfarm\nrecreational activities.\nThe 2008 farm bill (P.L. 110-246, Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008) contained a few\nprogram provisions that directly support local and regional food systems. However, many\nexisting federal programs benefiting U.S. agricultural producers may also provide support and\nassistance for local food systems. These include farm support and grant programs administered by\nthe U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), and may be grouped into several broad program\ncategories: marketing and promotion; business assistance; rural and community development;\nnutrition and education; agricultural research and cooperative extension; and farmland\nconservation. Examples include USDA’s farmers’ market programs, rural cooperative grants, and\nselected child nutrition programs, among myriad other grant and loan programs, as well as\nUSDA’s research and cooperative extension service. Farm bill proposals debated in the 112th\nCongress would have expanded several of these programs.\nThe 113th Congress will likely consider reauthorization of the 2008 farm bill and may reconsider\nproposals debated in the 112th Congress to address expiring farm bill provisions, including\nprovisions that either directly or indirectly support local food systems. Although the 2008 farm\nbill contained few specific programs that directly support local and regional food systems, many\ncommunity and farm advocacy groups have been arguing that such food systems should play a\nlarger policy role within the next farm bill, and that laws should be modified to reflect broader,\nmore equitable policies across a range of production systems, including local food systems. The\n112th Congress introduced legislation, including several comprehensive marker bills, which\nwould have expanded the benefits for local and regional food systems. These issues may continue\nto be of interest in the 113th Congress.", "reportNumber": "R42155", "reportType": "", "institution": "US Congressional Research Service", "place": "", "date": "3/12/2013", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42155.pdf", "accessDate": "2013-11-10", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-11-10T20:08:25Z", "dateModified": "2013-11-10T20:19:38Z" } } ]