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The amount of greenhouse gas emissions resulting per kWh of electricity generated were evaluated. A range of fossil fuel alternatives (with and without physical carbon sequestration), were compared with the baseline case of a pulverised coal, steam cycle power plant. Nuclear, hydro, wind, bioenergy and solar generating plants were also evaluated. The objectives were to assess the comparative costs of mitigation per tonne of carbon emissions avoided, and to estimate the total amount of carbon mitigation that could result from the global electricity sector by 2010 and 2020 as a result of fuel switching, carbon dioxide sequestration and the greater uptake of renewable energy. Most technologies showed potential to reduce both generating costs and carbon emission avoidance by 2020 with the exception of solar power and carbon dioxide sequestration. The global electricity industry has potential to reduce its carbon emissions by over 15% by 2020 together with cost saving benefits compared with existing generation.", "publicationTitle": "Energy Policy", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "October 2003", "volume": "31", "issue": "13", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1315-1326", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Energy Policy", "DOI": "10.1016/S0301-4215(02)00192-1", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421502001921", "accessDate": "2013-12-06T04:20:10Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0301-4215", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Carbon emissions", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Electricity generation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Mitigation potential", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], 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"pages": "45-66", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0120-63462013000100003&lng=en&nrm=iso", "accessDate": "2013-12-06T03:40:49Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0120-6346", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CO2 EMISSIONS, ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND GDP", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "SciELO", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-12-06T03:40:49Z", "dateModified": "2013-12-06T03:40:49Z" } }, { "key": "6DEFRHN4", "version": 15, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 216079, "name": "TakyParvex", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/takyparvex", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/216079/items/6DEFRHN4", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": 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"DC3UCRCP", "version": 14, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 216079, "name": "TakyParvex", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/takyparvex", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/216079/items/DC3UCRCP", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/takyparvex/items/DC3UCRCP", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1597030, "username": "tparvex", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tparvex", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Mignone et al.", "parsedDate": "2009-06-15", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "DC3UCRCP", "version": 14, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Carbon offsets, reversal risk and US climate policy", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Bryan K.", "lastName": "Mignone" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Matthew D.", "lastName": "Hurteau" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Yihsu", "lastName": "Chen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Brent", "lastName": "Sohngen" } ], "abstractNote": "One controversial issue in the larger cap-and-trade debate is the proper use and certification of carbon offsets related to changes in land management. Advocates of an expanded offset supply claim that inclusion of such activities would expand the scope of the program and lower overall compliance costs, while opponents claim that it would weaken the environmental integrity of the program by crediting activities that yield either nonexistent or merely temporary carbon sequestration benefits. Our study starts from the premise that offsets are neither perfect mitigation instruments nor useless\nPMID: 19527489", "publicationTitle": "Carbon Balance and Management", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2009-06-15", "volume": "4", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "3", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1186/1750-0680-4-3", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.cbmjournal.com/content/4/1/3/abstract", "accessDate": "2013-12-06T03:06:47Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1750-0680", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "www.cbmjournal.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "2009 Mignone et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.", "extra": "PMID: 19527489", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-12-06T03:06:47Z", "dateModified": "2013-12-06T03:06:47Z" } }, { "key": "CUII3GHP", "version": 14, "library": { "type": 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"type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "4VN62M6Z", "version": 13, "parentItem": "ASP9S4BS", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Snapshot", "accessDate": "2013-12-06T03:02:33Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231013008546", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-12-06T03:02:33Z", "dateModified": "2013-12-06T03:02:33Z" } }, { "key": "ASP9S4BS", "version": 13, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 216079, "name": "TakyParvex", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/takyparvex", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/216079/items/ASP9S4BS", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/takyparvex/items/ASP9S4BS", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1597030, "username": "tparvex", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tparvex", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Wierzbicka et al.", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "ASP9S4BS", "version": 13, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Detailed diesel exhaust characteristics including particle surface area and lung deposited dose for better understanding of health effects in human chamber exposure studies", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Aneta", "lastName": "Wierzbicka" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Patrik T.", "lastName": "Nilsson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jenny", "lastName": "Rissler" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gerd", "lastName": "Sallsten" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Yiyi", "lastName": "Xu" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Joakim H.", "lastName": "Pagels" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Maria", "lastName": "Albin" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kai", "lastName": "Österberg" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Bo", "lastName": "Strandberg" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Axel", "lastName": "Eriksson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mats", "lastName": "Bohgard" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kerstin", "lastName": "Bergemalm-Rynell" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Anders", "lastName": "Gudmundsson" } ], "abstractNote": "Abstract\nSeveral