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Michelle Lim

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Summary:

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Boyce states that Irish nationalism is a culmination of various factors and he identifies the main factors as a sense of race, religion and territorial integrity. Arguably, Boyce's identification of the chief characteristics of Irish nationalism are also profoundly influenced by its colonial history. Boyce also mentions that the concept and definition of nationalism varies from country to country and person to person, thus making it even more difficult to locate the origins of Irish nationalism given its complex colonial history. Boyce also highlights the fact that distinct individualistic groups have attempted to lead nationalist movements for they are conscious of their Irish identity. The inequalities which exist hence proves to be an obstacle in the construction of a unique and united Irish identity, therefore, placing an emphasis on the Irish Literary Revival, an important movement in Irish nationalism.

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Evaluation:

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The book helps to shape an understanding of a divided nation and it also points out the fact that literature and language is a powerful tool which propels nationalism. Literature and language are able to transgress boundaries where other factors such as race and religion are unable to do so. In addition, it also helps in understanding Joyce/Stephen's insistence in the total deconstruction of the colonial language and to re-structure a language of his own for he sees the imminent power of language. The book also helps to understand why traditional representations of nationalism is ineffective in Ireland because the colonial system has been deeply ingrained into the Irishmen's way of life and they have become confortable with it. By using tradition representations such as race and religion to identify with Irish nationalsim only serves to perpetuate the colonial system and further entrench it into the lives of the Irishmen. Literature and language seem to function not only as a socio- cultural tool but it is also important as a political discourse.

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Questions raised by the book:

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Language is an irrevocable of Irish history and the Irish language is mitigated in mythology and legends. To anchor language as the main push of Irish Nationalism, it also means the need to revisit its old language and it cannot be simply written off. To revisit is to repeat and to repeat is perform once again the identity of the colonised. Therefore, does the creation of an unique Irish identity mean having to write off a part of Irsh history? What truly constitutes Irish nationalism?

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Michelle Lim

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Summary:

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Language gives shape and expression to nationalism because it is a socio- cultural tool. Language is a secular symbol and it answers the need of modern nationalists to define themselves as unique and individualistic becasue it can be reinvented to suit individuated purposes. It is also a collective symbol because it calls for mass participation and involvement. Therefore, it is an important constituent of nationalism because of its unifying quality. Nationalism also goes beyond the identification of language with a community as a form of communication to the identification of authenticity with a particular language which is experimentally unique and which other languages cannnot match thus perservering the individualistic nature of the community.

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Evaluation:

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The book is instrumental in helping to understand the functional relationship between nationalism and language. More often than not, it is thought that nationalism is a natural progression following colonisation and decolonisation. The English language functions as a tool of colonialism, enabling the colonial masters to write and tell their own interpretations of the lives of the colonised. Language is then used to evoke nationalism when the natives make use of English to tell their own stories. Not only does this provide alternate perspectives of the empire which subverts the power relations between the superior coloniser and the inferior colonised, the creation of a separate language/idenity is an act of resistance against the colonial language/idenity. The unity of being able to articulate in English allows the colonisers to fix their gaze upon the colonised. However, the colonised returns the gaze when they are able to \"colonise\" the English language with their own language by appropriation of English to suit their own context . Language has no fixed structure and this contributes to the individualistic nature which propels nationalism.

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In Portrait, it is seen that when Stephen begins to replace the English words and phrases he knows with symbols and images that he makes the English language his own. This is also when he realises that true Irish nationalism can only be attained when Ireland has a language of its own to fight against the institutionalised colonial language.

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Questions raised by the book:

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Just as Stephen changes the intended meanings of the original writers by taking their words and phrases out of their context and places them in his own, does the introduction of vernacular words and phrases in a particular text render it a nationalistic text? If language is an integral part of nationalism and today, English is the lingua franca of many countries around the world, are we then robbed of our individuality as a nation? Is this why we have Singlish in Singapore to forge a uniquely Singaporean identity although some people view it as \"broken English\"?

