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Copyright of Restoration Ecology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Claire's comments - seems very relevant, incorporates a lot of what has been written about.

\n

Box- Implications for Practice might be useful

\n

[skimming]

\n

Summary of the Jena Workshop.

\n

Other articles from the same journal might be useful, according to what the author says.

\n

Need to understand the degraded ecosystem - emphasis on ecosystem rather than degraded. Implicitly seems to be relying on science rather than aesthetics or gut feeling, like Pohlon article, because some things don't look degraded but are and vice versa. (other article in this Restoration Ecology about science, no.1)

\n

Setting goals - the aspirational or at least agreed upon target state. Overarching goals: ecosystem should be natural, ecologically valuable, and self-sustaining. BUT how do you actually quantify and define these things??

\n

3 sub details for goal setting: the goals need to be realistic b/c: it is not built from scratch, remaining degraded features; the sites are not isolated islands, everything is interlinked; and each site has its unique history that needs to be known to understand the present state and if ignored, might also blur its future potential. [I want to know why people assert that but don't really explain, has come up quite a bit]

\n

Definitely a shift towards forward-restoration than backward restoration, loosing reference states in a changing world, and wondering whether we could set reference states in the first place. \"never-seen futuristic designer ecosystems may be the best option to attain self-sustaining ecosystems for the future.\"

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Getting from A to B - evidence that it is never linear: highly dynamic phases, sensitive phases, statis phases (thresholds that generally cannot be crossed without active management)

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\"restoration strategies have to be system specific, including the surroundings in which the restoration site is embedded as well as the history of former land use and degradation.\"

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first option - step back and let natural succession take place. cheap and knows how to do it, involving all aspects of the ecosystem.

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multiple endpoints

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Need to have a monitoring plan \"Robust measurements have to be developed to gauge the achievement, in particular with respect to the desired self-sustainability\" and a decision making plan laid out. Needs to be the science behind the restoration but it is not enough, needs to be multiple stakeholders - communication [transdisciplinary science, bridging the academic and the practical, andcommunity participation]

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restoration ecology as a branch of ecology that takes into account socioeconomic factors.

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ecological restoration is an application and restoration ecology is an applied science. neither is art b/c it is based to a large extent on science.

\n

 

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Accession Number: 25053888; Halle, Stefan 1; Email Address: stefan.halle@uni-jena.de; Affiliation: 1: Institute of Ecology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Strasse 159, D-07743 Jena, Germany; Source Info: Jun2007, Vol. 15 Issue 2, p358; Subject Term: RESTORATION ecology; Subject Term: ECOSYSTEM management; Subject Term: ENVIRONMENTAL management; Subject Term: GREEN movement; Subject Term: ENVIRONMENTAL sciences; Subject Term: ECOLOGICAL engineering; Subject Term: CONSERVATION of natural resources; Subject Term: ENVIRONMENTAL impact analysis; Subject Term: ECOLOGICAL risk assessment; Author-Supplied Keyword: conceptual frameworks; Author-Supplied Keyword: degraded state; Author-Supplied Keyword: forward-restoration; Author-Supplied Keyword: natural succession; Author-Supplied Keyword: restoration goals; Author-Supplied Keyword: socioeconomic decisions; Author-Supplied Keyword: socioeconomic decisions.; NAICS/Industry Codes: 924120 Administration of Conservation Programs; Number of Pages: 4p; Illustrations: 1 Diagram; Document Type: Article

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Claire's Summary - [great article] [I really enjoyed the cultural-historical aspect, a lot of interesting ideas]

\n

Survey of what the literature was like. Nature seen as the West and rural areas [does he mean the West as in the American West or the Western world?]. Slowly shifting to include urban areas and revisiting old topics with new perspectives.

\n

Quotes a lot of literature.

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Newer studies and shifts in the realm of western environmental history.obvious and not so obvious.

\n

Obvious: shift towards urban areas and the industrialization of agriculture, and western environmental exceptionalism.

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Less Obvious: [ones he is interested in] the cultural turn and the rise of hybrid landscapes, blurring of lines between nature/culture and between landscapes themselves. The cultural turn is the appearance of stories and narratives within environmental history, not pretending to be objective.

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'reflecting but also shaping human relations to nature'

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'competing and complex discourses about nature' at any one time.

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Shift - less of a dichotomy between consumption and production [don't understand this part very well, just another blurring of boundaries?]

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Early environmentalism was actually concerned about roads encroaching on natural space and taking away from a certain natural experience. Was not completely ecological since there was no reaction against logging or grazing or damming.

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'Who gets to define nature is an issue of power with consequences for the lives of working people, Indian people and residents of areas defined as wild. [related to Wild Horses?]

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The western landscape is 'designed to be consumed by visitors' - recreational. Tourism. Located in the political economy of the west, not only cultural.

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Garden of Eden was not to be discovered, but constructed, culturally and physically, balancing natural beauty with economic use.  Result: racialized landscape. [conceptualizations of landscape and its consequences]

\n

Salton Sea as the prime example of a hybrid landscape. 'an unnatural event created an artificial sea which, however, mimicked other prehistoric inland seas that had existed in the area.'

