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The advantages and limitations of the EAR instrument are also discussed.", "publicationTitle": "International Political Science Review", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "October 01 , 1999", "volume": "20", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "411 -424", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1177/0192512199204006", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://ips.sagepub.com/content/20/4/411.abstract", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "CMPN6Z3U" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-10-27T03:51:26Z", "dateModified": "2010-10-27T03:51:26Z" } }, { "key": "MHZ88X2V", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 21489, "name": "Public Policy", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/public_policy", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/21489/items/MHZ88X2V", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/public_policy/items/MHZ88X2V", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 324027, "username": "joonpark", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/joonpark", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Arts and Verschuren", "parsedDate": "1999", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "MHZ88X2V", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Assessing Political Influence in Complex Decision-Making: An Instrument Based on Triangulation", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Bas", "lastName": "Arts" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Piet", "lastName": "Verschuren" } ], "abstractNote": "In the past decades substantial work has been done on the assessment of influence of stakeholders in political decision-making. However, its use may be difficult when the process to be investigated is highly complex. The EAR instrument to be presented here is a method for valid ordinal measurement of political influence in complex decision-making at various levels. This assessment is based on triangulation: (1) political players’ own perception of their influence; (2) other players’ perceptions of the influence brought to bear; and (3) a process analysis by the researcher. The application of the instrument is illustrated by a case regarding the political influence of global NGOs on the Climate Convention. The advantages and limitations of the EAR instrument are also discussed.", "publicationTitle": "SAGE Publications", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1999", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "411-424", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1177/0192512199204006", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://ips.sagepub.com/content/20/4/411", "accessDate": "2010-10-26", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-10-27T03:45:53Z", "dateModified": "2010-10-27T03:51:09Z" } }, { "key": "TDTCUZT4", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 21489, "name": "Public Policy", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/public_policy", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/21489/items/TDTCUZT4", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/public_policy/items/TDTCUZT4", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 324027, "username": "joonpark", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/joonpark", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Frederickson and Schluter O'Leary", "parsedDate": "1973", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "TDTCUZT4", "version": 1, "itemType": "book", "title": "Power, Public Opinion, and Policy in a Metropolitan Community: A Case Study of Syracuse, New York", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "George", "lastName": "Frederickson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Linda", "lastName": "Schluter O'Leary" } ], "abstractNote": "Developed and investigated hypotheses abotu public opinion in Syracuse in relation to policy-making and the role of the local official in making decisions relevant to his community. Selective reading on chapters related to individual influence and institutional influence in the policy process.", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "1973", "publisher": "Praeger Publishers", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "167", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "CMPN6Z3U" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-10-27T03:36:07Z", "dateModified": "2010-10-27T03:44:00Z" } }, { "key": "V24ZJVPG", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 21489, "name": "Public Policy", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/public_policy", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/21489/items/V24ZJVPG", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/public_policy/items/V24ZJVPG", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 324027, "username": "joonpark", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/joonpark", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Clingermayer and Feiock", "parsedDate": "2001", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "V24ZJVPG", "version": 1, "itemType": "book", "title": "Institutional Constraints and Policy Choice", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "James", "lastName": "Clingermayer" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Richard", "lastName": "Feiock" } ], "abstractNote": "Institutions place constraints on actors. While the book does not focus on political influence, this book is in this section in the context of institutional constraints on the ability of actors in the policy arena to exert influence, thereby limiting and/or shaping policy choice.", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2001", "publisher": "State University of New York Press", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "127", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "CMPN6Z3U" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-10-27T03:29:11Z", "dateModified": "2010-10-27T03:32:43Z" } }, { "key": "T3WZWKJF", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 21489, "name": "Public Policy", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/public_policy", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/21489/items/T3WZWKJF", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/public_policy/items/T3WZWKJF", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 324027, "username": "joonpark", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/joonpark", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Banfield", "parsedDate": "1961", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "T3WZWKJF", "version": 1, "itemType": "book", "title": "Political Influence", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Edward", "lastName": "Banfield" } ], "abstractNote": "Explores the concept of political influence. Author does six case studies of policy issues in Chicago, Illinois and put forth theories of political influence such as social choice process and mixed-decision-choice process.", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "1961", "publisher": "The Free Press", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "341", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "CMPN6Z3U" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-10-27T03:24:10Z", "dateModified": "2010-10-27T03:28:55Z" } }, { "key": "J57N6ATH", "version": 2194, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 21489, "name": "Public Policy", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/public_policy", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/21489/items/J57N6ATH", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/public_policy/items/J57N6ATH", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 50184, "username": "ablukens@yahoo.com", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ablukensyahoo.com", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 50030, "username": "Debora Halbert", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/debora_halbert", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Stone", "parsedDate": "2002", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "J57N6ATH", "version": 2194, "itemType": "book", "title": "Policy paradox : the art of political decision making", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Deborah", "lastName": "Stone" } ], "abstractNote": "", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "Rev. ed.", "date": "2002", "publisher": "Norton", "place": "New York", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "", "ISBN": "978-0-393-97625-0", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Policy paradox", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Open WorldCat", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-10-20T20:41:59Z", "dateModified": "2010-10-20T20:41:59Z" } }, { "key": "86TE6B8K", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 