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", "tags": [ { "tag": "colonial gaze, colonial system, singlish, broken english" }, { "tag": "language, nationalism," } ], "relations": { "dc:relation": "http://zotero.org/groups/221/items/9K8HZXJU" }, "dateAdded": "2009-11-14T13:12:21Z", "dateModified": "2011-05-05T17:58:03Z" } }, { "key": "A9AHWE2G", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 221, "name": "ZGL: Modernism and Empire", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/zgl_modernism_and_empire", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/221/items/A9AHWE2G", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/zgl_modernism_and_empire/items/A9AHWE2G", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/221/items/TIJMG4GS", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 41972, "username": "limximichelle", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/limximichelle", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 4617, "username": "fuzzyacademic", "name": "Adeline Koh", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/fuzzyacademic", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "A9AHWE2G", "version": 1, "parentItem": "TIJMG4GS", "itemType": "note", "note": "

Michelle Lim

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Summary:

\n

Deane says that language plays a significant role in nationalism. However, the Irish community has assimilated into their lives, the colonial language and culture therefore, not only losing the Irish vernacular but also their very own unique Irish identity. The story's progression with the growth of Stephen from his childhood to his youth shows that from being compliant with the the colonial language and culture as a boy, Stephen recognises in his youth, the need to assert individualism. This is important because true Irish nationalism requires the Irish community to break away from the borrowed languages and cultures to forge one of their own.Therefore, true nationalism can only occur when individualism is asserted because it signals a breakdown in the colonial structure. Deconstruction of the colonial language is hence implicit in the young Stephen's narrative. Deane also points out that the Irish community is complicit in its oppression because they reproduce their idenity of the colonised by sustaining the language and culture of the colonisers.

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Evaluation:

\n

The novel exemplies Deane's argument by showing that it is only by breaking down colonial structures and finding one’s “voice” in the process of restructuring that a true individual emerges. Only then can there truly be nationalism/individualism when shadows of colonialism are removed and Stephen does this with his “art.”

\n

As a child, Stephen uses a lot of repetition, quotation and constructed rhythmic effects in his sentences. This is important because language functions as tool of colonialism. His ability to articulate in fluid English mirrors the gradual loss of the Irish vernacular in Ireland during colonial rule. The young Stephen’s adherence to the rubrics of the English language, his conformation to expectations and the fact that he takes his English lessons seriously, shows the entrenchment of the colonial system. To repeat is to perform an identity and this performance is essential for maintaining solidarity. The young Stephen then continually performs the identity of the colonised with his reiteration of the colonial language and he has no notions of any individuality, relegated to being another member of the oppressed Irish community. This also shows that the oppression of the Irish is not only enacted by the English but it has been deeply ingrained into the Irishmen’s way of life. They have become comfortable with it and they are afraid of embracing changes.

\n

In his youth, Stephen’s articulation becomes to be disjointed and this happens in tandem with his assertion of individuality. It is suggested that he experiences these disjoints because the colonial language has become insufficient. He begins to adapt and re-structure the colonial language to his need and in the process of doing so, he makes it “his own language.” His language hence becomes a form of \"art\" because he sees the need to adopt other forms of representation as the colonial language has become insufficient in expressing the Irish experience. This also mirrors the need for the Irish to break away from their pepetration of the colonial language and culture so as to find their own unique identity.

\n

Questions the article raised:

\n

The past cannot be completely deleted from the history of Ireland. Stephen has to reconcile the past, present and the future so as to find his own ground. In other words, Irish men also need to come to this resolution in order to experience the true sense of nationalsim. Yet, the colonial language and system has been entrenched and so is it possible for Ireland to shake off the shadows of colonialism? But noting that nationalism arises from individualism and that language plays an important role, the fact that Ireland is made up of various individual Irish community, by imposing another language to \"unite\" them, is that not just another form of colonialism?