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\"the nonhuman world is not about to vanish into the culture, as much as our understanding of it continues to be inevitably cultural\"

\n

Hybrid landscapes are where most living beings spend their lives [need to work with it and not decry a loss of purity, since a lot of nature is culturally constructed in the first place?]

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Claire's comments - sounds pretty relevant.

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Theory has evolved to look at ecosystems as dynamic but practice has not yet.

\n

novel ecosystems

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scientists confine the ecosystem into a static concept, good to understand and organize but need creativity and innovation today to face restoration. [similar to Certoma]

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Our view of the static ecosystem impedes us from seeing and accepting the novel ecosystem.

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\"What needs to be recognized is that the ecosystem is defined by specific assumptions—spatial, temporal, biotic, and abiotic—that have likely been violated in the current, disturbed system.\"

\n

legacy is important but it is too easy to let the past dominate restoration. daunting to work within the novel ecosystem framework.

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historical pre-disturbance restoration is a flawed concept

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\"The crux is that the ecosystem concept is limited in current restoration practice because it ignores novelty and is na¨ıve to the constraints and dynamics that allow novel landscapes to occur.\"

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Where to start? so many novel ecosystems around the world that we should start with simple. basic processes and use them as benchmarks for restoration success. they are influenced (theoretically) by less factors. each of the higher tiers of processes becoming more and more complex. so basic processes should be easier to understand.

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accomodate past and future change.

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The Semiglades/Everglades case study

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use it to show that pre-drainage conditions are impossible to re create and we should acknowledge the novel ecosystem that has been created and the one that will be created through restoration itself. Rename it to change the conceptualization of the Everglades.

\n

\"Implications for Practice
• Acknowledging the novelty of a system helps redefine restoration targets in terms of realistic and attainable goals.
• The value of simplicity in restoration targets can not be overstated, particularly in novel systems where landscape responses to change are unpredictable.\"

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Claire's comments - sounds very interesting, from 1994, slightly older, need some past insights. Human geography and ecology. Might be something about goals and changing perceptions. Worth reading to find out.

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Claire's comments - could be useful, seems pretty practical but probably has some early ideas about alternative states and meeting specific goals, according to the abstract.

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Not very useful in the end. Too practical.

\n

[skimming]

\n

Some wetlands are not restorable. (3 examples)

\n

Definition of \"Wetland restoration: is used here in a broad sense, including the return of predisturbance conditions and efforts to restore regional biodiversity or function by converting upland to wetland, as sometimes occurs in mitigation\"

\n

More about mitigation \"used here to mean compensation (through wetland restoration or construction) for wetlands being lost to development\" Use of reference sites for mitigation and whether the restored wetland actually reflects the function and biodiversity of the reference site/wetland.

\n

Need more science to meet the goals of wetland mitigation.

\n

Specific targets but also because it is wet, a lot harder to restore in itself.

\n

Experimentation should provide more predictability, which is needed in wetland restoration.

\n

[Could be interesting in terms of exampls of commoditization and the feeling that we are all powerful and can just re create a similar ecosystem in a different place, very wrong for wetland restoration.]

\n

 

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Could be very interesting, but more about concepts of wilderness than anything else.

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Claire's comments - what is real? and authentic? in Florida, state mandated \"real Florida\"

\n

[skimming]

\n

\"I will admit, I have become a bit defensive about this issue of the Real Florida - I have my ‘real’ memories to protect. My attitude proceeds from the fact that to perceive and then posit anything as ‘real’ comes with the expectation of complete assent, since the real is undeniable - anyone can see that. Nothing but compliance is expected, choices are none\"

\n

real implies fixed boundaries, also means people want to protect those boundaries. SISRA is strongly protected by pre-European settlement state, seen as the 'pure state of nature'. Determining that 'when' of the reference state both tries to conciliate the imperial and natural landscape (Native Americans and Europeans) but it also leaves the 'real' open to manipulation by scientists, politicians [specifically because it is so arbitrary]

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State parks in opposition to Disney World and Sea World. Also attract tourism and recreation. Recreate a little piece of paradise.

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\"The stated vision of the park service is to ‘create a sense of place’, in areas where ‘visitors connect to the Real Florida’.\"

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exotic species that disrupt the natural balance of nature are eradicated.

\n

History: \"In 1971, the state recognized the ‘historical, cultural and ecological significance’17 of the area and turned it into a recreational park. Not until the 1990s was it designated part of the Real Florida, thus beginning eradication/restoration.\"

\n

cultural artefacts are at the Museum nearby.

\n

Paradox: \"As SISRA informs us of our human potential for freedom and re-creation, its eyes condition us to think and behave in ways that seem to domesticate the ‘wild-life’ of mind, body and spirit\"

\n

\"Yes, Real Florida desires to strike an ecological and a cultural balance, but balance is not synonymous with the real, and neither is imbalance.\"

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Claire's comments - good, ideas about restoration goals and uncertainty, and again about theory and practice and how they can help each other.

\n

good gauge of the time.

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Claire's comments - about power issues and different concepts of nature clashing. California. Similar to Wild Horses and Scales of Eden I think. In case we want to elaborate on political ecology, not necessarily in the history narrative.

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