21489, "name": "Public Policy", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/public_policy", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/21489/items/86TE6B8K", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/public_policy/items/86TE6B8K", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 50184, "username": "ablukens@yahoo.com", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ablukensyahoo.com", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Wekerle", "parsedDate": "2004-06-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "86TE6B8K", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Food Justice Movements", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gerda R.", "lastName": "Wekerle" } ], "abstractNote": "This article examines the emergence of food justice movements through the lens of social movement theories, which emphasize the politics of place as a resource and strategies of networked movements operating across scales. It examines the creation of a political space for food justice from three perspectives: first, food security from below—the projects and initiatives that serve as alternative practices and precedents for policy change; second, the ways in which agencies of the local state develop policy and change planning; and third, the emergence of food networks at local and regional scales. Food justice movements provide grounded case studies of resistance to globalization through delinking strategies, citizen planning in relation to Toronto’s official plan, and new forms of democratic practice.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Planning Education and Research", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "June 01 , 2004", "volume": "23", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "378 -386", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1177/0739456X04264886", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://jpe.sagepub.com.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/content/23/4/378.abstract", "accessDate": "2010-07-29T23:41:02Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Highwire 2.0", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "BAME7EAW" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-10-20T20:37:48Z", "dateModified": "2010-10-20T20:37:48Z" } }, { "key": "HHTZPP5Z", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 21489, "name": "Public Policy", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/public_policy", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/21489/items/HHTZPP5Z", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/public_policy/items/HHTZPP5Z", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 50184, "username": "ablukens@yahoo.com", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ablukensyahoo.com", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Dery", "parsedDate": "1998-08", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "HHTZPP5Z", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Policy by the Way: When Policy Is Incidental to Making Other Policies", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David", "lastName": "Dery" } ], "abstractNote": "My aim is to explore an important feature of public policy that has been somewhat neglected: many policies are largely made by the way of making other polices. To examine this idea and tentatively explore some of its implications, I shall employ the notion of 'policy by the way'. What I wish to convey with the help of this concept is the reality of many areas of concern which are touched by public policy entirely or primarily by the way of focusing on other areas of concern. The notion of 'policy by the way' is anticipated in some key concepts of policy research and policy analysis, but its specific features still seem to deserve more focused attention. I gradually build up the notion of policy by the way with the help of well-known contributions to the field and a few examples from Israel, albeit no claim is made that Israel is in any way representative of other western democracies. It is quite possible, however, that the reality of public policy as a byproduct, which I believe is universal, is more easily discerned due to the special politics of Israel, basically, a fragile coalition government with strong turf orientation and weak coordination.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Public Policy", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "May - Aug., 1998", "volume": "18", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "163-176", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.jstor.org.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/stable/4007628", "accessDate": "2010-10-14T00:20:18Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0143814X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Policy by the Way", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "JSTOR", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "ArticleType: research-article / Full publication date: May - Aug., 1998 / Copyright © 1998 Cambridge University Press", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-10-14T00:20:18Z", "dateModified": "2010-10-14T00:20:18Z" } }, { "key": "B4T5PVXG", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 21489, "name": "Public Policy", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/public_policy", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/21489/items/B4T5PVXG", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/public_policy/items/B4T5PVXG", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 50184, "username": "ablukens@yahoo.com", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ablukensyahoo.com", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Scott", "parsedDate": "1988", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "B4T5PVXG", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Deconstructing Equality-versus-Difference: Or, the Uses of Poststructuralist Theory for Feminism", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Joan W.", "lastName": "Scott" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Feminist Studies", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Spring, 1988", "volume": "14", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "33-50", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.jstor.org.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/stable/3177997", "accessDate": "2010-10-14T00:19:32Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "00463663", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Deconstructing Equality-versus-Difference", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "JSTOR", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "ArticleType: research-article / Full publication date: Spring, 1988 / Copyright © 1988 Feminist Studies, Inc.", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-10-14T00:19:32Z", "dateModified": "2010-10-14T00:19:32Z" } }, { "key": "5RVZ5EJK", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 21489, "name": "Public Policy", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/public_policy", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/21489/items/5RVZ5EJK", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/public_policy/items/5RVZ5EJK", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 50030, "username": "Debora Halbert", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/debora_halbert", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "deLeon", "parsedDate": "2005-09-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "5RVZ5EJK", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Social Construction for Public Policy", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Peter", "lastName": "deLeon" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Public Administration Review", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2005-09-01", "volume": "65", "issue": "5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "635-637", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0033-3352", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Open WorldCat", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "KS6CIGMG" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-09-30T01:12:07Z", "dateModified": "2010-09-30T01:12:07Z" } }, { "key": "HPQE4CQK", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 21489, "name": "Public Policy", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/public_policy", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/21489/items/HPQE4CQK", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/public_policy/items/HPQE4CQK", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 50030, "username": "Debora