\n

 

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\n

 

", "tags": [ { "tag": "Irish community, Ireland" }, { "tag": "deconstruction, language, colonialism" } ], "relations": { "dc:relation": "http://zotero.org/groups/221/items/9K8HZXJU" }, "dateAdded": "2009-11-14T11:47:41Z", "dateModified": "2011-05-05T17:58:03Z" } }, { "key": "JBQPV5A2", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 221, "name": "ZGL: Modernism and Empire", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/zgl_modernism_and_empire", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/221/items/JBQPV5A2", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/zgl_modernism_and_empire/items/JBQPV5A2", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/221/items/K4E8RTSK", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 41972, "username": "limximichelle", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/limximichelle", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 4617, "username": "fuzzyacademic", "name": "Adeline Koh", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/fuzzyacademic", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "JBQPV5A2", "version": 1, "parentItem": "K4E8RTSK", "itemType": "note", "note": "

Michelle Lim

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Summary:

\n

The article focuses on Joyce/Stephen's extensive use of imageries of water, shadows, clouds, windows and mirrors  in his narrative which calls attention to the idea that the novel functions as an art. Of course, the adaptation of Impressionistic techniques in the narrative also highlights a progression. Stepehn once relies on words to see and make meanings of his identity and the community around him. Yet, these imageries have reflective qualities and Stephen's constant use of these images creates the impression that although he is aware that he is part of a bigger picture which has stagnated.

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Evaluation:

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This article foregrounded Ireland as the dreary landscape after having being colonised. The adoption of the colonial language has also resulted in the Irish voice. Joyce/Stephen undermines this \"dreariness\" with his use of Impressionistic techniques and he calls attention to the idea that an alternate unique image of Ireland can only be constructed by breaking down its established structures. The use of Impressionistic techniques in Stephen's narrative also shows that the colonial language is insufficient in articulating the experiences of the colonised.

\n

Questions the article raised:

\n

Stephen is intent on creating an unique idenity of which to call his own but use of Impressionistic techniques is not entirely new for Impressionism began as a movement in the 1860s. As such, is there such a thing as a separate and unique identity?

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Relation to other texts:

\n

During the presentation on Lord Jim, it was mentioned that the extensive description of landscape and nature is part of an adventure tradition. This article shows that other than being a part of an adventure tradition, it also functions as an act of resistance against the colonial language. It also shows that the colonial language has become inadequate in relating the colonised experience and thus writers need to structure other forms of \"language\" within the colonial language itself in order to express themselves better. As Joseph Conrad said: \"my task is by the power of the written word to make you hear, to make you feel- it is, before all, to make you see..\"

", "tags": [ { "tag": "Language" }, { "tag": "impressionism, art," }, { "tag": "portrait, Lord Jim," } ], "relations": { "dc:relation": [ "http://zotero.org/groups/221/items/9K8HZXJU", "http://zotero.org/groups/221/items/XA6WAZ7A" ] }, "dateAdded": "2009-11-14T07:36:21Z", "dateModified": "2011-05-05T17:58:03Z" } }, { "key": "S5CTCGIC", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 221, "name": "ZGL: Modernism and Empire", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/zgl_modernism_and_empire", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/221/items/S5CTCGIC", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/zgl_modernism_and_empire/items/S5CTCGIC", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/221/items/CT5MQDBZ", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 41972, "username": "limximichelle", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/limximichelle", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 4617, "username": "fuzzyacademic", "name": "Adeline Koh", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/fuzzyacademic", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "S5CTCGIC", "version": 1, "parentItem": "CT5MQDBZ", "itemType": "note", "note": "

Michelle Lim

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Summary:

\n

Bhabha says that mimicry is not slavish imitation and the colonised is not being assimilated into to supposedly dominant or even superior culture. In fact, Bhaba says mimicry subverts the power of colonialism because the exaggerated copying of language, culture, manners and ideas by the colonised is not recognition of a form of subordination but rather it serves to mock and undermines the colonial discourse. As such, mimicry then creates a a disjunture in the colonial discourse and this slipppage will break down the structural split between the colonial superior and the colonised inferior.

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Evaluation:

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The article is useful in helping to understand that English is not owned by anyone and so its transformations by other writers will then create their own sense of propiety. This is useful for it helps in understanding Stephen's resistance against the colonial language in Portrait and his adaptation of words and phrases from the works of other English writers in his own writings. These words and phrases take on different meanings in Stephen's context in contrast with the intended meanings by the original writers. Seeing as how language is a construct, it also subverts the relationship between the colonisers and the colonised for identity is also fluid.

\n

Questions the article raised:

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If language and identity are constructs, colonised countries should be able to break away from the language and culture of their colonisers by forming their own unique identity. How is it then that some thrid- word countries are still bearing the remnants of their colonial history? I also thought about the relevance of mimicry in the context of gender relations. Seeing as how mimicry enables the subordinated to mock the ways of the domineering power by mimicking them, can we consider it to be mimicry when women act like men?