diesel exhaust (DE) characteristics, comprising both particle and gas phase, recognized as important when linking with health effects, are not reported in human chamber exposure studies. In order to understand effects of DE on humans there is a need for better characterization of DE when performing exposure studies. The aim of this study was to determine and quantify detailed DE characteristics during human chamber exposure. Additionally to compare to reported DE properties in conducted human exposures. A wide battery of particle and gas phase measurement techniques have been used to provide detailed DE characteristics including the DE particles (DEP) surface area, fraction and dose deposited in the lungs, chemical composition of both particle and gas phase such as NO, NO2, CO, CO2, volatile organic compounds (including aldehydes, benzene, toluene) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Eyes, nose and throat irritation effects were determined. Exposure conditions with PM1 (<1 μm) mass concentration 280 μg m−3, number concentration 4 × 105 cm−3 and elemental to total carbon fraction of 82% was generated from a diesel vehicle at idling. When estimating the lung deposited dose it was found that using the size dependent effective density (in contrast to assuming unity density) reduced the estimated respiratory dose by 132% by mass. Accounting for agglomerated structure of DEP prevented underestimation of lung deposited dose by surface area by 37% in comparison to assuming spherical particles. Comparison of DE characteristics reported in conducted chamber exposures showed that DE properties vary to a great extent under the same DEP mass concentration and engine load. This highlights the need for detailed and standardized approach for measuring and reporting of DE properties. Eyes irritation effects, most probably caused by aldehydes in the gas phase, as well as nose irritation were observed at exposure levels below current occupational exposure limit values given for exhaust fumes. Reporting detailed DE characteristics that include DEP properties (such as mass and number concentration, size resolved information, surface area, chemical composition, lung deposited dose by number, mass and surface) and detailed gas phase including components known for their carcinogenic and irritation effect (e.g. aldehydes, benzene, PAHs) can help in determination of key parameters responsible for observed health effects and comparison of chamber exposure studies.", "publicationTitle": "Atmospheric Environment", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Atmospheric Environment", "DOI": "10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.11.025", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231013008546", "accessDate": "2013-12-06T03:02:33Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1352-2310", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Diesel exhaust characteristics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Human laboratory exposure", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Lung deposited dose", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Particle surface area", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-12-06T03:02:33Z", "dateModified": "2013-12-06T03:02:33Z" } }, { "key": "WXAD3F5R", "version": 11, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 216079, "name": "TakyParvex", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/takyparvex", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/216079/items/WXAD3F5R", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/takyparvex/items/WXAD3F5R", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1597030, "username": "tparvex", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tparvex", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Pérez and Sebastián", "parsedDate": "2010", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "WXAD3F5R", "version": 11, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Evaluación Técnico Económica y Diseño de una Planta Generadora de Electricidad a Partir del Biogás", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Zúñiga", "lastName": "Pérez" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Álvaro", "lastName": "Sebastián" } ], "abstractNote": "Debido a la fuerte dependencia de combustibles fósiles por la matriz energética del país, el Estado decidió dar un impulso a su diversificación, promulgando la Ley N°20.257 de Energías Renovables No Convencionales. 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Esto se debe principalmente a que, por un lado, existen beneficios que otorga el Estado (Subsidio y Crédito CORFO) a los cuales Codelco no puede postular debido a que no cumple con los requisitos, y por otro lado, a que Codelco no podría contar con los ingresos por la venta de bonos de carbono debido a que la energía renovable que generaría sería por cumplimiento de la ley y no de manera voluntaria.\n\nAdicionalmente, se determinó que el subsidio que actualmente es otorgado a este tipo de proyectos es insuficiente dada la inversión requerida, ante lo cual se hace necesario otorgar mayores garantías que permitan mejorar la rentabilidad, traduciéndose finalmente en una matriz eléctrica más eficiente y flexible.", "publicationTitle": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2010", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": 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"alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/takyparvex/items/PZNSNA9D", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/216079/items/MTFCVHHC", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1597030, "username": "tparvex", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tparvex", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "PZNSNA9D", "version": 9, "parentItem": "MTFCVHHC", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2013-12-06T02:53:50Z", "url": "http://www.captura.uchile.cl/bitstream/2250/13075/1/Rolando_Rebolledo.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-12-06T02:53:50Z", "dateModified": "2013-12-06T02:53:50Z" } }, { "key": "MTFCVHHC", "version": 9, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 216079, "name": "TakyParvex", "links": { "alternate": { "href": 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El concepto generador de precios se vincula con precios normalizados por medio de una operación exponencial. La derivación de la solución general para la ecuación de precios se da primero en el caso de tiempo discreto a manera de introducción para luego ampliarla al caso del tiempo continuo. En la última sección, se analiza el no arbitraje de oportunidades. La nota se basa en una reciente investigación conjunta del autor llevada a cabo con Eckhard Platen, la que generaliza la mayoría de los modelos de valoración vigentes en los mercados financieros (véase Platen y Rebolledo, 1993 y 1994).", "publicationTitle": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1994-06", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.captura.uchile.cl/handle/2250/13075", "accessDate": "2013-12-06T02:53:50Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "es", "libraryCatalog": "www.captura.uchile.cl", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Bonos", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Generados de precios", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Modelo estocástico", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": 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