Halbert", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/debora_halbert", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Dery", "parsedDate": "1998", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "HPQE4CQK", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Policy by the Way: When Policy Is Incidental to Making Other Policies", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David", "lastName": "Dery" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Public Policy", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1998", "volume": "18", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "163", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0143-814X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Policy by the Way", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Open WorldCat", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "8TGT3M2J" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-09-30T01:02:04Z", "dateModified": "2010-09-30T01:02:04Z" } }, { "key": "B3G3V85F", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 21489, "name": "Public Policy", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/public_policy", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/21489/items/B3G3V85F", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/public_policy/items/B3G3V85F", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 50030, "username": "Debora Halbert", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/debora_halbert", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Hilgartner and Bosk", "parsedDate": "1988-07", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "B3G3V85F", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The Rise and Fall of Social Problems: A Public Arenas Model", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Stephen", "lastName": "Hilgartner" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Charles L.", "lastName": "Bosk" } ], "abstractNote": "This paper develops a model of the process through which social problems rise and fall. Treating public attention as a scarce resource, the model emphasizes competition and selection in the media and other arenas of public discourse. Linkages among public arenas produce feedback that drives the growth of social problems. Growth is constrained by the finite \"carrying capacities\" of public arenas, by competition, and by the need for sustained drama. The tension between the constraints and forces for growth produces successive waves of problem definitions, as problems and those who promote them compete to enter and to remain on the public agenda. Suggestions for empirical tests of the model are specified.", "publicationTitle": "The American Journal of Sociology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Jul., 1988", "volume": "94", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "53-78", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.jstor.org.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/stable/2781022", "accessDate": "2010-07-08T23:52:54Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "00029602", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "The Rise and Fall of Social Problems", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "JSTOR", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "ArticleType: primary_article / Full publication date: Jul., 1988 / Copyright © 1988 The University of Chicago Press", "tags": [], "collections": [ "8TGT3M2J" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-09-30T01:02:04Z", "dateModified": "2010-09-30T01:02:04Z" } }, { "key": "E5JFS96B", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 21489, "name": "Public Policy", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/public_policy", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/21489/items/E5JFS96B", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/public_policy/items/E5JFS96B", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 50030, "username": "Debora Halbert", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/debora_halbert", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Schneider and Ingram", "parsedDate": "1993-06", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "E5JFS96B", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Social Construction of Target Populations: Implications for Politics and Policy", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Anne", "lastName": "Schneider" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Helen", "lastName": "Ingram" } ], "abstractNote": "We argue that the social construction of target populations is an important, albeit overlooked, political phenomenon that should take its place in the study of public policy by political scientists. The theory contends that social constructions influence the policy agenda and the selection of policy tools, as well as the rationales that legitimate policy choices. Constructions become embedded in policy as messages that are absorbed by citizens and affect their orientations and participation. The theory is important because it helps explain why some groups are advantaged more than others independently of traditional notions of political power and how policy designs reinforce or alter such advantages. An understanding of social constructions of target populations augments conventional hypotheses about the dynamics of policy change, the determination of beneficiaries and losers, the reasons for differing levels and types of participation among target groups, and the role of policy in democracy.", "publicationTitle": "The American Political Science Review", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Jun., 1993", "volume": "87", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "334-347", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.jstor.org.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/stable/2939044", "accessDate": "2010-07-08T23:48:15Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "00030554", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Social Construction of Target Populations", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "JSTOR", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "ArticleType: primary_article / Full publication date: Jun., 1993 / Copyright © 1993 American Political Science Association", "tags": [], "collections": [ "8TGT3M2J" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-09-30T01:02:04Z", "dateModified": "2010-09-30T01:02:04Z" } }, { "key": "7NK9WHKZ", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 21489, "name": "Public Policy", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/public_policy", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/21489/items/7NK9WHKZ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/public_policy/items/7NK9WHKZ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 50030, "username": "Debora Halbert", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/debora_halbert", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Burstein", "parsedDate": "2006-06", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "7NK9WHKZ", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Why Estimates of the Impact of Public Opinion on Public Policy Are Too High: Empirical and Theoretical Implications", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Paul", "lastName": "Burstein" } ], "abstractNote": "Statistical studies often show public opinion strongly affecting public policy. But the studies may overestimate the effect because they focus on issues - those especially important to the public - on which governments are most likely to be responsive. This article considers what the opinion-policy linkage would be if less-important issues were also considered, by examining a random sample of proposals addressed by the U.S. Congress. Opinion has considerably less impact in the random sample than in the statistical studies. But this does not mean that the public is being defeated by special interests. On many issues, the public has no meaningful opinions; organized interests, therefore, can win without the public losing.", "publicationTitle": "Social Forces", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Jun., 2006", "volume": "84", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "2273-2289", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.jstor.org.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/stable/3844500", "accessDate": "2010-07-08T23:40:40Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "00377732", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Why Estimates of the Impact of Public Opinion on Public Policy Are Too High", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "JSTOR", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "ArticleType: primary_article / Full publication date: Jun., 2006 / Copyright © 2006 Social Forces, University of North Carolina Press", "tags": [], "collections": [ "8TGT3M2J" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-09-30T01:02:04Z", "dateModified": "2010-09-30T01:02:04Z" } } ]