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Relation to other texts:

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In Burmese Days, mimicry is enacted by characters such as U Po Kyin whose manipulations contribute to the downfall of Flory. The fact that he manages to subvert the power relations between the East and West mocks the idea of the powerful empire. It is also seen through him that the colonial powers are aware of the underlying threat which the colonised can pose to them once they are adept with the colonial language and structure. It is of no coincidence that the colonial powers are eager to grant U Po Kyin some form of power within the colonial structure. 

", "tags": [ { "tag": "mimicry, language, identity, construct, burmese days, portrait, stephen" } ], "relations": { "dc:relation": [ "http://zotero.org/groups/221/items/9K8HZXJU", "http://zotero.org/groups/221/items/HTDWSRSR" ] }, "dateAdded": "2009-11-14T07:04:27Z", "dateModified": "2011-05-05T17:58:03Z" } }, { "key": "U4Z28936", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 221, "name": "ZGL: Modernism and Empire", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/zgl_modernism_and_empire", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/221/items/U4Z28936", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/zgl_modernism_and_empire/items/U4Z28936", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/221/items/Z2PST5I5", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 40316, "username": "praseeda", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/praseeda", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 4617, "username": "fuzzyacademic", "name": "Adeline Koh", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/fuzzyacademic", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "U4Z28936", "version": 1, "parentItem": "Z2PST5I5", "itemType": "note", "note": "

Praseeda Nair | U060151A

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  1. Praseeda Nair | U060151A
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  2. Summary:
    3. \n
\n\n \n\n4.    Questions the work brings up:

\n", "tags": [ { "tag": "Epiphany" }, { "tag": "Joyce" }, { "tag": "Praseeda Nair" }, { "tag": "kinesis/statis" } ], "relations": { "dc:relation": "http://zotero.org/groups/221/items/9K8HZXJU" }, "dateAdded": "2009-11-14T04:05:15Z", "dateModified": "2011-05-05T17:58:03Z" } }, { "key": "HBR37SFR", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 221, "name": "ZGL: Modernism and Empire", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/zgl_modernism_and_empire", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/221/items/HBR37SFR", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/zgl_modernism_and_empire/items/HBR37SFR", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/221/items/5JPDH4UE", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 40316, "username": "praseeda", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/praseeda", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 4617, "username": "fuzzyacademic", "name": "Adeline Koh", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/fuzzyacademic", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "HBR37SFR", "version": 1, "parentItem": "5JPDH4UE", "itemType": "note", "note": "

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\n", "tags": [ { "tag": "Epiphany" }, { "tag": "Joyce" }, { "tag": "Praseeda Nair" }, { "tag": "artist" }, { "tag": "kinesis/statis" } ], "relations": { "dc:relation": "http://zotero.org/groups/221/items/9K8HZXJU" }, "dateAdded": "2009-11-14T04:05:10Z", "dateModified": "2011-05-05T17:58:03Z" } }, { "key": "94EI5JX7", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 221, "name": "ZGL: Modernism and Empire", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/zgl_modernism_and_empire", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/221/items/94EI5JX7", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/zgl_modernism_and_empire/items/94EI5JX7", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/221/items/KS964PHH", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 40316, "username": "praseeda", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/praseeda", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 4617, "username": "fuzzyacademic", "name": "Adeline Koh", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/fuzzyacademic", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "94EI5JX7", "version": 1, "parentItem": "KS964PHH", "itemType": "note", "note": "

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Praseeda Nair | U060151A
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\n\n3.    Evaluation: \n\n4.    Questions the work brings up:

\n\n", "tags": [ { "tag": "Escape" }, { "tag": "Exile" }, { "tag": "Ireland" }, { "tag": "Joyce" }, { "tag": "Praseeda Nair" }, { "tag": "artist" }, { "tag": "kinesis/statis" } ], "relations": { "dc:relation": "http://zotero.org/groups/221/items/9K8HZXJU" }, "dateAdded": "2009-11-14T04:05:07Z", "dateModified": "2011-05-05T17:58:03Z" } }, { "key": "Z38CAJ3Q", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 221, "name": "ZGL: Modernism and Empire", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/zgl_modernism_and_empire", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/221/items/Z38CAJ3Q", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/zgl_modernism_and_empire/items/Z38CAJ3Q", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/221/items/HG6FJEZ7", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 40316, "username": "praseeda", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/praseeda", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 4617, "username": "fuzzyacademic", "name": "Adeline Koh", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/fuzzyacademic", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "Z38CAJ3Q", "version": 1, "parentItem": "HG6FJEZ7", "itemType": "note", "note": "

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Praseeda Nair | U060151A
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\n\n3.    Evaluation: \n\n4.    Questions the work brings up:

\n", "tags": [ { "tag": "Binaries; exclusion/inclusion" }, { "tag": "Epiphany" }, { "tag": "Exile" }, { "tag": "Exterior/Interior" }, { "tag": "Ireland" }, { "tag": "Praseeda Nair" } ], "relations": { "dc:relation": "http://zotero.org/groups/221/items/9K8HZXJU" }, "dateAdded": "2009-11-14T04:05:01Z", "dateModified": "2011-05-05T17:58:03Z" } }, { "key": "42ZZT6SA", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 221, "name": "ZGL: Modernism and Empire", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/zgl_modernism_and_empire", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/221/items/42ZZT6SA", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/zgl_modernism_and_empire/items/42ZZT6SA", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/221/items/2IVUS5T6", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 40316, "username": "praseeda", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/praseeda", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 4617, "username": "fuzzyacademic", "name": "Adeline Koh", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/fuzzyacademic", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "42ZZT6SA", "version": 1, "parentItem": "2IVUS5T6", "itemType": "note", "note": "

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4.    Questions the work brings up:

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", "tags": [ { "tag": "Escape" }, { "tag": "Exile" }, { "tag": "Ireland" }, { "tag": "Praseeda Nair" }, { "tag": "Stephen Hero" }, { "tag": "artist" }, { "tag": "kinesis/statis" } ], "relations": { "dc:relation": "http://zotero.org/groups/221/items/9K8HZXJU" }, "dateAdded": "2009-11-14T03:59:17Z", "dateModified": "2011-05-05T17:58:03Z" } }, { "key": "B62KNQ8H", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 221, "name": "ZGL: Modernism and Empire", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/zgl_modernism_and_empire", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/221/items/B62KNQ8H", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/zgl_modernism_and_empire/items/B62KNQ8H", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/221/items/894K6I2V", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 46903, "username": "Vanessa Tan", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/vanessa_tan", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 4617, "username": "fuzzyacademic", "name": "Adeline Koh", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/fuzzyacademic", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "B62KNQ8H", "version": 1, "parentItem": "894K6I2V", "itemType": "note", "note": "

Vanessa Tan

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Summary & Evaluation

\n

Feuer quotes Woolf belittling the influence on him of his Jewish birth and upbringing: \"I have always felt in my bones and brain and heart English, and more narrowly a Londoner.\" This quote from Sowing can be held in contestation with the feelings of alienation and displacement towards the British homeland Woolf expresses in Growing where he says, 'in a sense I have never become entirely reconciled in London to the rhythm and tempo of the whizzing and ruhing cars'. (33) The contradictions that this quotes offer show how, according to Feuer, Woolf become increasingly ambivalent, politically schizophrenic and an anti-imperialist who enjoyed the fleshpots of imperialism. Feuer suggests that Woolf projected his Jewishness upon the exploited peoples, who were more overtly contemned and despised; their cause was his, and their exploiters were his.

\n

A critical biography of Woolf's youth, his imperialist career and his written works, Feuer traces Woolf's ideological shift and transformation into an anti-imperialist. More importantly, the book raises many important questions that are useful in our understanding of Woolf, his participation of an imperialist career, and its influence on his works.

\n

Questions this work brings up

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- How did the Jewish theme that preoccupied Woolf in his early years contribute to his participation and later representation of his imperialist career?

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- Did some sense of personal inadequacy, of some deprivation, some rejection by society, the feeling of one denied a place commensurate with his talents, lead Woolf toward an imperialist choice?

\n

- Did Woolf feel that only in a backward land could he possibly fulfill a vocation for power and leadership, a covation equal and opposite to the powerlessness experienced at home?

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- Was Woolf's involuted anti-imperialism a healtier response that the forthright entrepreneurial imperialism?

\n

- Did the British Empire become a surrogate symbol for all those personal and social influences that converged in his sexual rejection by his wife, Virginia Woolf?

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Vanessa Tan

\n

Summary & Evaluation

\n

In this 'double' critical biography of sorts, the first to focus on Virginia Woolf's writings in conjunction with those of her husband, Natania Rosenfeld illuminates Leonard's sense of ambivalent social identity and its affinities to Virginia's complex ideas of subjectivity.

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At the time of the Woolfs' marriage, Leonard was a penniless ex-colonial administrator, a fervent anti-imperialist, a committed socialist, a budding novelist, and an assimilated Jew who vacillated between fierce pride in his ethnicity and repudiation of it. Virginia was an \"intellectual aristocrat,\" socially privileged by her class and family background but hobbled through gender. Leonard helped Virginia elucidate her own prejudices and elitism, and his political engagements intensified her identification with outsiders in British society. Rosenfeld discovers an aesthetic of intersubjectivity constantly at work in Virginia Woolf's prose, links this aesthetic to the intermeshed literary lives of the Woolfs, and connects both these sites of dialogue to the larger sociopolitical debates--about imperialism, capitalism, women, sexuality, international relations, and, finally, fascism--of their historical place and time. A recuperation of Leonard's contributions to political thought and modern literature, and of Virginia's own evolution as a cultural subversive, Rosenfeld provides a discourse of social and political belonging and exclusion. Examining how Woolf, an assimilated Jew, vacillated between fierce pride in his ethnicity and repudiation of it, this book offers valuable insight in the formation of the colonizer's crisis of identity and the way it influences his attitudes towards imperial rule.

\n

Questions this work brings up

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- Like Conrad, Woolf suffers from a complex of being a politcal outsider. What influence does this have on his writing and his representation of and attitudes towards imperialism?

\n

- How does Woolf's portrayal of the reluctant colonizer in Growing compare to that in the other texts we have read in this module?

\n

 

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Vanessa Tan

\n

Summary & Evaluation

\n

This book is a literary exploration of the culture of civility operating in nineteenth and early twentieth-century British colonial society. The book examines the manner in which civility came to define the ethos of the modern colonial state and emerged as a key discursive idea around which questions about education, citizenship, gender, race, labor, and bureaucratic and civil authority were negotiated. The discourse of civility also provided the basis for establishing disciplinary mechanisms that were essential to managing the historical exigencies confronting the British Empire in India. Roy explores this discourse of civility in Woolf's mixed feelings towards his role as a British colonial ruler, demonstrating how the agony of confronting the daily tasks of the administrator, witnessing the endlessly fruitless attempts to govern according to the metropolitan principles, and constantly experiencing his own sense of isolation, collided with Woolf's own sense of the goals of imperial rule. In terms of narrative style, Roy also notes how the inability to retain the centrality and singularity of voice on part the narrator in Growing signifies also the vulnerable status of Woolf's own liberal humanist politics. Forced into forms of reiteration, this narrative voice, with its implicit subject position, is therefore broken into multiple refracted voices.

\n

Questions this work brings up

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- How significant is the effect of the appeal to civility on the constitution of colonial subject-hood in Woolf's Growing?

\n

- Is 'civility' an ideal trope for the ambivalence of imperial power itself?

\n

 

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Vanessa Tan

\n

Summary & Evaluation

\n

The author, Sir Christopher Ondaatje, says that his life has been in some ways an echo of Woolf’s. Skilfully, he interweaves his own childhood memories and experiences of the Ceylon of 50 years ago with the modern, ongoing conflict between Hindu Tamils and Buddhist Sinhalese. And he does this without ever losing the main thread of his story: the life led by Leonard Woolf during his seven years in the Ceylon civil service. Ondaatje presents the politics of the British empire seen through the eyes of an administrator whose gradual disillusionment with the system led to his becoming one of the key players in the development of the Labour party between the wars. It was his concern for the impoverished and exploited villagers he lived and worked among that formed the basis of his subsequent socialism and his desire to improve the lot of Britain’s poor. His intimacy with and sympathy for the Sinhalese people were exceptional and resulted in an understanding of them unique among Western writers of his time. Ondaatje rates him above Conrad and Forster in his ability to bring indigenous people alive, rather than concentrating on the characters of the white colonists. He posits that while Kipling may have captured India even better, his opinion of empire could hardly have been more different. Woolf’s view of colonial rule and the life of a British civil servant comes across as clear and dispassionate, seeing the world from both sides, warts and all, while admiring the virtues of both. Yet there is a constant sense of foreboding; a feeling that something was wrong and radical change inevitable, that ‘good government was no substitute for self-government’.

\n

Equally interesting are the parallels between Woolf's experience and Ondaatje's; both were born into wealth that dissipated suddenly through the deaths and alcoholism of parents. Their respective journeys--West to East, East to West--should have left them polar opposites, but, in Ondaatje's words, he \"travelled in the opposite direction to Woolf, yet ... ended up in the same place.\" Perhaps that accounts for his empathy with his subject. And if Woolf's writing is full of incidental pleasures, Ondaatje's is packed with fascinating detail: that \"snakes are not normally killed in Sri Lanka\", for instance--hence the existence of 'cobra dumps.' Throughout, he provides an all-encompassing history of Ceylon and a sense of place equal to Woolf's to better understand the British colonizer's reponse of political schizophrenia (as examined by Boehmer): the anxiety to conform to what was expected of a civil servant and apply the rule of law to the letter, even where he considered it bad law.

\n

Questions the work brings up

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Ondaatje, amongst other critics, claim that Woolf gave Ceylon a voice. Yet it is argued that Woolf by and large described the Ceylon natives en masse or as representatives of generic groups usually situated at a lower point of development relative to the time-line of Western progress. Ondaatje's work leads readers to question how are the natives in Ceylon presented and in what way is Woolf's work not about what the East means to a white Westerner, but about Ceylon itself.

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Vanessa Tan

\n


Summary

\n

This book explores the political co-operations and textual connections which linked anti-colonial, nationalist, and modernist groups and individuals in the British empire. By developing the key motifs of lateral interaction and colonial interdiscursivity, Boehmer builds a picture of the imperial world as an intricate network of surprising contacts and margin-to-margin interrelationships, and of modernism as a far more constellated cultural phenomenon than previously understood. Underlining Frantz Fanon's perception that 'a colonized people is not alone', Boehmer significantly questions prevailing postcolonial paradigms of the self-defining nation, syncretism and mimicry, and dismantles still-dominant binary definitions of the colonial relationship.

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Evaluation

\n

Titled 'Immeasureable Strangeness' between Empire and Modernism, this chapter includes individual case studies which provide an interesting insight into Leonard Woolf's cross-border, cosmopolitan involvements. Boehmer reveals in Woolf's works an inescapable feeling about the incommunicable nature of the colonial trauma he encounter in his colonial experiences in Ceylon and provides a detailed and comprehensive analysis of Woolf's authorial style in dramatizing this feelings of alienation and displacement of the reluctant colonialist. She examines the way in which colonial premises of entrenched superioiry come into conflict with those of humanist but paternalistic overlordshipand how this experienced displacement gave rise to an increasing political schizophrenia. What I found most valuable pertaining to my study of Woolf is Boehmer's attention to the way in which the encounter with another world of meaning in the empire eventually acted with displacing and eventually disintergrating force both on Woolf's imperial beliefs, and on his sense of self as an imperial European upon returning to the English homeland. She writes, \"In retrospect it was this estranging self-awareness that, back in Engliand, changed Woolfinto an anti-imperialist. Arranging Woolf's fictions along a continuum of ideological transformation and decentering, she highlights the process and the consequences of his cultural shock and self-alienation to show how Woolf effectively represents and entire culture in trauma.

\n


Questions the work brings up

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- How effective are the modernist aesthetics and narrative strategies Boehmer highlights in the text in providing ways of encoding Wool's geographical and psychic displacement?

\n

- To what extent is Woolf's response of political schizophrenia excacerbated by his efforts as an 'internal' cultural outsider, a Jew, to conform as a 'good fellow' and a 'gentleman'?

\n

 

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